高中英语Unit 1 Laugh out loud!课前预习ppt课件

非限制性定语从句

[观察例句]

观察下列句子，并指出定语从句的类型。

1．I speak with the on­duty nurse，who tells me that Lara's parents rushed her to the hospital...              非限制性定语从句

2．Scientific studies show that laughter produces chemicals to make people feel better，which means clown doctors can be helpful.

非限制性定语从句

3．A person with his head in the clouds is a dreamer，whose mind is not in the real world.              非限制性定语从句

4．Qingdao is a beautiful city，where I'll pay a six­day visit.

非限制性定语从句

5．People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs，looking through old magazines，all of which have been read hundreds of times previously.

非限制性定语从句

6．In the middle of this particular scene I spot a small girl whose ankle is twice its normal size.              限制性定语从句

7．The last time I went to Scotland was in May，when the weather was beautiful.              非限制性定语从句

[归纳用法]

一、非限制性定语从句及其引导词

非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明，与先行词之间有逗号隔开，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍概念清晰、结构完整。

非限制性定语从句的引导词有who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where；that和why不可以引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指人，则用who，whose，whom；先行词指物，要用which，whose；先行词表时间或者地点，并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用when或者where引导。

二、使用非限制性定语从句的情况

1．关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。

The Diaoyu Island belongs to China，as is known to all.

众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。

A middle­aged woman killed her husband，which frightened me very much.

一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。

2．当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名、地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。

China，which is my motherland，is developing fast.

中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。

Eason，who was a pop star，got married last year.

伊森去年结婚了，他是一位流行歌星。

[即学即练1]　单句语法填空

①The letter is from my sister，who is working in Beijing.

②His movie won several awards at the film festival，which was beyond his wildest dream.

③As is often the case，we have worked out the production plan.

④Last Sunday they reached Nanjing，where a conference was to be held.

三、as，which引导的非限制性定语从句

1．两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。

The meeting was put off，as/which was exactly what we wanted.

会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。

He was a doctor，as/which I knew from his manner.

他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。

2．as，which的不同点

(1)as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。

As is known to all，fish can't live without water.

众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。

Air，as we know，is gas.

正如我们所知，空气是气体。

(2)在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省略；而as后的be动词可以省略。

She told me she won the match，which was a lie.

她告诉我她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。

The material is elastic，as (was) shown in the figure.

这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。

(3)which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。

He saw the girl，which delighted him.

他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。

He didn't say anything at the meeting，as/which seemed very strange.

他在会议上一言未发，这看起来非常奇怪。

(4)as常用“正如”含义，常用的结构有：as we know(众所周知)；as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)；as is often the case(情况常常如此)；as we all can see(正如我们看到的)；as is announced/expected/known/imagined/ mentioned/said/shown/reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。

As is known to all，China is a developing country.

众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。

Kate was late for school，as often happened.

凯特上学迟到了，正如经常发生的那样。

(5)在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。

My brother enjoys playing basketball，which he really plays well.

我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。

Beijing，which he was born in，is our capital.

北京，他出生的地方，是我们的首都。

(6)“介词＋关系代词(介宾代物)”中关系代词只能用which。

The Travel Agency，with which our company has been dealing for several years，has opened new branches.

那家与我们公司交易了好几年的旅行社开了新的分店。

Air is a mixture of gases，of which oxygen forms 21 percent.

空气是各种气体的混合物，其中氧气占了21%。

[即学即练2]　单句语法填空

①The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

②My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble，which was very kind of them.

③He married her，as/which was natural.

④He has visited Beijing several times，in which he has many friends.

四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

除了有无逗号的不同之外，这两类定语从句还有一些区别。

1．关系词的选用

限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。

Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in China.(which不可换用that)

昨天他买了一辆新车，是中国生产的。

He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week.(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语)此句也可以这样表达：He didn't give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.

对于缺席上周的会议他没有给出理由。

2．所修饰的先行词

限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。

This is the best book that I have ever read.

这是我曾经读过的最好的一本书。

He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we expected.

他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。

3．关系词的省略

在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语、状语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。

I still remember the days (that/which) we spent together in college.

我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(that/which在定语从句中作宾语)

She is not the one (that) she used to be.

她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语)

4．英译汉时的语序，译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。

Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?

上星期天我们用的机器是哪一台？

The concert，which was held last week，was a great success.

那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空

①Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both，which is not good for the health.

②Holly，who is from Australia，has a good command of Chinese.

③Finally the thief handed in everything that he had stolen to the police.

④This was the reason why he was late yesterday.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．Julie grew up in a key middle school in her city，where her parents both taught Chinese.

2．As always，the children stole the show.

3．As is known to everybody，the moon travels around the earth once every month.

4．My aunt，whom you met in the supermarket，has gone to London on business.

5．This is the reason why he took apart the machine.

6．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of which uses it differently.

7．This is the farm where we picked apples last year.

8．She gave another piece of advice，which I think is of great help to the research work.

9．She showed the visitors around the museum，whose construction had taken more than three years.

10．Do you still remember the summer holiday when we made a journey to Beijing?

Ⅱ.短文语法填空

Mary，1.whose drawings were shown at the exhibition last month，is a model student，2.who is often praise for her good work at school.As soon as we got into the exhibition hall，our eyes were caught by a very large picture，3.which was hung on the wall in front of us.The horse 4.which was drawn in the picture was 5.exactly (exact) like a real horse.The man 6.who was riding on it looked like a living man.It was the best picture 7.that I had ever seen，and I should say Mary is the best young painter that I have ever heard of.However，you will be quite 8.mistaken (mistake) if you think that Mary was born a good painter.One of her 9.teachers (teacher) told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing until she became the best young painter 10.that has ever been heard of in her hometown.