2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：8.3



[话题单词]
1．invent v． 发明
2．create v． 创造
3．creative adj. 有创造力的
4．patent n． 专利证书；专利权
5．diligence n． 努力
6．favorite adj. 最喜欢的
7．motivate vt. 激励
8．hobby n． 爱好
9．appetite n． 嗜好
10．self－confidence n． 自信
11．talent n． 才能
12．available adj. 可以利用的
13．challenge n． 挑战
14．trend n． 趋势，倾向
v． 倾向，伸向
15．consult v． 请教，商量
[话题短语]
1．make joint efforts做出共同努力
2．in general大体，通常，一般而言
3．achieve high efficiency达到高效
4．spare no effort to do sth.不遗余力做某事
5．carry out实施
6．there is no doubt不容置疑的
7．pay off回报
8．make full use of the time充分利用时间
9．achieve one’s ambition实现某人的抱负
10．keep pace with跟上……的最新发展
[话题佳句]
1．Necessity is the mother of invention.
需要是发明之母。
2．So I am determined to meet the challenge.
因此，我决心迎接挑战。
3．My ideal is to be a well－known scientist.
我的理想是想成为一位著名的科学家。
4．It was a wonderful invention at the time.
在当时那是一项了不起的发明。
5．He was full of invention—always making up new useful products.
他有丰富的创造力——总是能创造出新奇的，有用的产品。
[佳作背诵]
科技创新大赛
假定你是李华，你所在的城市最近举办了“科技创新大赛”，你参加了此项比赛并设计了一件具有新功能的日常生活用品。请用英文写一封邮件，将你的创意与你的英国朋友Tom分享。要点如下：
1．设计理由；
2．介绍新功能；
3．你的感想。
注意：1.词数不少于100；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Tom，
Recently a competition of technological innovation has been held in our city.Every time I notice my teachers wiping their handwriting away from the blackboard and then their hands becoming dusty，I hope to offer them some help，so I designed a magic pen for them.
The appearance of my pen is different from the chalk，but resembles a common pen.The new functions make it more useful than a common pen.Pressing the button“T”，which is specially intended for teachers，users can write on the blackboard again and again，as the handwriting will be cleared up automatically after a few seconds.Besides，you can change the writing colors easily.
From the technological innovation，I learned that as long as we take time to observe our life，we can find ways to make it better.Do you like my pen?
Yours，
Li Hua

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①court n．法庭；法院
②seize vt.抓住；捉住；夺
③refrigerator n．冰箱
④tap vt.& vi.轻打；轻拍；轻敲 n．轻轻地敲击(声)；(水)龙头
⑤freezing adj.冰冻的；严寒的
⑥bear vt.忍受 bore (过去式)borne (过去分词)
⑦file n．文件；档案 vt.提交；将……归档
⑧wire n．金属丝；电线→wireless adj.无线的
⑨merry adj.愉快的；高兴的→merrily adv.高兴地；愉快地
⑩stable adj.稳固的；稳定的；安定的→stability n．稳定性
⑪practical adj.实际的；实用的→ practise vt.练习→ practice n．练习，实践
⑫expectation n．预料；期待；期望→expect v．预料；期待；期望；认为
⑬innocent adj.清白的；无罪的；天真的→innocence n．天真；清白
⑭convenient adj.便利的；方便的；就近的→convenience n．便利；方便→inconvenient adj.不方便的；引起麻烦的
⑮caution n．小心，谨慎 →cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的→ cautiously adv.小心地；谨慎地
⑯product n．产品→ produce vt.生产→ production n．产量→ productive adj.多产的；有创造性的
2．阅读单词
①straw n．稻草
②glue n．胶水
③perfume n．香水
④jam n．果酱；阻塞
⑤ripe adj. 成熟的，熟的
⑥powder n. 粉， 粉末
⑦helicopter n．直升飞机
⑧stainless adj. 无污点的
⑨string n．细绳，线，带
⑩lantern n．灯笼；提灯
⑪courtyard n．庭院，院子
⑫patent n．专利权，专利证书
⑬cubic adj.立方体的，立方形的
⑭greengrocer n．(英)蔬菜水果商
⑮triangle n．三角形；adj.三角形的
⑯extension n．扩大，延伸；电话分机
⑰directory n．商行名录；电话号码簿
⑱personnel n．全体人员；职员；人力资源；人事部
⑲dynamic adj.充满活力的，精力充沛的
⑳valid adj.有效的，合理的，有根据的
version n．译本；看法；说法
identification n. 鉴定， 辨别
criterion n. 标准， 准则， 原则 (pl.) criteria
passive adj.被动的；消极的；被动语态的
merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的；慈悲的→mercy n．宽大；仁慈
abrupt adj.突然的；意外的 →abruptly adv.突然地；唐突地
associate vt.联想；联系 n．同伴；伙伴→association n．协会；社团；联合；联想
current n．(水或气)流；电流adj.现在的；当前的→currently adv.普遍地；通常地
distinguish vt.&vi.显示……的差别；辨别→ distinguished adj.卓著的；著名的；高贵的
competence n．能力；胜任；本领 →competent adj.有能力的，能胜任的；能干的，称职的
　
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．He took measures to make up his fault，which received our recognition(recognize)．
2．Although there are many practical difficulties in learning oral English，you must keep practicing speaking every day.(practice)
3．It is freezing outside now，and more snow is falling on already frozen streets.(freeze)
4．If nobody can prove your innocence，how can you say you are innocent？(innocent)
5．He is a cautious man and is always doing things with caution.You should get on with him cautiously.(caution)
6．You can visit Professor Li when it is convenient，that is，at his convenience.His house is conveniently near the bus stop.(convenient)
7．In western countries，the number“thirteen” is usually associated with bad luck，but actually there isn't any association between them.(associate)
8．The merciless king showed no mercy and killed all the prisoners.(merciful)
9．The dog wagged its tail in expectation of a bone but was expected to go out.(expect)
10．This is my occasional visit to the theme park，in which I occasionally meet the cartoon characters I like most.(occasion)

1．“社会交往”之“警告、提醒、禁止、要求与命令”
①caution 小心
②attention 注意
③forbid 禁止
④remind 提醒
⑤warn 警告
⑥be aware of 意识到
⑦look out 当心
⑧take care 小心
⑨watch out 当心；注意
⑩claim 声张
⑪command 要求
⑫force 强迫
⑬order 命令
⑭request 请求
⑮require 要求
2．“频度”高频词速记
①annual adj.每年的
②frequent adj.频繁的；经常的
③regular adj.定期的；固定的；习惯性的；经常的
④occasional adj.偶尔；间或
⑤rare adj.罕有；很少
⑥usually adv.常常
⑦always adv.总是
⑧often adv.经常
3．“学习”相关词汇一览
①assignment n．任务；作业
②effort n．努力
③instruction n．教育；指导；传授
④progress n．进步；前进
⑤reference n．参考；参照
⑥revision n．复习；温习
4．“演讲；报道”相关词汇一览
①lecture n．演讲；讲座
②speech n．报告；演说
③report n．报告；报道
④address vt.演讲；致辞
⑤deliver a speech 发表演讲
⑥make a speech 发表演讲
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋介词(副词)
①call up 给……打电话；使想起
②set about 开始；着手
③dive into 迅速把手伸入；一心投入
④set out (to do)开始(做)
⑤hang on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住
⑥get through 设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过；度过
⑦ring back 回复电话
⑧ring off 挂断电话
2．其他形式
①now and then 偶尔；有时
②out of order 次序颠倒；发生故障
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．It's the love and responsibility that have driven him to get through many hardships and survive.
2．My grandfather still plays tennis now and then，even though he’s in his nineties.
3．Don’t you think the files and some of the papers were out of order？You had better sort them out.
4．When you were out，John rang up，and he wanted you to ring him back.
5．The photos on your Wechat call up the days when we worked together on the farms fifteen years ago.
6．Having made up his mind，Flank set about carrying out the plan immediately.

1．表示“开始/着手做某事”的短语精选
①get down to doing sth
②set out to do sth.
③set about doing sth.
④settle down to sth.
⑤start/begin doing/to do sth.
2．打电话相关短语大全
①打电话给某人
②call/ring back 回电话
③
3．rather 相关短语一览
①or rather 更确切地说
②would rather 宁愿
③rather than 而不是
④other than 除了
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel.
(评定)专利标准是很严格的，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。
so...that...“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
他的发明如此实用以至于很快就获得了专利。
His invention was so practical that he soon got a patent.
2.Follow it up，explore all around it，and before you know it，you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
本句为“祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句”结构。
给我一次机会，我会给你一个惊喜。
Give me a chance，and I’ll give you a wonderful surprise.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
Strange Patent Applications
I set about working in the current Patent Office after resigning 1.from the court personnel.Competent and dynamic，I never feel passive while diving into the identifications of whether applications are valid and 2.practical ( practically) according to the new version of the criteria.
With the expectation of distinguishing their own importance，some people leave the beaten track and file strange 3.products ( produce) with us now and then，for example，lantern that can 4.be attached ( attach) on your forehead，cubic walnuts，refrigerator made of straw and glue，perfume 5.that/which nobody can bear to smell，and so on.
Once，a man made a triangle helicopter out 6.of stainless wires and string.He called us up and merrily claimed it was stable and convenient to use，and never out of order.I asked him to hang on，7.but this innocent man just rang off and set out to fly from his courtyard.I 8.dialed (dial)his number in the directory trying to ring him back，but never got through.
Owing to merciful God blessing，an abrupt freezing rainfall made his fuel powder wet.Luckily，the trouble was without any extension except 9.that he crashed into a greengrocer's making all the ripe fruits become messy jam.When people seized this crazy man with caution and sobered him by tapping his face，he complained about the bad weather instead of 10.associating (associate) his failure with his unscientific design.
Note：sober /'səʊbə(r)/ adj.冷静的；有节制的；朴素的


distinguish vt.&vi.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别
(教材原句)Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them.这回我有机会来表现一下自己了，我要发明某种仁慈的东西，既可以把蛇捉住，而又不会伤害它们。
拓展词：distinguished adj.卓越的，著名的，杰出的
distinguishable adj.易分辨的，能区分的
(1)distinguish between...and...区分/辨别……和……
distinguish...from...使……有别于……，使……具有区别于……的特征
distinguish oneself(as...)(作为……)表现突出
(2)be distinguished from不同于……
be distinguished by以……为特征
be distinguished for...因……而出名
be distinguished as...作为……而闻名
(1)Every man's life ends the same way.It is only the details of how he lived and how he died that distinguish one man from another.每个人的生命结局都是一样的。彼此的差异只在于是怎样生活、又是怎样死的这些细节上面。
(2)Reading good books can not only enrich our minds hut also teach us to distinguish between right and wrong.
阅读好书既能丰富我们的知识又能教我们分辨是非。
(3)The Chinese nation is distinguished for its diligence and courage.中华民族以勤劳勇敢著称。
(4)写作能力提升
He was distinguished for his knowledge of economics and was elected as head of the economic school.(用分词短语作状语改写)
Distinguished for his knowledge of economics，he was elected as head of the economic school.
(5)单句语法填空
(2018·浙江卷)No one will ever know what mix of talent，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished(distinguish) writer.
caution n．小心；谨慎
(教材原句)This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy.
这次我非常谨慎地弯腰去检查那些蛇，发现它们很困。
拓展词：cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的
cautiously adv.小心谨慎地
(1)with caution小心地
(2)be cautious about/of...对……小心谨慎
be cautious to do sth.做……小心谨慎
(1)The truth is a beautiful and terrible thing，and should therefore be treated with great caution.真相是一种美丽而可怕的东西，因此需要格外谨慎地对待。
(2)The teacher gave Tom a caution and told him never to do it again.老师给了汤姆一次警告，叫他不许再那样做。
(3)单句语法填空
①The girls were afraid of snakes and picked their way along with extreme caution.
②He always puts forward unusual plans.So be cautious about them before you decide to join in.
③If she had been even more cautious(cautious)，she wouldn't have made that mistake.
④She looked cautiously(cautious) around and then walked away from the house.
associate v．使联合；联想，联系；交往
n．同伴；伙伴
(教材原句)Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone，he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody's life.虽然他一直以发明电话闻名于世，但是他的确是一个永不停息的探索者，不断寻求着改善人们生活质量的可行方法。
拓展词：association n．[C]协会；社团；[U]联合；结合；交往
(1)associate...with...把……和……联系起来
be associated with和……有关
associate with和……交往或打交道
(2)in association with和……联合；与……有关
(1)The earthquakes are said to be closely associated(associate) with large-scale ice loss events.
据说地震与大规模的冰川消融有密切关系。
(2)You must bear it in mind that you should never associate with bad companions.
你必须谨记永远不要和坏人打交道。
(3)单句语法填空
①In the children's minds summer is associated(associate)with picnics.
②We are working in association(associate)with a local company to raise money for the homeless.
③The first step to making friends is associating(associate)with other people.
(4)写作能力提升
There are many serious health problems which are associated with smoking.
①There are many serious health problems associated with smoking.(用过去分词短语作定语改写)
②There are many serious health problems in association with smoking.(association)

call up给……打电话；使……回忆起
(教材原句)When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.
我给住在乡下的母亲打电话时，她感到很心烦。
(1)call at拜访(某个地点)
call off取消；停止
call on/upon拜访(某人)；号召
call for呼吁；要求；需要；去接(某人)
call out大声地说出；命令某人出动
call in召集；召来
(2)ring/call back回复电话
ring off/hang up挂断电话
give sb.a ring/call给某人打电话
(3)hang/hold on不挂断电话
(1)Your letter calls up those pleasant days when we worked together.
你的来信使我回想起那些我们一起工作的快乐日子。
(2)During the war，all young men were called up to fight in the army，the navy or the air force.
战争时期，所有的年轻人都被征召参加陆军、海军或空军。
(3)用call相关短语的适当形式填空。
①They decided to call in a doctor because the child was not any better.
②This is a problem that calls for an immediate solution.
③The boy on watch started calling out when he saw somebody approaching.
④He had to call off the meeting because of the bad weather.
⑤This picture calls/called up my memories of the amusing experience.
⑥We called at our new neighbour's last week.
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The instructors called for an ambulance.
set about开始；着手
(教材原句)I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them.
我着手研究蛇的习性，以便能找到最容易的方法捉住它们。
set about sth./doing sth.＝set out to do sth.开始/着手(做)某事
set out出发，启程
set off出发，动身；使爆炸
set aside留出；对……不予以考虑
set down记下，写下
set up建立，开办；开业；树立；造成，产生；安排
set off for＝set out for＝leave for出发(到某地去)
(1)They set about their work with great enthusiasm.
他们以极大的热情投入到工作中。
(2)Set aside some time each day to write，even if it is only five minutes.每天留出一点儿时间来写作，哪怕只有5分钟。
(3)用set相关短语的适当形式填空
①We set about discussing when and how we should finish the task.
②The sooner we set about it，the sooner we'll finish it.
③As a traditional way to celebrate the Spring Festival，setting off firecrackers is welcomed by most Chinese people.
④He is used to setting down his important thoughts in his diary.

　Follow it up，explore all around it ，and before you know it，you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
跟随它，在它的周围探索，不知不觉中，你将有值得考虑的某些东西占据你的大脑。
本句为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”句式。祈使句相当于if引导的条件状语从句。
(1)“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”表示祈使句与后面的句子是顺承关系。
(2)“祈使句＋or/or else/otherwise＋陈述句”相当于“if＋否定条件状语从句＋主句”。
(3)“名词词组＋and＋陈述句”也有上述句式功能，名词词组中常含有more，another等词。
(1)Learn to understand，and you will keep away from a world full of sadness and disappointment.
学会理解，你就会远离满是悲伤和失望的世界。
(2)If you make one more effort，you will succeed.
＝One more effort，and you will succeed.
＝Make one more effort，and you will succeed.
如果你再努力些，你就会成功。(effort)
(3)Work harder and/then you will succeed in your studies.
＝If you work harder，you'll succeed in your studies.
＝Working harder，you will succeed in your studies.
如果你努力学习，在学习上你就会成功。(work)
(4)写作能力提升
如果你不刻苦学习，你就会考试不及格。
①Study hard，or/otherwise you'll fail in your exams.
②If you don't study hard，you'll fail in your exams.
③You will fail in your exams unless you study hard.
(5)单句语法填空
(2018·北京卷)In any unsafe situation，simply press the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Many workers said they couldn't bear (忍受)the long hours.
2．A marriage provides a safe and stable (安定的) home for the husband and wife.
3．More than 100,000 people died per year because of passive (被动的)smoking.
4．In my opinion，only by facing difficulties bravely and seizing (抓住)opportunities can one succeed.
5．Leave a basin of water outside in freezing (严寒的) weather，and it will soon be covered with ice.
6．What criteria (标准)are used for assessing a student's ability?
7．He's too young to distinguish (区分)right from wrong，and needs your guidance.
8．That girl tapped (轻敲)her fingers on the desk impatiently.
9．She has such a(n) innocent (无辜的)face that I find it hard to believe anything bad of her.
10．We all have an expectation (期待)that he can pass the driving test next week.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．The sound of seagulls called in his happy memories of his childhood.in→up
2．When you come to school，please visit my office for your convenience.for→at
3．We tried in vain to reach you last night.Was your phone out of the order？去掉the
4．The new government must set out finding solutions to the country' economic problems.out→about
5．Seize the chance and you will regret it.and→or/otherwise
6．I think you sbould be caution about giving your address to strangers.caution→cautious
7．I feel honored to have the chance to live，work and associate for them.for→with
8．Distinguishing for its diligence and courage，the Chinese Nation has attracted the attention from the world.Distinguishing→Distinguished
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
When the writer called up her mother in the countryside 1.on the phone，she learned that snakes came near their house and that the snakes 2.seemed (seem) to have made their home there.The writer felt proud and considered 3.it a chance for her to distinguish herself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them.She set about 4.researching (research) the habits of snakes.She decided to cool them so that they could be easily caught.5However，her first two plans were not successful.As 6.a result，she had to attempt a 7.third time，which helped her fulfill her aim 8.successfully (success)．9.Pressed (press) by her friends and relations，she decided to send her 10.invention (invent) to the patent office to get recognition for her successful idea.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
Alexander Graham Bell born in 1847 in Scotland.When he was young，his family moves to Boston，USA.His mother was almost entire deaf.After that，he became interested in help deaf people communicate and in deaf education.He found that by pressing his lips against his mother’s forehead，he could make the bones move in so a way that she could understand that he was saying.It was his exploring around problems and his dynamic spirit which led to his inventions.What’s more，he was in the truth a continuing searcher.I improved the quality of everybody’s life by finding much practical solutions.
答案：
Alexander Graham Bell born in 1847 in Scotland.When he was young，his family to Boston，USA.His mother was almost deaf.After that，he became interested in deaf people communicate and in deaf education.He found that by pressing his lips against his mother’s forehead，he could make the bones move in a way that she could understand he was saying.It was his exploring around problems and his dynamic spirit led to his inventions.What’s more，he was in the truth a continuing searcher. improved the quality of everybody’s life by finding practical solutions.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．随着科学技术的发展，很多新发明使我们的日常生活更加轻松、便捷。
2．在所有的发明中，我最喜欢笔记本电脑。我认为它是二十世纪最让人惊奇的发明。
3．笔记本电脑重量轻、体积小，容易携带。
4．带着它，我们可以工作、学习、娱乐，随处可用。
With the development of science and technology，many new inventions make our daily life easier and more convenient.
Among all the inventions，I like the laptop best.I think it is the most amazing invention in the 20th century.Laptops are light and small，making them easy to carry.With a laptop，we can work，study and entertain ourselves anywhere we like.