高中英语外研版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 4 Friends forever优秀第2课时精练

Unit 4 Friends forever

4.2 Using language

定语是什么？

基本概念：
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。

先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系词的作用：
A. 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；

B. 必在从句中作某个句子成份

C, 指代先行词

定语从句三步曲：
第一找出先行词；
第二找出定语从句

第三看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；

结构：名词/代词（先行词）+关系代词/副词+定语从句

   【考点剖析】

考点一：关系代词

考向1：关系代词基本用法

1. 指人时可以用who，也可用that。

1）The man who/that lives next to us is a policeman.

2）Do you know the girl who/that is in red?

2. 指物时可以用which，也可用that。

1)     I like music that/which I can dance to.

2)     What do you think of the movie that/which was shown last night?

活学活用：

1. I love singers . Singers write their own songs.

改写：

who在从句中用作主语。

2. He is the man . I met the man yesterday.

    改写：

    who在从句中用作宾语。

3. I like music. I can dance to music.

改写：

       that在从句中用作宾语。

九、  I prefer a sandwich. A sandwich is really delicious.

    改写：

      that在从句中用作主语。

注意：1）that 和who 在句中做主语时不能省略，做宾语时可以省略。

I like music (that) I can dance to.

He is the man (who) I met yesterday.

      2）定语从句中谓语动词的单复数应与先行词保持一致.

I prefer movies that are scary. 

I like a sandwich that is really delicious.

I love singers who are beautiful.

I have a friend who plays sports.

3. Whose可以指人，也可以指物。

whose 在定语从句中作定语。 

1）She is a beautiful girl whose hair is brown.

2）There is a desk whose legs are broken.

难点：whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。

“whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of which”。

N1 + whose +N2 = N1, the N2 of which

活学活用：

1、Look out ! Don't get too close to the house _______ roof is under repair.

   Look out ! Don't get too close to the house，the roof_______ is under repair.

　　A. whose    B. which　C. of which    D. what
2、Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.

 Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, and _______ was very reasonable. 　

A. which price   B. the price of which　C. its price  D. the price of whose

4. 关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

1)  I like the book that/which/省略 my mother bought yesterday.

2)  Do you know the girl who/whom/that/省略 we talked about just now?

5.先行词是主句内容或物，只能用as的情况。

例1．【单句填空】

用as\that\which填空。

1. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.

2. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.

3. ______ is known to all, he is the best student.

4. Jim passed the driving test,  _____ surprised everybody in the office.

考向2：关系代词的特殊用法

考点1：先行词是人，只能用who,不能用that的情况。

1）指人的不定代词做先行词时，只能用who.

We should help anyone who is in need.

2）非限制性定语从句中，逗号与指人的先行词隔开的句子，只能用who.

I’m Li Hua, who is studying in London during the summer vacation.

考点2：先行词是物，只能用which，不能用that的情况。

1）  介词+which

There are two chairs in the room, both of which are broken.

2）  非限制性定语从句中，逗号与指物的先行词隔开的句子，只能用which

They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.

考点3：先行词是人或物，只能用that，不能用which或who的情况。

（1）先行词被形容词最高级、序数词及 only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。

1) I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.

2) The only thing that we could do was to wait.   

3) The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.  

（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything,everything等不定代词时。

The girl handed everything that she had picked up in the street to the police.

（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。

He was looking pleasantly at the children and books that filled his bus.

（4）先行词在主句中作表语,关系词在从句中作表语时。

The village is no longer the one that it was 5 years ago.

（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。

Which are the books that you bought for me ?

考点三：非限制性从句

判断下面两个句子是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。

1. I lost all the money you lent me yesterday.
2. I lost all the money, without which I had to walk home.

例3．【单句填空】

1.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 　　　　is not good for the health.  

2.But Sarah, 　　　　has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 

【答案与解析】

1.which　分析句子结构可知,空格处引导非限制性定语从句,且从句中缺少主语,故填which。

2.who　先行词是Sarah,从句中缺少主语,所以应该用who。

考点四：介词+关系代词which/whom

1）  This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for.

2）  The babies (whom/who/that)the nurse is looking after are very healthy.

3）  He loves his parents deeply, all of whom are very kind to him.

IV. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句的用法

  关系代词在定语从句中做介词的宾语时，可用介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导定语从句

1.  Do you like the book ___________she spent $10?    

2.  Do you like the book ___________she paid $10?

3.  Do you like the book ___________ she learned a lot?   

4.  Do you like the book ______________ she often talks?

5.  He built a telescope ______________ he could study the skies.

6. There is a tall tree outside, _____________ stands our teacher.

7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest ___________ is the Yellow River.

8. The tower _____________ people can have a good view is on the hill.

9. The man ____________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at writing.

10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

11. He gave me some novels _____ ______ I am not very familiar.

12. I still remember the day ___ _____ I first got to Paris.

答案：1. on which      2. for which           3. from which     4. about which    5. through which

6. on which      7. of which        8. on which         9. to whom       10. of which

with which    12. on which   

练习：

1)The plane in ______we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

A, which      B, whom        C, that

2)  The man with ________you talked just now is my neighbor.

A, who        B, whom         C, that

(3）Wind power is an ancient source of energy ___ we may return in the near future.

  A  on which   B by which  C to which  D from which

(4） By nine o'clock ,all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mountain Qomolangma . _____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.

 A of which  B on which   C from which   D above which

总结：介词的判定方法

A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配

 Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.

B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定

 There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)

C.根据所表达的意思确定

The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.

The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.

巩固练习

定语从句专练

1.I had a concert ticket for a show that I couldn't attend it.

2.Senior family members, especially parents, should create an atmosphere ________ children can be encouraged to pour out their heart happily.

A. that B. where C. what D. which

3.Learning another language is like stepping out of a door, ______I can look back and see more clearly my own language.

A．By which B．through which C．which D．on which

4.You may think of giving up study, in ____________ case just think it over before making the decision.

A. that B. which C. whose D. where

5.________ is widely accepted, in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses, but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.

A. As B. It C. Which D. What

6.Go for a walk in the countryside,      you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.

A. when B. which C. where D. what

7.I think you've got to the point________ a change is needed, otherwise you'll fail.

A. when B. where C. that D. which

8.Swimming is good for teenagers, ________ some experts say will help them to stimulate their potential and promote their brain development.

A. which B. why C. Whom D. what

9.Sales director is a position________ communication ability is just as important as sales.

A. which B. where C. when D. why

10.Children, in my opinion,____creative ability is unbelievably rich, should be trained in that area.

A. which B. what C. who D. whose

11.Communication technology has entered the 5G era,________will surely bring great changes to our life.

A. when B. what C. which D. where

12.My mother is the busiest person in the family, which always has a lot of housework to do.

13.I have a pet cat, which name is Lucky. She has white hair and two big eyes.

       【过关检测】

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．There is growing public ________ (anxious) over levels of air pollution in our cities.

2．The man is talking about the teachers and things ________ encouraged him greatly in school.

3．The International Red Cross is an organization ________ purpose is to help the sick and the needy.

4．The professor ________ you wish to see has gone abroad.

5．Do you have anything ________ is important to tell me?

6．A shop should keep a stock of those goods ________ sell best.

7．This is the most beautiful and cleanest city ________ I have visited in China.

8．Membership ________ (quality) you for a discount on purchases.

Ⅱ.句式升级

1．I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music.

→_______________________________________________________________

2．Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress. I lent her the new dress.

→_______________________________________________________________

3．The student's article was published in the magazine. I know the student.

→________________________________________________________________

4．You referred to the man at the meeting yesterday. I want to know the man.

→________________________________________________________________

5．The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.

→_______________________________________________________________

6．The train was late. It was going to Nanning.

→_______________________________________________________________

7．I want to talk to the boys. Their homework hasn't been handed in.

→________________________________________________________________

8．The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.

→_______________________________________________________________

Ⅲ.单句写作

1．这些规定中的哪些是一个青少年应该遵守的？

What are some of the rules ____________________？

2．远处教堂的钟声响起。

Church bells rang ________________.

3．不活跃或者饮食中含有高脂肪食物的孩子会很快发胖。

Children ________ are not active or ________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.

4．他们正在等的那位老人是李教授。

The old man __________________________ is Professor Li.

5．在高中你将学习更多不同于初中的课程。

In senior high school you will study more courses ________________________ your junior middle school courses.

6．我们在一间窗户很大的教室学习。

We study in a classroom ________________ the windows are very big.

7．这是他读的第一本书。

This is the first book __________________.

8．延迟兴建新医院的决定是不得人心的。

It was an unpopular decision to ________________________.

                                             综合运用练习

阅读理解

We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. “Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen？” “When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck？” “And Paul, why didn't I pick up that he was friendly just because I had a car？” When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back, it's too late.

Why do we go wrong about our friends or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don't really listen we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you, “You're a lucky dog.” That's being friendly. But lucky dog? There's a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn't see it himself. But bringing in the dog puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesn't think you deserve your luck.

“Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn't important. It's telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven't got a date for Saturday night.

How can you tell the real meaning behind someone's words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he says agree with the tone of voice? His posture (姿态)? The look in his eyes? Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.

1．This passage is mainly about ________.

A．how to make friends

B．what to do when you listen to others talking

C．how to avoid mistakes when you communicate with people  

D．why we go wrong with people sometimes

2．According to the author, the reason why we go wrong about our friends is that ________.

A．we fail to listen carefully when they talk      

B．people tend to be annoyed when we check what they say

C．people usually state one thing but mean another  

D．we tend to doubt what our friends say

3．In the second paragraph, the underlined word “it” refers to ________.

A．being friendly  B．lucky dog        

C．a bit of envy   D．your luck

4．When we listen to a person talking, the most important thing for us to do is ________.

A．notice the way the person is talking

B．take a good look at the person talking

C．mind his tone, his posture and the look in his eyes

D．examine the real meaning of what he says based on his manner, his tone and his posture

二、七选五

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

How to Recognize a True Friend

Sometimes it can be hard to recognize a true friend. Hopefully this article will help you recognize which friends are the keepers.

Be able to trust your friends. You should be able to trust true friends and they should return this trust. Do your friends tell you secrets that no one else knows? Ask you for advice? __1__ However, if your friends hide things from you and act secretly, then this is a sign that they may not trust you.

__2__  Think about it. How comfortable are your friends when they are around you? Are they being themselves around you? Are they acting fake or perhaps hiding something? True friendships can take a while to develop, but if your friends are true they should feel comfortable around you, and vice versa (You with them)．

Think about loyalty (忠诚). __3__  If you are in need of a helping hand, your true friends should be there to offer it to you. True friends don't try to get one another into trouble. A true friend will always be loyal to you and will not reveal secrets.

Think about nicknames. A lot of true friends love to give each other nicknames! If your friend is giving you nicknames, then this is a great sign. Think of the nickname your friend has given you, does it suit you well? __4__

Look at how you fight. Nearly all best friends fight. __5__ True friends will find their way through a fight, no matter what the size is. True friends will remain “faithful” to each other even during a fight. They will not tell each others' secrets, and they still care about each other.

A．Consider comfort.

B．Choose your friends carefully.

C．True friends are always there for one another.

D．Both are sure signs that your friend trusts you.

E．If so, this shows your friend must know you quite well.

F．So if you and your friend have a little argument, don't worry!

G．An inside joke shows that you share a special connection with your friend.

三、语法填空

When I was young, I read many kinds of books, including fairy tales. In those books, heroes __1__ (describe) were handsome and heroines were beautiful. I, therefore, believed I had to be beautiful if I wanted __2__ (become) a great person.

As I grew up, I began to realize outer beauty was not so important to make someone excellent. I remember a friend of __3__ (my). She believed that she could do everything she wanted because she was so beautiful, but she lost her friends one by one. What she learned was that inner beauty is more important than outer beauty.

Whenever I see TV __4__ (advertise), I feel they make us believe beauty is very important. Although we say inner beauty __5__ (be) more valuable, we often look __6__ plastic surgery to make us more beautiful. There seems to be __7__ boom in plastic surgery. It is surprising to realize the number of people __8__ try it is increasing day by day.

We know good­looking guys usually get __9__ (high) scores on job interviews than others. So, what is real beauty? I want to say that what does make one look like a __10__ (real) beautiful person is inner beauty.

1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________

5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________

9．________　10.________