2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：4.1



[话题单词]
1．active adj. 积极的，活跃的
2．confident adj. 有信心的，自信的
3．determined adj. 坚决的，有决心的
4．diligent adj. 勤奋的
5．energetic adj. 精力充沛的
6．generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的
7．achieve vt. 实现，取得，达到
8．succeed vi. 成功
9．gain vt. 获得
10．optimistic adj. 乐观的
11．positive adj. 积极的
12．extraordinary adj. 非凡的；卓越的
13．thrilled adj. 激动的，兴奋的
14．absorbed adj. 全神贯注的
15．admirable adj. 令人钦佩的
[话题短语]
1．seek after the ideal追求理想
2．be honored as...被授予……，获得……荣誉
3．be confident of sth./in sb.对某事/某人有信心
4．mean/plan/intend to do计划做
5．have a desire to do希望做
6．long/hope/wish/want to do渴望/希望/想做
7．be responsible for为……负责
8．work on the task忙于任务
9．take...seriously认真对待
10．be absorbed in全神贯注于
11．devote oneself/one's life to献身于，专心于
12．be enthusiastic about对……热心
13．make great contributions to对……做出巨大贡献
14．earn respect from赢得……的尊敬
15．set sb.a good example为某人树立好榜样
[话题佳句]
1．Great hopes make great man.
伟大的抱负造就伟大的人。
2．If we have no knowledge，we cannot succeed in doing any work.
如果没有知识，我们就无法胜任任何工作。
3．We should make good use of the knowledge.
我们应该充分利用所学知识。
4．The key to success is not much money but a strong will.
成功的要诀不是金钱而是坚强的意志。
5．Time is limited but knowledge is boundless.A student should know how to make full use of time and store up as much knowledge as possible.Only those who have achie－ved great success after many failures are praiseworthy.
时光有限但知识的海洋无边。作为一名学生，要学会充分利用时间，用知识武装自己。只有那些历尽磨难取得巨大成功的人才值得称颂。
[佳作背诵]
中国历史上有很多伟大的女性，孟子的母亲就是其中的一位。请你根据下面表格所提供的信息，用英语给你所在的学校的英语校报写一篇文章，介绍这位伟大的女性。
孟子(Mencius)的母亲
时期
战国时期邹国人
成就
她含辛茹苦地把3岁丧父的孟子抚养成人，将其培养成中国圣人之一。
事迹
为了孟子有好的学习环境，孟母不惜三次搬家，为了让逃学的孟子一心向学，孟母剪断已织好的布，来教育孟子只有持之以恒才能获得渊博的知识。
Almost every Chinese knows Mencius' mother，one of the greatest women in the history of China.She lived in Zou in the Warring States Period.When Mencius was only three years old, his father died.His mother endured a lot of hardship bringing him up. The great woman educated Mencius so well that he became one of the wisest men in China. In order to offer him a good environment，Mencius' mother moved their home three times.For a time little Mencius often played truant.His mother cut the cloth which she had weaved for several days to tell him how important perseverance is when a person is doing a thing.The great mother's behavior made Mencius realize he was wrong and promise not to let his mother down any more.And at last，as Mencius' mother expected，Mencius became one of the great men in history.

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①refer vi.谈到；查阅；参考
②respect vi.&n.尊敬；尊重
③deliver vt.递送；接生；发表演说等
④crowd n．人群；观众
vt.挤满；使拥挤
⑤audience n. 观众， 听众
⑥observe vt. 观察；观测；遵守
observation n．观察；观测
⑦argue vt.&vi讨论；辩论；争论
argument n．争论；争辩；争吵
⑧support n．&vt.支持；拥护
supporter n．支持者
⑨intend vt.计划；打算
intention n．计划；打算
⑩entertainment n．款待；娱乐
entertain vt.使娱乐
⑪inspire vt.鼓舞；激发；启示
inspiration n．鼓舞；灵感
⑫behave vt.&vi.举动；举止或行为表现
behaviour n．行为；举止；习性
2．阅读单词
①bond n．/v. 纽带，联系，使牢固
②campaign n. 运动；战役
vi. 作战；参加运动
③project n. 项目；工程；规划
④emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况
⑤childhood n. 童年；幼年时代
⑥shade n. 荫；阴凉处
vt. 遮住光线
⑦modest adj. 谦虚的；谦让的；适度的
⑧generation n．代，一代
⑨institute n．(研究)所，院，学院
⑩welfare n．幸福，福利
⑪outspoken adj.直言的，坦诚的
worthwhile adj. 值得做的
⑫specialist n. 专家；专业工作者
special adj. 特殊的
specially adv. 专门地；特别地
⑬connection n. 连接；关系
connect vt. 连接
⑭organization n. 组织；机构；团体
organize vt. 组织
⑮considerate adj. 考虑周到的
consideration n. 考虑；体谅
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Do you want to get this book delivered (deliver)to your house or would you prefer to come to the shop for it yourself?
2．The children have been so noisy.Let me go and tell them to behave (behave)themselves.
3．On the National Day，the streets are crowded (crowd)with a large number of people.
4．I had intended (intend)to take a holiday last year，but I was fully occupied with an unexpected job.
5．She is an agriculture specialist (special)，who devotes all her life to the research into agriculture.
6．Last night Bruce was observed(observe)to leave the building with two young men and take a taxi away.
7．I was impressed by his inspiring(inspire)words，and I decided to cooperate with him.
8．There was a heated argument (argue)about whether he was suitable for the position.
9．He was such a selfless man that everybody respected(respect)him.
10．If you want to help the poor，you can join the organization (organize)，which usually has some such activities.

1．“鼓舞，激励”家族
①inspire vt. 鼓舞；激发
②encourage vt.鼓励，激励
③motivate vt.激发，激励
④prompt vt. 鼓励，促使
⑤spirit up 鼓励，激励
2．后缀-ment 构成的抽象名词一览
①achievement 成就；功绩
②adjustment 调整
③advertisement 广告
④agreement 协议
⑤amusement 娱乐，消遣
⑥announcement 宣布
⑦appointment 约定
⑧argument 争论
⑨arrangement 安排
⑩astonishment 惊讶
⑪punishment 惩罚
⑫amazement 惊异，惊愕
3．后缀-hood 构成的名词荟萃
①adulthood 成年
②childhood 童年
③boyhood 少年时代
④brotherhood 手足之情
⑤manhood 男子气概
⑥parenthood 父母身份；亲子关系
⑦neighborhood 邻里；社区；街坊
4．以-ist为后缀的高频名词全接触
①art→artist艺术家
②piano→pianist钢琴家
③tour→tourist游客
④science→scientist科学家
⑤journal→journalist新闻工作者；记者
⑥social→socialist社会主义者
⑦special→specialist专家
⑧psychology→psychologist 心理学家
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋介词/副词
①move off 离开；出发
②crowd in (想法、问题等) 涌上心头；涌入脑海
③refer to 查阅；参考；谈到
④come across (偶然) 遇见；碰见
⑤carry on 继续；坚持
⑥care for 照顾，照看；喜爱
⑦fight for为……而战斗
2．其他形式
①by chance 碰巧；凑巧
②lead a... life 过着……的生活
③be intended for 打算给……用；专为……而设计
④look down upon/on 蔑视；瞧不起
⑤rather than而不是；而非
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．The conductor blew his whistle and the train slowly moved off.
2．Complete the exercise without referring to a dictionary.
3．You'll have an accident if you carry on driving like that.
4．Sweet memories crowded in as I looked at the pictures which were taken at the beach in Qingdao last summer.
5．Nothing happens by chance or by means of good luck.
6．I wish you wouldn't look down on/upon this kind of work.After all it is important to our company.

“动词＋on”必备短语一览
①carry on 继续，坚持
②keep on 继续前进/工作
③live on 继续存在，靠……为生
④go on 前进，继续
⑤move on 继续前进
⑥insist on 坚持
⑦pass on 传递
⑧get on 上车
⑨hand on 传送
⑩rely on 依靠，依赖
⑪decide on 决定，选定
⑫depend on 依靠，依赖
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.
她母亲头几个月来帮她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。
only 在句首修饰作状语的副词或介词短语时，句子要倒装。
俗话说，熟能生巧。只有这样我们才能提高我们的英语口语。
Practice makes perfect，as the saying goes.Only in this way can we improve our spoken English.
2.Once I stop，it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.
我一旦停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头，我就会想起实验室里的黑猩猩。
once 引导条件状语从句，意为“一旦……就……”。
一旦学会了利用失败，那么失败就能为你的生活做出积极的贡献。
Failure can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to make use of it.
3.Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.我突然想起在那个年代，一个女子去学医是多么难。
“It hits/hit sb.＋从句”表示“某人突然想起……”。
我突然想到我把护照落在厨房的桌子上了。
It suddenly hit me that I had left my passport on the table in the kitchen.
4.Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.
进一步的阅读使我了解到，是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进了医学院的大门。
It is/was...that/who...强调句。
巴赫死于1750年，但直到19世纪初他的音乐才能才被完全认可。
Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
A Woman Doctor—Lina
Born in a pigs' nest，Lina led a poor life in her childhood.She was looked down upon by the children of her generation.But she intended 1.to become(become) a doctor after she came across Lin Qiaozhi by chance,2.who was delivering medical courses to an audience crowding around her.Before moving off，Lin inspired her to carry on her study.With Lin's support，Lina entered an institute and studied hard 3.sparing(spare) no time for entertainment.Her being outspoken and modest won respect 4.for her.Her excellent arguing skills and observation 5.ability(able) put others into the shade.
Now，Lina has become a specialist in human beings' emergency sickness.Her kindness and 6.considerate(consider) behavior to the poor were well known.The organization she founded 7.carried(carry) out campaigns and welfare projects to help cut the death rate for the poor.Her job was 8.hard(hardly) but worthwhile.She often refers to the connection between her achievement 9.and Lin Qiaozhi，and says that her poor childhood is the bond between her and 10.the poor.


observe vt.观察；观测；遵守；庆祝
(教材原句)She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常生活。
拓展词：observation n．观察力
observatory n．天文台；气象台
(1)observe sb. do sth.观察/看到某人做某事(全过程)
observe sb. doing sth.观察/看到某人正在做某事
(2)observe the traffic rules遵守交通规则
(3)under observation在监视下
observe Christmas/New Year's Day/festivals庆祝圣诞/元旦/节日
(1)It was observed that successful people spent a lot more time reading than they did watching TV.据观察，成功人士花在阅读上的时间比看电视的时间多得多。
(2)单句语法填空
①The guard observed a young man stealing (steal) from the office，and he tried to approach him quietly.
②It is everybody's duty to observe(observe)the rules to keep our society in order and going on the right track.
③The little baby is under observation(observe)and treatment in hospital.
(3)语境活用
When we attend the parade to observe(observe)National Day，we must observe(observe) the traffic regulation.If we observe someone running(run)a red light，we should stop him.
当我们参加游行庆祝国庆节的时候必须遵守交通规则。如果我们看到有人闯红灯，我们就要阻止他。
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·天津卷)Most of us observed(observe) much more as children than we do as adults.




argue vi.争吵，争论
vi.&vt.辩论，主张，说服
(教材原句)She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不能用于娱乐或广告。
拓展词：argument n．争论；论据
(1)argue with sb.about/over sth.与某人争论某事
argue for/against sth.支持/反对某事
argue sb.into/out of doing sth.说服某人做/不做某事
(2)beyond argument无可争论
It is beyond argument that...
无可争辩的是，不容争辩的是……
(1)Don't argue with the people of strong determination，because they may change the fact!
别和意志坚定的人争辩，因为他们可能会改变事实！
(2)单句语法填空
①Gun control is a subject about/over which Americans have argued for a long time.
②All the other students argued against what he said.As a result，we began to argue with him about it.
③How I regretted arguing(argue) with her about the important question，which made us all unhappy.
(3)语境活用
The workers，who argued for their own rights，argued (argue) with the boss for a few days，but faild to argue(argue) him into giving them a rise in wages.
为了自身的权利争论的工人们同他们的老板辩论数日，结果没能说服老板给他们加薪。




respect vt.尊重；尊敬
n．敬意；尊敬；方面，细节；问候
(教材原句)For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals.40年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。
拓展词：respectful adj.表示敬意的；尊敬的
respectable adj. 可敬的；体面的
respective adj.各自的
respected adj.受敬重的，受尊敬的
have/show respect for 尊敬；尊重；重视
in every respect/in all respects在各方面
out of respect出于尊敬
with respect to/in respect of关于；就……而言
respect sb.for sth.因某事而尊重某人
respect sb.＝give respect to尊重某人
(1)Give respect to him，and it will be returned to you.
尊重他，你会得到回报。
(2)China is developing very rapidly in all respects and we're all proud of our motherland.
中国在各个方面发展非常迅速，我们都为祖国感到自豪。
(3)If you don't respect(＝give respect to)yourself，how can you expect others to respect(respect) you?
如果你自己不自重，又怎能期望得到别人的尊重呢？
(4)单句语法填空
①The youngsters are to be taught to have respect for social moral standards.
②While there is no law stating how you may dress，not all fashions are respectable(respect)．
(5)写出句子中黑体词的汉语意思
In many respects the new version is not as good as the old one.方面
intend vt.&vi.打算，计划，想要；意指，意思是
(教材原句)I looked carefully at the text and realized that it was intended for women in the countryside.
我细细地看了这篇文章，了解到那是为农村妇女写的。
拓展词：intention n．意图；目的；打算
intend that/doing/to do sth.打算/想要做某事
intend sb. to do sth.计划让某人做某事
be intended for/to do...旨在，预定……用途；为……打算的
had intended to do...＝intended to have done...本打算做……
(2)with the intention of抱有……的目的
(1)Live as though you intended to live forever，and work as though your strength were limitless.
活着，就像你要永生；工作，就像你力量无穷。
(2)This poem as well as the stories is intended for the new generation but they are not well received.这首诗和这些故事是专为新一代的人而写的，但并没有受到热捧。
(3)单句语法填空
①This programme was set up with the intention of providing help for homeless people.
②This book is intended for the general readers rather than the students.
③The international agreement，intended(intend)to encourage children not to smoke and help people kick the habit，was signed yesterday.
④I had intended (intend)to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.

refer to谈到；提及；查阅；参考
(教材原句)If the word group refers to different members，use a plural verb.如果group这个词指不同成员，用动词的复数形式。
(1)refer sb./sth.to sb./sth.把……提交给……
refer to...as...把……称作……
refer sb.to sth.(正式说法)叫某人去某处(查阅资料)
(2)in/with reference to关于……
for reference 以备查阅；以供参考
[要点释疑]
look up表示“查阅”时，其宾语多为word，information等；而refer to表示“参考；查阅”时，其宾语多为book，dictionary等。
(1)The scientist referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.
这位科学家把这一发现称作这个领域中最令人兴奋的新发展。(把……称作……)
(2)写出下列句子中黑体词的含义
①Complete the exercise without referring to a dictionary.查阅
②When I said some people are stupid，I wasn't referring to you.指的是
③Your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.参考
④The new law does not refer to the land used for farming.涉及；提到
(3)单句语法填空
①You'd better have your reference(refer) book within my reach.
②My demand is that the information referred (refer) to in my report be e-mailed to Mr Brown without delay.
③The book referred(refer) to is not in the library.
[联想记忆]　“查词典”的各种表达形式
turn to a dictionary，refer to a dictionary，consult a dictionary，look...up in a dictionary。
carry on继续；坚持
(教材原句)Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?
为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的事业呢？
carry on with/doing sth.继续做某事(相当于go on with)
carry out执行；实施
carry through帮助……渡过难关；顺利完成
carry off赢得；获得
(1)We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
尽管条件极其困难，我们必须坚持下去，直到成功。
(2)用carry相关短语的适当形式填空
①Though the task is being carried out，nobody knows whether it will be carried on to the end.
②Though their task was difficult，their determination carried them through.
③She is playing so well this year that people expect her to carry off all the big prizes again.

Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.突然我想起在那个年代，一个女子去学医是多么困难啊。
句中使用了“It hit(s)me＋从句”结构，意思是“我突然想到……”，it在句中作形式主语。类似的结构还有：
It hit(s)sb.＋从句　某人突然想起……
It occurs/comes to sb.that...　某人突然想到……
It strikes sb.that...　某人突然想到……
It happens that...　碰巧……
(1)It hit/struck/occurred to me that I had been paying attention to what was going wrong with my life rather than what was right.我突然意识到我一直都在关注生活中错误的而不是正确的事情。
(2)写作能力提升
他突然想到第二天上午他要参加一个重要的会议。
→It occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.(occur)
→It hit him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.(hit)→It struck him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.(strike)
There was story after story of how Lin Qiaozhi，tired after a day's work，went late at night to deliver a baby for a poor family who could not pay her.数不胜数的故事讲述着林巧稚如何在劳累一天之后，又在深夜去为贫苦家庭的产妇接生，而这些家庭常常是不可能给她报酬的。
句中tired为形容词作状语，表示状态或情况。
形容词(短语)作状语：
(1)说明谓语动词发生时，主语所处的状态或情况。
(2)形容词作状语在句中还可以表示行为方式或伴随状况、原因、时间或条件等。
(1)For a moment I just stood there，and saw the deep water，afraid.
我在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，非常害怕地看着深深的水。
(2)She was lying in bed，awake，listening to the rushing wind.她躺在床上，毫无睡意，静听那呼啸而过的风声。
(3)完成句子
①由于又累又饿，他们走进了一家餐馆。
Tired and hungry，they went into a restaurant.
②她结束了工作，筋疲力尽。
She finished the work，tired out.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Anyone can be a victim of road accidents if he doesn't observe (遵守)traffic regulations.
2．Having a large family to support (支撑；养活)，he took up two part-time jobs in his spare time.
3．He is such a great man that all of us show our respect(尊敬)for him.
4．He thinks it worthwhile (值得的)to devote all his life to teaching since he has won great respect from his students.
5．When customers place an order with us，their order should be delivered (运送)within a week.
6．None of us had seen an emergency (紧急情况)like this and we were all terrified.
7．Inspired(鼓舞)by the speech，the little girl made up her mind to work even harder.
8．What do you intend(打算)to do when you have finished your studies in the UK?
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．It struck to me that the phone number I had told them was wrong.struck→occurred/came
2．It is very easy to find a book intending for children.intending→intended
3．I don't want to argue you—just do it！you前加with
4．Each time he delivered a letter for Mrs Brown，he had to finish his work quite late，because she lived far away.for→to
5．You will be successful in the interview once you will have confidence.will去掉
6．He has behaved bad towards his wife.bad→badly
7．The book referring to by him is well worth reading again.referring→referred
8．I've come to pay my respect to Mrs Green.respect→respects
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
Jane Goodall has studied the chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave 1.like humans.2.Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment.However，this was not easy.When she arrived at Gombe in 1960，it was 3.unusual (usual) for a woman to live in the forest.Only after her mother came to help her for 4.the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.She spent many years 5.observing (observe) and recording their daily activities，and watching them wake up was her first activity of every day.She also discovered 6.how chimps communicate with each other.She 7.has argued (argue) that they should be left around the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.She has helped to set up special places 8.where they can live safely.She has achieved everything she wanted to do，and she 9.is respected (respect) by many people around the world.And now she inspires those who want to cheer the 10.achievements (achieve) of women.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
I came across a article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi on chance.One of her books explained how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies caught my eye.Then I do some research by raising some question about her.Further reading made me to realize it was hard work and determined as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.And that made her succeed was her kindness and consideration. She often went lately at night to deliver a baby for a poor family.I was excited and wanted to carry her career.
答案：
I came across article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi chance. One of her books how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies caught my eye. Then I some research by raising some about her.Further reading made me to realize it was hard work and as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.And made her succeed was her kindness and consideration.She often went at night to deliver a baby for a poor family.I was excited and wanted to carry her career.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．屠呦呦，1930年12月30日出生在中国浙江宁波。
2．1955年毕业于北京医学院。
3．发现青蒿素，减少了疟疾患者的死亡率。
4．2015年获得诺贝尔奖。
5．第一位获得诺贝尔奖的中国科学家。
Tu Youyou was born in Ningbo，Zhejiang，China on December 30,1930.In 1955，she graduated from Beijing Medical College.After graduation，she was devoted to finding artemisinin.She was awarded with the 2015 Nobel Prize for Medicine for the discovery of artemisinin，a drug that has greatly reduced death rates from malaria.She is the first Chinese scientist who got the Nobel Prize.Personally，she has set a good example to us students and we can learn a lot from her.Not only her perseverance and persistence but also her diligence and optimism are what we can benefit from.