2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：4.2



[话题单词]
1．provide v． 提供
2．lack v．&n. 缺少
3．waste v． 浪费
4．recommend v． 推荐
5．decline v． 减少
6．hit v． 产生不良影响
7．protection n． 保护
8．energy－saving adj. 节省能源的
9．annual adj. 每年的
10．severe adj. 严重的
11．shortage n． 短缺
12．crisis n． 危机
13．ecology n． 生态学
14．output n． 产量
15．worsen vt. 使更糟
[话题短语]
1．due to由于
2．call on号召
3．deal with解决
4．focus on集中于
5．get rid of去除，消除
6．be faced with面对
7．be concerned about关心
8．lead a poor life过着贫穷的生活
9．with the development of economy随着经济的发展
10．have an effect/influence on...对……产生影响
11．improve the environment改善环境
12．water shortage用水短缺
13．urban and rural areas城镇与农村
14．a well－off society小康社会
15．on a larger scale大量地
[话题佳句]
1．Nowadays many countries are faced with food crisis.
现在有一些国家正面临食品危机。
2．In some areas，people are fighting for getting rid of starvation.
在一些地区，人们正为消除饥饿而斗争。
3．The climate which has been changed seriously has a great effect on the output of grain.
变化剧烈的气候对粮食的产量影响很大。
4．Urbanization which has made lots of fertile farmland wasted is another reason.
使大量肥沃土地被浪费的城市化现象是另外一个原因。
5．The rapid growth of population and limited farmland are the main reasons for food crisis.
人口的快速增长和有限的耕地是食品危机的主要原因。
6．We must bring in advanced technology and modernize our farming method to improve our grain output.我们必须引进先进的技术同时使种植方法现代化，这样才能提高粮食产量。
[佳作背诵]
高三年级举办了一次讨论会，请你将活动情况写成一篇英文报道。
活动时间
上周五
活动地点
学校报告厅
讨论主题
未来会是怎样的？
参与对象
高三年级学生
讨论内容
乐观派
未来随着科技的发展，交通更方便；人类会过上更高质量的生活，寿命更长。
悲观派
未来自然资源更少，耕地更少；环境污染更严重；交通事故更多。
学生感受
当务之急是采取措施保护自然资源，减少环境污染。
Last Friday，a discussion on the theme“What will the future be like？”was held among students in Senior Three in the lecture hall of our school.Some students are quite optimistic，believing that in the future，with the development of science and technology，transportation will be more convenient and human beings，who enjoy higher quality of life，will live much longer.However，other students，who are a little pessimistic，hold that in the future as natural resources further decrease，farmland will become less.What's worse，pollution will be more serious and more traffic accidents will happen.After the discussion，we realize we should take immediate measures to protect natural resources and reduce environmental pollution.

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①rid vt.摆脱；除去
②expand vt.&vi.使变大；伸展
③reduce vt.减少；减缩
④struggle vi.&n.斗争；拼搏
⑤focus n．焦点；中心点 vt.集中；聚焦
⑥comment n．评论；议论 vi.&vt.表达意见；作出评论
⑦export vt.&vi.输出；出口→ import vt.&vi.输入；进口
⑧equip vt.&vi.配备；装备
equipment n．设备
⑨confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难→confused adj.迷惑的→confusing adj.令人困惑的
⑩regret vt.遗憾；惋惜 n．遗憾；懊悔
regretful adj.后悔的；遗憾的
2．阅读单词
①therefore adv. 因此；所以；因而
②decade n. 十年；十年期
③output n. 产量；输出
④skim vt. 浏览；略读
⑤underline vt. 画底线标出；强调
⑥battle n. 战役；战斗；斗争；较量
vt.&vi. 搏斗；奋斗
⑦pest n．害虫
⑧super adj. 顶好的， 超级的
⑨grain n. 谷物， 谷类
⑩nationality n．国籍
⑪statistics n. 统计数字，统计资料，统计学
⑫summary n．摘要，概要
⑬nutrition n．营养，滋养
⑭mineral n．矿物质，矿物
⑮hunger n. 饥饿；欲望 vt.&vi. (使)饥饿
hungry adj. 饥饿的
⑯disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的；令人不安的；
disturb vt. 打扰
⑰circulate vt.&vi.循环；流传
circulation n. 循环；流传
⑱discovery n．发现；发觉
discover vt. 发现
⑲occupation n. 工作；职业；占领
occupy vt. 占据；占领
⑳chemical adj. 化学的；关于化学的n. 化学药品→chemistry n. 化学；chemist n. 化学家
production n．生产；制造
produce vt. 生产；制造
product n．产品，产物
productive adj.高产的，高效的
producer vt. 生产者
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Many people are going hungry (hunger)because of the failure of the harvest.
2．They said the earthquake could lead to a reduction (reduce)in steel exports from Japan.
3．His recent discoveries (discover)have added to his reputation in the field of science.
4．The people who want to improve their lives are left confused (confuse)by all of the conflicting information.
5．The high cost of equipment (equip)prohibits many people from taking up this sport.
6．They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity，keep people focused (focus)，and lead to relaxation.
7．Dina，having struggled (struggle)for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
8．It's disturbing (disturb)that I can't get along well with my new neighbor.
9．Have you ever regretted having done/doing (do)something you shouldn't have done?
10．The pressure at work is on the increase in all occupations (occupy)．

1．“因此”家族
①therefore adv.因此；所以；因而
②so conj.因此，所以
③thus adv.因此，于是
④consequently adv.所以，因此
⑤as a result 结果，因此
2．后缀-tion构成的抽象名词
①addition 增加，增加物
②application 请求，应用，运用
③appreciation 欣赏，鉴赏
④celebration 庆祝，典礼
⑤combination 结合
⑥concentration 集中，专心
⑦conduction 传导
⑧congratulation 祝贺
⑨consideration 考虑，思考
⑩construction 建造，建筑
3．动词“扩展；扩大”荟萃
①extend 延伸；扩大
②enlarge 扩大；放大
③spread 扩展；蔓延；传播
④expand 扩展；扩张；膨胀
⑤broaden 使……变宽，扩展
⑥widen 加宽，使张开，使扩大
4．后缀-dom 构成的名词一览
①freedom 自由
②wisdom 智慧
③kingdom 王国
④filmdom 电影界，电影业
5．常见的连接性副词汇总
(1)therefore因此；所以；因而
(2)thus因此；因而
(3)furthermore此外；而且
(4)consequently因此；所以
(5)moreover而且；此外
(6)nevertheless不过；仍然
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋介词/副词
①search for 寻找；搜寻
②turn to 转向；求助于
③focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于……
④build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发
⑤lead to 导致；造成(后果)
⑥rid... of 使……摆脱或除去
2．其他形式
①would rather 宁愿；宁可
②thanks to 幸亏；由于，因为
③be satisfied with 对……感到满意
④with the hope of 怀有……的希望
⑤keep...free from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物质)
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．Nowadays everyone is responsible for building up a harmonious society in China.
2．We have every reason to believe that progress in new technology will lead to a more wonderful life.
3．Eating well and moderate exercise will keep you free of/from cold.
4．Focus on what makes you happy about your job，not miserable.
5．The teacher was satisfied with what the students had done.
6．She's trying to rid herself of a dependence on drugs.

1．“动词＋up”短语小结
①come up 上来，长出，出现
②keep up 保持
③hurry up 赶快
④stay up 挺住，熬夜
⑤make up 构成，组成，编造，弥补
⑥speed up 加快速度
2．“动词＋to”短语荟萃
①lead to 导致，通向
②attend to 处理，专心于，照料
③add to 增添
④agree to 同意
⑤come to 苏醒
⑥refer to 谈到，涉及，参阅
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.If so, what did you do to grow these plants?
如果是这样的话，你怎样来种植这些植物？
if so 意为“如果是这样的话”，是if 引导的条件状语从句的省略形式。
这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野营吧。
Will you be free this Sunday? If so，let's go camping.
2.In 1973，he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
1973年，他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先驱。
the first/last/best...＋n.＋to do sth.“第一个/最后一个/最好的一个……做某事的人/物”。
她总是第一个到办公室最后一个离开，我猜这就是她那么快得到晋升的原因。
She is always the first person to go to the office and the last to leave，which I guess is why she is promoted so quickly.
3.This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce 20% more of the crop in the same fields.
这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获 20%的产量。
“make it＋adj.＋动词不定式”结构。
他的梦想是奥运会将使得各个国家和人民和平共处。
His dream was that the Olympic Games would make it possible for countries and people to live peacefully side by side.
4.He would much rather keep time for his hobbies.
他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。
would rather do sth.“宁愿做……”。
现在越来越多的人宁愿不住在大城市里。
Nowadays more and more people would rather not live in big cities.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
A New Farming Way
Tuan was a farmer in Vietnam.For decades，he 1.had been struggling(struggle) to rid his family of hunger.However,2.it always confused him how to expand the output of his crops.This 3.disturbing(disturb) problem led to his regretting being a farmer.He would rather have chosen 4.another job.
One day，5. when skimming through a newspaper，Tuan read a comment on Yuan Longping.He underlined Yuan's nationality and 6.occupation(occupy)，and then focused on his discovery and the statistics of his research.He found the knowledge Yuan circulated very 7.practical(practically)．Therefore，he made a summary and began to build up 8.a new farming method.He planted super grain of rich nutrition and equipped himself to keep his crops roots free 9.from bacteria and pests.He also enriched minerals in the soil while reducing chemical fertilizers.Though it cost him more time and freedom，he was full of hope.
The next year，Tuan was sunburnt but satisfied with his production very 10.much(more)．Thanks to Yuan Longpin，he not only won the battle against hunger，but he could also export his crops abroad.


struggle vi.&n.斗争；拼搏；努力
(教材原句)Indeed，his sunburnt face and arms and his slim，strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers，for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.
的确，他晒黑的面孔和手臂，清瘦而结实的身躯，就跟其他千百万中国农民一模一样，他过去50年来的努力工作就是为了帮助他们。
(1)struggle for为……而奋斗
struggle against与……斗争；为反对……而斗争
struggle with与……斗争；与……并肩作战
struggle to one's feet挣扎着站起来
struggle to do sth.努力做某事
(2)with a struggle费劲地
It is a struggle for sb.to do sth.
对某人来说做某事是一件艰难的事。
(1)She never gave up and struggled to lead(lead)an active life.她从来没有放弃，努力过着一种积极的生活。
(2)语境活用
Farmers always have to struggle for a living.They often struggle against/with the bad weather for a better harvest.Some of them even have to leave their hometown and go to work in cities，struggling(struggle)to increase their income.农民一直都得为了生存而努力。他们经常与恶劣的天气斗争来争取好一点的收成。他们中的一些人甚至不得不离开家乡到城市打工，努力地增加他们的收入。
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)We’ve all been there：in a lift，in line at the bank or on an airplane，surrounded by people who are，like us，deeply focused on their smartphones or，worse，struggling(struggle) with the uncomfortable silence.
equip v．配备；装备；使有所准备；使有能力
(教材原句)He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.因此，他资助几百万元供其他人进行农业研究。
拓展词：equipment n．[U]设备，器材；配备，装备
(1)equip...with...用……装备……
be equipped with装备着……
be well/poorly equipped设备精良的/较差的
equip sb.for(doing)sth.使某人为(做)某事而准备；使某人具备(做)某事的条件
(2)a piece of equipment 一件设备
(1)Your education will equip you for your future life.
你所受到的教育会使你具备未来生活的能力。
(2)语境活用
→Equipped(equip) with much knowledge about education，Li Ming thought the training course had equipped(equip) him for a job.He was sent to a middle school，whose classrooms and reading-room were equipped(equip) with computers and other necessary equipment(equip) .He was glad to see the well equipped(equip) laboratory；he felt he liked the school and would do quite well there.
(3)写作能力提升
They are equipped with new scientific farming methods，so they have been able to use less farmland than in the past.(改为简单句)
→Equipped with new scientific farming methods，they have been able to use less farmland than in the past.
confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难；使混乱；混淆
(教材原句)It is important to explain this again or we will confuse the students.
把这个再解释一遍很重要，否则我们就会使学生感到迷惑。
拓展词：confused adj.困惑的，烦恼的(表示人的内心感受)
confusing adj.令人费解的；使人困惑的(表示事物的状态)
confusion n．混乱；杂乱；困惑
sth.confuse sb.某事使某人困惑
confuse...with/and...混淆；把……混同；辨别不清
become/get confused困惑；不知所措
be confused by被……弄混、糊涂
be confused about对……糊涂、不解
in confusion处于混乱状态(＝in a mess)；困惑地
(1)I was getting confused(confuse)by such a confusing (confuse)problem.
我被这么困惑的问题搞得不知所措。
(2)语法填空
①You must be confusing me with someone else.
②His answers to my questions have only added to my confusion (confuse)．
③Since the author did not stick to the topic，I found his article very confusing (confuse)and hard to follow.
④All your changes of plan have made me totally confused (confuse)．
regret vt.惋惜；后悔；遗憾
n．遗憾；抱歉；懊悔
(教材原句)His father says that he has never regretted sending his son to study abroad.
他的父亲说他从不后悔送他儿子到国外学习。
拓展词：regrettable adj.令人遗憾的；可惜的
regretful adj.遗憾的；后悔的
(1)regret doing/having done sth.后悔做了某事
regret to do sth.遗憾将要做某事
regret to say/tell/inform...that...遗憾地说(告知)……
regret＋that从句 遗憾……
(2)with great/deep regret很遗憾
to one's regret让某人感到遗憾的是
have no regrets没有遗憾

(1)You mustn't allow a golden opportunity to slip through your fingers or you will regret it later.
千万别错失良机，否则日后追悔莫及。
(2)I have always regretted not having studied (study)hard at school.我一直后悔在校期间没有努力学习。
(3)语境活用
I regretted(regret)to tell him that he had been dismissed.To my surprise，he said to me，“I have no regrets(regret)．I only regret having taken(take)the wrong job.”
我遗憾地告诉他他被解雇了。使我惊奇的是，他对我说：“我没有什么遗憾。我唯一后悔的是选错了工作。”

be satisfied with对……表示满足或满意
(教材原句)Yuan Longping is quite satisfied with his life.袁隆平很满意自己的生活。
(1)satisfy vt.使满意
satisfy one's needs＝satisfy the needs of sb.满足某人的需求
(2)satisfying adj.令人满意的
satisfactory adj.令人满意的
(3)satisfied adj.满意的
对……满意
be satisfied to do...对做……感到满意
(4)satisfaction n．满意
(much)to one's satisfaction＝to the satisfaction of sb.使某人满意的是
(1)From his satisfied(satisfy)look I know he is satisfied (satisfy)to work here.
从他满意的神情可以看出，他很满意在这里工作。
(2)单句语法填空
①It was a great satisfaction (satisfy)to have revisited our native village.
②As a matter of experience，he thought the interviewer was satisfied(satisfy)with him.
③From the satisfied smile on her face，we can see the performance was satisfying. (satisfy)
④The policeman put down the phone，satisfied(satisfy)with a smile on his face.
build up逐渐增强；增强……的体质；建立；创办；开发；积累
(教材原句)These chemicals in the food supply build up in people's bodies over time.随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积。
(1)build sb./oneself up增强体质
build up one's health/body增进健康
build up a fame建立名声
build on在……基础上发展；增(扩)建
(2)stay up不睡觉；熬夜
wake up醒来
take up拿起，占用；开始从事
pick up捡起；偶然学会；收听；(用车)接人
use up用完；花光
mix up混淆；弄乱；搅匀；拌和
(1)He has built (up) his business over the years.这些年来他逐步建立起了自己的生意。
(2)Outdoor activities are really helpful in building up my body and enrich my school life.户外活动确实对我增强体质和丰富学校生活有益。
(3)写出下列句中build up的含义
①Taking exercise helps us build up our body and keep a clear mind.增强……的体质
②I'm very glad to see that your vocabulary is gradually building up.逐渐增强
③It's said that she's built up a very successful business.建立；创办
④Bears build up fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enough to last them through their winter sleep.积累
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·北京卷)I woke up sweating and nervous，but ready to prove something to myself.
lead to导致；造成
(教材原句)Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病。
(1)lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事
lead sb.to/into...带(领)某人到(某处)；使某人得出(结论)
lead sb.in sth./doing sth.带领某人做某事
lead the way带头；先行
(2)in the lead处于领先地位
take the lead带头，领先
(3)result in 引起，导致
contribute to 有助于；促成
give rise to 造成；引起，导致
(1)Small mistakes left uncorrected will lead to/result in/contribute to/give rise to big ones.
小错不改，会酿成大错。
(2)As is known to us all，success lies in hard work while laziness leads to failure.
众所周知，成功源于勤奋，而懒惰导致失败。
(3)Every person hopes that they will live a happy life in the future.人人都期盼未来有幸福的生活。
(4)单句语法填空。
①This kind of discussion will certainly lead to still greater differences between the two parties.
②It had been a rainy day and the steps leading(lead) to the car park were wetter than I realized.
③The discovery of the new evidence eventually led to the official's being arrested (arrest)．
(5)单句语法填空
(2018·天津卷)False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.

lf so，what did you do to grow them?
如果是这样的话，你是怎样种植这些植物的？
if so意为“如果是这样的话”，是if引导的条件状语从句的省略形式，可以用来代替整个从句，省略前面出现过的主语和动词，表示肯定意义；如果表示否定意义，则用if not。
if so如果是这样的话
if not如果不这样的话；如果没有
if ever如果有过/发生过的话
if any如果有的话
if possible如果有可能；如果可能的话
if necessary如果有必要
(1)I'll go to see you next week，if possible.
如果有可能的话，我会下周去看你。
(2)单句语法填空
①Is everybody feeling cold？If not，let us open the windows.
②The girl seldom，if ever，turned to her brother for protection.
③—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes.If possible，I'm going to visit some old people's homes in the city.
(3)写作能力提升
①Some of you may have finished Unit One.If you have done so，you can go on to Unit Two.
→Some of you may have finished Unit One.If so，you can go on to Unit Two.
②Wash it in water and pick out the small particles，if there are any.
→Wash it in water and pick out the small particles，if any.
In 1973，he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.1973年，他成了世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
本句中to grow rice是不定式作定语，修饰the first agricultural pioneer。
(1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级以及the next，the only，the last等修饰时，常用不定式做后置定语。
(2)不定式作后置定语常用来修饰抽象名词，如：ability，chance，idea，fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，moment，time等。
[要点释疑]
(1)若不定式是一个不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等时，不定式后面要有必要的介词。
(2)不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。
(3)不定式作后置定语时常表示将来的动作。
(1)Most people know that Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize，and the first person to win it twice.许多人都知道居里夫人是获得诺贝尔奖的第一位女士，同时也是两次获此殊荣的第一人。
(2)He is always the first to come(come) to the classroom and the last to leave.(leave)
他总是第一个来到教室，最后一个离开。
(3)单句语法填空
①He bought a comfortable flat to live in
②I have much work to do(do)．
③Qingdao is a pleasant place to visit(visit)．
④The police fired into the air in an attempt to break (break) up the crowd.
⑤The young singer has been burning for a chance to hear (hear) the cheers of the crowd.
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He is the first Chinese citizen to win(win) this award.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Expanding (扩展) your knowledge by reading more books is a wise choice.
2．A bird was caught in the net，struggling (努力；挣扎) to escape.
3．He regretted (后悔)that he was careless and didn't pass the exam.
4．The method of reducing(减少)the teaching cost has been discussed at the meeting.
5．It is very modern and about 80 percent of its products export (出口)to foreign countries.
6．With all his attention focused(集中精力)on his experiment，he has no time to spend with his family.
7．Such comments(评论)seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time.
8．Great changes have taken place in the first two decades(十年) of the 21st century in China.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．He has been struggling for the illness for many years.for→against/with
2．I'd rather go shopping than to go to the park.去掉than后的to
3．Thanks to a local worker，we rid ourselves off the trouble.off→of
4．Having retired from business，he now occupies him with the welfare of the disabled.him→himself
5．Thanks for the success of the business，we can afford a holiday this year.for→to
6．Now the young man regrets waste so much time when he was at school.waste→wasting
7．Each room in this hotel equipped with an air conditioner for the customer's convenience.equipped前加is
8．This has led scientists to thinking out other solutions to the problem.thinking→think
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
Famous scientist as he is，Yuan Longping considers himself 1.a farmer.He grows 2.what is called super hybrid rice.As a young man，Yuan Longping saw the great need for increasing the rice output.At that time，hunger was a disturbing problem in China.He wanted to increase rice harvests without 3.expanding (expand) the area of the fields.In 1973，a special strain of rice made 4.it possible to produce 20% more of the crop in the same fields. Thanks 5.to his research，the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of 6.hunger (hungry)．Using his hybrid rice，farmers are producing harvests twice as 7.large (large) as before. He is now circulating his rice knowledge in less developed countries 8.to increase (increase) their rice harvests and he wants to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe. Though he 9.has struggled (struggle) for the past five decades，Yuan Longping is quite satisfied 10.with his life.In his spare time，he enjoys listening to violin music，playing mah-jong，swimming and reading.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
Over the past half century，using chemical fertilizers become very common in farming.Many farmers welcomed themselves as a great way to stop crop disease and increased production.Recently，however，scientists have been found that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and，even more dangerous，to people's healthy.
With these discoveries，some farmers are beginning to turn to organic farming，that is simply farming with using any chemicals.There is many different organic farming methods.All of them have the same of goal：to grow good food and avoid damage the environment or people's health.
答案：Over the past half century，using chemical fertilizers become very common in farming.Many farmers welcomed as a great way to stop crop disease and production.Recently，however，scientists have been that long－term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and，even more dangerous，to people's .
With these discoveries，some farmers are beginning to turn to organic farming， is simply farming using any chemicals.There many different organic farming methods.All of them have the same of goal：to grow good food and avoid the environment or people's health.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．中国的农民曾经过着很艰苦的生活，并一直受着饥饿的困扰。
2．几十年来，他们努力寻找能够提高粮食产量的方法，但收效甚微。
3．多亏了袁隆平的杂交水稻研究，农民们的收成比以前多了一倍。这意味着世界22%的人口摆脱了饥饿。
4．大多数农民都很满意现在的生活，宁愿待在农村当农民。
Farmers in China used to lead a hard life and were always disturbed by hunger.
For decades，they struggled to search for ways to increase the grain output，but without success.
Thanks to Yuan Longping's research on the hybrid rice，farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before，which means 22% of the world's population have got rid of hunger.Most of the farmers say they are now quite satisfied with their lives and would rather be farmers in the countryside.