2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：1.4



[话题单词]
1．earthquake n． 地震
2．tsunami n． 海啸
3．explosion n． 爆炸
4．emergency n． 紧急情况
5．reaction n． 反应
6．crash v． 撞毁
7．panic v． 惊慌
8．recover v． 复原
9．threaten v． 威胁
10．unite v． 团结；联合
11．attack v． 攻击；袭击
12．hit/strike v． 袭击；(灾难)突然发生
13．hopeless adj. 无助的
14．dramatically adv. 剧烈地
15．suffering n． 痛苦；苦难
[话题短语]
1．stay calm保持镇静
2．rescue work救灾工作
3．(a typhoon) hit/strike...袭击某地
4．return to normal恢复正常
5．an earthquake took place/occurred/happened in some place
某处发生地震
6．suffer from the natural disaster遭受自然灾害
7．overcome the difficulty克服困难
8．rescue...from拯救
9．trapped persons被困人员
10．be in ruins成为废墟
11．cause great damage/economic losses
造成巨大损失/经济损失
12．houses collapse/fall down房屋倒塌
13．wash away buildings，roads and bridges
冲走房屋、道路、桥梁
14．call on people to make donations呼吁人们捐赠
15．take on a new look呈现新面貌
[话题佳句]
1．In the past hundred years，there have been frequent natural disasters such as floods，droughts，and earthquakes.
在过去的几百年里，经常发生诸如水灾、干旱和地震这样的自然灾害。
2．After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.
地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
3．Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and being reduced to ruins，the city took on a new look.
遭遇一次大地震并被沦为废墟之后不久，这座城市就呈现出一个新面貌。
4．In the earthquake that happened in Ludian County，Yunnan Province on August 3,2014，a large number of houses and buildings were destroyed，and some of them were almost in ruins，which caused great damage to the local economy.
在2014年8月3日发生在云南省鲁甸县的地震中，大量的房屋和建筑物被破坏，其中有一些几乎成为废墟，这对当地经济产生了巨大损害。
5．Nothing is so big that it is impossible to get over，and hurt only serves to make us stronger.
没有什么东西强大到难以克服，伤害只能使我们更加强大。
[佳作背诵]
4月20日，你省某市发生了强烈地震，造成很大损失，学校号召全体师生向灾区捐款。请你拟一份发言稿，在学校捐款动员大会上使用。发言稿主要内容应包括：
1．对灾区情况的简单介绍(包括地震发生的时间、地点、造成的财产和人员损失等)；
2．捐款的意义(帮助灾区人民渡过难关、帮助灾区重建)；
3．如何捐款(自愿、多少不限、以班级为单位，收齐后交到学校红十字会)。
Dear teachers and students，
As we all know, a terrible earthquake hit a city of our province on April 20, in which many buildings were destroyed and many people were injured.
In order to help the earthquake victims to go through the hard times and rebuild their hometown, the school has called on everyone in our school, including both teachers and students, to donate money to the earthquake－stricken area. This donation is voluntary. You can give away however much you want to. The money will be collected by each class before it is handed to the Red Cross Society of our school.
We hope that everyone will be kind enough to do what you can to help our fellowmen out of the difficulty.
Thank you.

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①burst vi.爆裂；爆发 n．突然破裂；爆发
②ruin n．废墟；毁灭 vt.毁灭；使破产
③trap vt.使陷入困境 n．陷阱；困境
④destroy vt.毁坏；破坏；消灭
⑤bury vt.埋葬；掩埋；隐藏
⑥rescue vt. & n．救援；营救
⑦damage n. & vt.损失；损害
⑧express vt.表达；表示 n．快车；速递
⑨judge n．裁判员；法官 vt.断定；判断；判决 →judgment n．判断
⑩injure vt.损害；伤害→ injured adj.受伤的→ injury n．伤害；损害
⑪frighten vt.使惊吓；吓唬 →frightened adj.受惊的；受恐吓的 →frightening adj.令人恐惧的
⑫shock n．休克；震惊；打击 vt. & vi.使震惊；震动 →shocked adj.震惊的 →shocking adj.令人震惊的
2．阅读单词
①congratulation n．祝贺 pl.贺词
②event n．事件；大事
③suffering n．苦难；痛苦
④disaster n．灾难；灾祸
⑤shelter n．遮蔽处；避身处；掩蔽
⑥sincerely adv.真诚地；真挚地
⑦track n．轨道；足迹；痕迹
⑧title n．标题；头衔；资格
⑨outline n．要点；大纲；轮廓
⑩headline n．报刊的大字标题
⑪cyclist n．骑自行车的人
⑫nation n．民族；国家；国民
national adj.国家的，民族的
⑬useless adj.无用的；无效的；无益的
useful adj.有用的
⑭extreme adj.极度的
extremely adv.极其，非常
⑮electricity n．电；电流；电学→electric adj.用电的；带电的→electrical adj.与电有关的；电学的
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Larry told her that she should not move in case she injured (injure) her neck.
2．When they returned to Rockaway the next day，they found their neighborhood in ruins (ruin)．
3．A sudden stop can be a very frightening(frighten)experience，especially if you are travelling at high speed.
4．Water had gone into the radio，and now it was completely useless(use)．
5．The art world gave me a chance to express(express)myself without words.
6．Natalie's school was so damaged(damage)that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.
7．I sincerely(sincere)hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.
8．His shoes are so dirty (dirt)that he must brush them.
9．I've known him for years and I trust his judgement (judge)．
10．It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue(rescue)the survivors of the plane crash.

1．“天气及自然灾害”相关单词总汇
①disaster n．灾难；不幸
②earthquake n．地震
③drought n．旱灾；干旱
④eruption n．(火山)喷发
⑤thunder n. & v．雷声；打雷
⑥lightning n．闪电
⑦shower n．阵雨
⑧thunderstorm n．雷暴
⑨tornado n．龙卷风
⑩hurricane n．飓风
⑪typhoon n．台风
⑫tsunami n．海啸
⑬haze n．雾霾
2．“破坏”家族
①damage n. & vt.损失；损害
②destroy vt.毁坏；毁掉
③ruin n. & vt.毁灭；废墟
3．“adj. ＋－ity＝n.”荟萃
①electricity电
②popularity受欢迎，流行
③reality现实
④similarity相似点
⑤security安全
⑥equality平等
⑦nationality国籍
⑧personality个性
⑨activity活动
⑩majority大多数
4．过去式、过去分词仍是动词原形的不规则动词小结
①burst破裂；爆发
②cut切，剪，割，削
③hurt伤害
④broadcast播放
⑤cost花费
⑥set放置
⑦shut关闭
⑧split撕裂
⑨spread伸展，张开
⑩upset扰乱
识记·思考·运用
1．be＋过去分词/形容词＋介词
①be buried in埋头于
②be trapped in陷入
③be proud of以……而自豪
2．介词＋名词
①at an end结束；终结
②in ruins严重受损；破败不堪
3．其他形式
①dig out掘出；发现
②judging from从……判断
③right away立刻；马上
④think little/nothing of以为……没什么了不起
⑤a (great) number of许多；大量的
⑥as if仿佛；好像
⑦burst out (突然)爆发
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．I felt a little dizzy，as if I had just woken from a long sleep.
2．Judging from what you say in your letter，you don't get along well with your classmates.
3．The poor woman burst out crying at the news.
4．It's reported that a great number of people were rescued from under the ruins.
5．He rose to indicate that the conversation was at an end.
6．You don't look well.You'd better go and see a doctor right away.

“in＋n.”表状态集锦
①in battle在战斗中
②in tears流着泪，在哭着
③in debt负债，欠账
④in place在合适的位置，适当的
⑤in danger在危险中
⑥in trouble/difficulty处于困境中
⑦in sight被见到，在视线之内
⑧in order秩序井然，整齐
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.
在农家大院里，鸡甚至连猪都紧张得不想吃食。
too...to...意为“太……而不能……”，表示否定意义。
我们本打算旅游两天，但是太忙了，抽不出时间。
We had intended to take a two－day trip, but we were too busy to afford it.
2.It seemed as if the world was at an end!
仿佛到了世界末日！
as if“好像；似乎；仿佛”。后常接表语从句或方式状语从句，若表示非真实情况常用虚拟语气。
这个讲故事的人以一种生动的方式给我们讲故事，好像他亲身经历过的一样。
The storyteller was telling us a story in a vivid way as if he had experienced it himself.
3.All hope was not lost.
不是所有的希望都破灭了。
本句是部分否定。All...not...＝Not all...“并不是所有的……都……”。
并非所有的学生都遵守学校规章制度，因此作为一名老师，我们应严格要求他们。
All students don’t obey/Not all students obey the school rules, so as a teacher, we should be strict with them.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
A Horrible Earthquake
Dirty water rose in wells and canals before the earthquake.But no one judged that an earthquake 1.was coming(come)．Suddenly，everything shook.It seemed 2.as if the world was at an end.Millions of brick houses and a number of dams 3.were destroyed(destroy)．Railway tracks became 4.useless(use) bars.Pipes in mines burst and let out smelly steam.Huge cracks trapped cyclists everywhere.
5．The next day，this event was the headline or main title of all newspapers.With the reporters 6.giving(give) an outline of the disaster，the whole nation was shocked by the damage and the victim’s extreme suffering.People were moved 7.when they read that the survivors comforted each other by saying “8.Congratulations(congratulate)! You survived！”．So they not only expressed their sympathy sincerely，but also organized together to help the victims right away.The 9.injured(injure) were rescued and the dead were buried.The frightened survivors were dug out from under the ruins and were offered shelter，fresh water and electricity.Thanks 10.to people’s help，the loss was minimized.
Notes：victim/'vɪktɪm/n.牺牲者，受害者　minimize/'mɪnɪmaɪz/ vt.把……减至最低数量/程度


burst vi.爆裂；爆发；突然闯入
n．突然破裂；爆发
(教材原句)In the city，the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.在市内，有些建筑物的水管爆裂开来。
(1)burst in/into 闯入；突然破门而入
burst out 突然迸发；爆发
突然哭起来/笑起来
burst with anger/joy 勃然大怒/乐不可支
(2)a burst of 一阵……
[要点释疑]
①短语burst in中的in是副词，后面不接宾语；而burst into中的into是介词，后面应接宾语。
②burst into与burst out都有“突然进入某种状态或发生某种情况”的意思，但burst into后面接名词，burst out后面接动名词。
(1)You're about to burst into tears/burst out crying at some moment and you don't even know why.
在某个时候，你总有种想哭的冲动，却不知道为什么。
(2)She burst out crying(cry)for a while，and burst into laughter(laugh) for another moment，which left us at a loss.她一会儿突然哭起来，一会儿又突然笑起来，这使我们一头雾水。
(3)单句语法填空
①He burst in without knocking at the door，which made me very angry.
②He burst into the room without knocking at the door，which made me very angry.
(4)写作能力提升
看到她的同学因为她的愚蠢错误哄堂大笑，她突然哭了起来。
①Seeing her classmates burst out laughing because of her foolish mistakes，she burst out crying.(burst out)
②Seeing her classmates burst into laughter because of her foolish mistakes，she burst into tears.(burst into)




ruin n．废墟；毁灭； vt.毁灭；使破产
(教材原句)In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.在可怕的十五秒钟之内，一座大城市变成了废墟。
(1)in ruins严重受损；破败不堪
bring...to ruin使……毁灭；使……没落
fall in/into ruin成为废墟
(2)ruin oneself自取灭亡
ruin one's health/fame毁坏某人的健康/声誉
(1)You can't change the past，but you can ruin the present by worrying about the future.
你改变不了过去，但如果你忧虑未来，将会毁了现在。
(2)单句语法填空
①Shortly after suffering from a terrible earthquake and being reduced to ruins(ruin)，the city took on a new look.
②Many a famous pop star has been ruined (ruin)by drugs in the past few years.
③It rained for two weeks on end，completely ruining (ruin)our holiday.
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Who would want to ruin(ruin) their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.
injure vt. 损害；伤害；损坏(名誉)；伤害(感情)
(教材原句)Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.2/3的人在地震中死去或受伤。
拓展词：injury n．伤；伤害 injured adj.受伤的
(1)do sb.an injury/do an injury to sb.伤害某人
(2)the injured伤员
(1)单句语法填空
①The driver of the car received serious injuries(injure)to the legs and arms.
②The young woman entered the pool where an injured(injure)dolphin was swimming.
③She injured(injure)herself while skating last week.
④The injured were(be)sent to the hospital at once after the accident.
(2)单句语法填空
(2018·北京卷)By mile 17，I became out of breath and the once injured(injure) ankle hurt badly.
shock vt.&vi.(使)震惊；震动；(使)触电
n．休克；打击；震惊
(教材原句)Sand now filled the wells instead of water.People were shocked.
井里充满了沙子而不是水。人们都震惊了。
拓展词：shocking adj.(主语多为物)令人惊讶的
shocked adj.(主语多为人)感到吃惊的；感到惊讶的
(1)be shocked by/at...对……感到震惊
be shocked to do...因做……而震惊
(2)a great shock to sb令某人震惊的事
culture shock文化冲击/冲突
(1)He was shocked at the shocking news，for I could see his shocked face.(shock)
他对这令人震撼的消息感到震惊，因为我能看见他吃惊的表情。
(2)单句语法填空
①It was quite a shock to see my face on that screen!
②After the shocking news spread throughout the whole city，everyone felt shocked.(shock)
③We were shocked (shock)to see smoke pouring out of the roof.
(3)写作能力提升
It shocked me to see how my neighbors treated their children.(用shock n．改写)
→It was a shock to see how my neighbors treated their children.
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·浙江卷)I still remember visiting a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked(shock)when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
bury vt.掩埋；埋葬；使专心，使陷入；隐藏
(教材原句)The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
解放军组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，将死者掩埋。
(1)bury one's head/face in hands双手抱头/掩面
(2)be buried in＝bury oneself in专心于
be buried in thought沉思(1)The secret of a happy life isn't buried in a treasure chest.It lies within your heart.
幸福人生的秘密，并非藏在财宝箱里，而是在你的心里。
(2)单句语法填空
①He walked slowly，his hand buried(bury)in his pocket.
②The girl was sitting on the bench in the park, burying(bury) her head in her hands.
(3)同义句改写
Because she buried herself in the film，she didn't know it was snowing outside.
①Burying herself in the film，she didn't know it was snowing outside.(用现在分词短语做状语改写)
②Buried in the film，she didn't know it was snowing outside.(用过去分词短语做状语改写)

think little of不重视，轻视
(教材原句)But the one million people of the city，who thought little of these events，were asleep as usual that night.但是，唐山市的一百万居民几乎都没有把这些情况当一回事，当天晚上照常睡着了。
(1)think highly/well/a lot/much of...对……评价高
be well/highly thought of被……高度评价
think poorly/badly/little/nothing of...对……评价不高；不重视
(2)speak highly/well of...高度赞扬……
speak ill of...说……的坏话
(3)sing high praise for...高度赞扬……，对……评价高
(1)Judging by their attitude，it seems that they think very little of our plan.
从他们的态度上判断，他们好像没有考虑我们的计划。
(2)We all sang high praise for the important part he played in this match.
我们都高度赞扬了他在这次比赛中所起的重要作用。
(3)In spite of his failure in the experiment，he was still well/highly thought of by his colleagues.
尽管他在实验中失败了，他仍然深得同事们的敬佩。
at all end结束，终结
(教材原句)It seemed as if the world was at an end!
好像世界末日到了！
(1)at the end of在……尽头；在……末端(指时间或空间的一个终点)
by the end of到……结束时；到……时候为止(常与完成时态连用)
in the end最后；终于
(2)come to an end结束
put/bring sth. to an end结束……
put an end to sth.结束；终结
(3)end up with以……结束
end up doing最终在做……
(4)make(both)ends meet使收支相抵；量入为出
on end连续地；竖立着
(1)Go straight and you'll find the hospital at the end of the road.
一直往前走，你会在这条路的尽头找到那家医院。
(2)By the end of next week，I will have finished(finish)most of the work.
到下周末为止，我将完成大部分工作。
(3)写作能力提升
The meeting was at an end.
①The meeting came to an end.(come)
②We brought the meeting to an end.(bring)
③We put an end to the meeting./We put the meeting to an end.(put)
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·浙江卷)Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收银台)．
a(great)number of许多；大量的
(教材原句)Such a great number of people died because the quake happened while they were sleeping.
那么多的人丧生是因为地震发生在人们睡觉的时候。
(1)
(2)the number of＋可数名词复数＋单数谓语动词
(3)＋不可数名词
(4)＋
[要点释疑]
(1)“a number of＋n.(pl.)”作主语，谓语动词用复数，表示“许多……；大量……”。
“the number of＋n.(pl.)”作主语，谓语动词用单数，表示“……的数目”。如果形容数量的“多少”，要用large，small或high，low，不用many，few。
(2)“large quantities/amounts of＋n.”作主语时谓语动词用复数，而“a large quantity/amount of＋n.”作主语时谓语动词用单数。
(1)The number of people invited to the party was(be) fifty，but a number of them were absent for different reasons.被邀请参加聚会的有50人，但其中许多人由于不同的原因而缺席。
(2)单句语法填空
①Large quantities of land in the area have been reserved(reserve)for national parks these years，which are (be)now home to bears，wolves，and other wild animals.
②The number of books stolen from the library is(be)large.
③A large number of books have been stolen(steal)from the library so far.
(3)单句改错
More than one doctor were involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.were→was
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)You will be able to take part in a number of activities from canoeing to wild camping on Dartmoor.Learn rock climbing and work as a team.

It seemed as if the world was at an end!
仿佛到了世界末日！
句型：It seems/seemed as if...
It seems/seemed as if...看样子好像……
seem的其他相关句型：
(1)seem(to be)＋adj./现在分词/过去分词/介词短语
好像……
(2)seem to do/be doing/have done好像要做/在做/已经做了……
(3)It＋seems/seemed(＋to sb.)＋that...(对某人来说)好像……；似乎……
(4)There seems to be...好像有……
(1)It seems that you have something on your mind.
你好像有什么心事似的。
(2)单句语法填空
①The engine just won't start.Something seems to have gone(go) wrong with it.
②It seemed as if an invisible wall had been built between us overnight.
③Look at the sky！It seems to rain(rain)．
(3)写作能力提升
They were talking in a whisper，so they seemed to be saying something secret.(将划线部分改为复合句)
They were talking in a whisper，so it seemed that they were saying something secret.
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·北京卷)Anger seems(seem) simple when we are feeling it，but the causes of anger are various.
All hope was not lost.并不是所有的希望都破灭了。
该句是表示部分否定的句型。
all...not...＝not...all意为“并非所有的……都……”。
(1)英语中的all，both，each，every，everybody，everything，completely，always，whole，wholly，entirely，altogether等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。
(2)英语中的no，none，never，nobody，nothing，neither no one，nowhere，no more，no longer，no way等表否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。
(1)Not all the efforts will be harvested，but all the harvest must be paid.
不是所有的付出都会有收获，但所有的收获都必须有付出。
(2)Not everything that counts can be counted，and not everything that can be counted counts.不是所有有价值的都被算在内，能算在内的也不都是有价值的。
(3)单句改错
①I love running，but no everybody is born to be a runner.no→not
②I agree with most of what you said，but I don't agree with something.something→everything
(4)写作能力提升
把下列部分否定句改为全部否定句
①Not everything she did pleased him.
Nothing she did pleased him.
②Both of them are not my brothers.
Neither of them is my brother.
③I do not remember all the details.
I remember none of the details.
(5)单句语法填空
(2018·北京卷)Not everyone acts the same in response to events，and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The first thing he did was to find shelter(掩蔽处) from the freezing wind and snow.
2．With so many people buried(掩埋)under the mine，none of the rescue workers would stop to have a rest.
3．A water pipe burst(爆裂)and the entire apartment was flooded.
4．It was the second air disaster(灾难)in the region in less than two months.
5．After rescuing(营救)the passengers in the bus，they left.
6．The flood destroyed(摧毁) a lot of houses and many people became homeless.
7．He opened the newspaper and had a look through the headlines(大字标题)．
8．Jack left the job after ten years because he was beginning to feel trapped(使陷入困境)．
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．The girl was sitting on the bench in the park，buried her head in the novel.buried→burying
2．With more and more forests cut down，large quantities of soil is being washed away.is→are
3．The young man's employers thought high of his abilities.high→highly
4．The whole city lay in ruin after the earthquake，which made us homeless.ruin→ruins
5．The meeting came to end and he set down many key points.end前加an
6．I want to make use of this opportunity to express congratulations in your success.in→on
7．George is organized，easy-going，hard-working and intelligent.In a word，I can't think too high of him.high→highly
8．The whole city was completely destroyed in the sudden flood，leaving everything to the native people.everything→nothing
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
Several days before July 28, 1976, many strange things happened in Tangshan. The water in the village wells rose 1.and fell. In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst. They were 2.signs (sign) for the earthquake. But people in the city didn’t think much 3.of these events. At 3：42 am that day, the earth began to shake, 4.which destroyed the city. Many people,5.including (include) rescuer workers and doctors, came to rescue those 6.trapped (trap) under the ruins. 7.Later (late) that afternoon, another big quake struck Tangshan. More people 8.were killed (kill) or injured and 9.more (many) buildings fell down. Soldiers were called in to help the rescue workers. Teams were organized to dig out 10.the trapped and to bury the dead.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
Dear student，
Congratulations! We are pleased to telling you that you have won a high school speaking competition about new Tangshan. Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of who agreed that it was the best one in this year. Your family should proud of you! Our office would like to have you say in the new park, which will honor those that died in the terrible disaster. What you know, this is the day the quake happened forty－one years before. We invite you to bring your family and friends in that special day.
答案：
Dear student，
Congratulations! We are pleased to you that you have won high school speaking competition about new Tangshan. Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of agreed that it was the best one in this year. Your family should proud of you! Our office would like to have you in the new park, which will honor those died in the terrible disaster. you know, this is the day the quake happened forty－one years . We invite you to bring your family and friends that special day.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．这座城市发生了可怕的地震。
2．突然，世界好像到了末日。
3．几秒钟之内城市被毁。
4．管道裂开了，电也停了，大量建筑物变为废墟。
5．人们有的受伤，有的被埋。
A terrible earthquake hit the city.Suddenly，it seemed as if the world was at an end.The city was destroyed in seconds.Pipes burst and electricity went out.A great number of buildings lay in ruins and people were injured or buried.