高中英语牛津译林版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 1 Back to school学案

  必修一 Unit 1 Grammar句子成分和结构学案

                 Class______ Name______

一、句子成分：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

二、各种句子成分

1. 主语：主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，动作的执行者，一般位于句首，谓语动词之前。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 例如:

The sun rises in the east.     （名词）

He likes dancing.           （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history.             （数词）

To see is to believe.          （不定式）

Exercising is a good habit.    （动名词）

Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. （主语从句）

◆ Underline the subjects of the following sentences.

1. During the 1990s, American country music was very popular.

2. We often speak English in class.

3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.

4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

5. Smoking does harm to the health.

6. The rich should help the poor.

7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.

2. 谓语: 谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。谓语的构成如下：

(1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

   I saw the flag on the top of the hill.  2) He looked after two children.

(2) 复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 

He can speak English well. 

She doesn’t like dancing

3. 表语: 表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（一般有be动词, feel, taste, continue等）之后。表语一般名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：

He is a teacher.                (名词)

I have a cake，can you taste it.  （代词）

Five and five is ten.           （数词）

Mom got angry.              （形容词）

He seemed to have told a lie.    （不定式）

◆ Underline the predicatives of the following sentences.

1. Our teacher of English is an American.

2. Is it yours?

3. The weather has turned cold.

4. The speech is exciting.

5. Three times seven is twenty one.

6. His job is to teach English.

7. His hobby is playing football.

8. The meeting is of great importance.

9. Time is up. The class is over.

10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.

注：系动词（Linking verb)连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等，包括：

(1) 状态系动词只有动词。 e.g. He is a teacher.

(2) 持续系动词有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand 等。  e.g. He always kept silent at meeting. 

(3) 像系动词表示“看起来像”，有 seem, appear, look等。 e.g. He seems (to be) very sad.  

(4) 感官系动词有feel, smell, sound, taste等。 e.g. This kind of cloth feels soft.

(5) 变化系动词有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等 e.g.He became mad after that.  

(6) 终止系动词有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意.  e.g.

    The rumor proved false.

 His plan turned out a success.

4. 宾语:宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。下列成分可以在句中充当宾语： 

I love China.     （名词）

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.  （代词和动名词）

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.           （名词和数词）

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.        （名词化的形容词和名词）

He pretended not to see me.                            （不定式）

I think（that）he is fit for his office.                     （从句）

◆ Underline the object of the following sentences.

1. She covered her face with her hands.

2. We haven’t seen her for a long time.   

3. Do you mind opening the window?

4. Give me four please.

5. He wants to dream a nice dream.

6. We need to know what others are doing.       

7. I lived in Japan in 1986.   

注：宾语种类有以下情况

(1) 双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),间接宾语一般指人, 直接宾语一般指物。e.g.

Lend me your dictionary, please.= Lend your dictionary to me, please.

(2) 复合宾语（宾语+宾补）e.g.

They elected him their monitor. 

Keep the window open.

5. 宾语补足语: 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语

（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

I find the book very interesting.         （形容词）

The parents named their daughter Lily.    （名词）

We don’t allow you to park here.        （不定式）

I saw him watching TV in the room.      （动名词）

Show the visitor in, please.              （副词）

◆ Underline the object complements of the following sentences.

1. His father named him Dongming.

2. They painted their boat white.

3. Let the fresh air in.

4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

5. We saw her entering the room.

6. We found everything in the lab in good order.

7. 定语: 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由形容词, 分词, 名词, 代词, 不定式短语, 动名词, 介词短语, 定语从句等成分表示。

They are women workers.                  （名词）

This is her first trip to Europe.              （代词、数词和介词短语）

China is a developing country.              （现在分词）

You haven’t kept your promise to write us often.（动词不定式短语）

◆ Underline the attributes of the following sentences.

1. Guilin is a beautiful city.

2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.

3. There are thirty women teachers in our school.

4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.

5. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.

6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.

7. He is reading an article about how to learn English.

8. Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.

8. 状语: 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：

Light travels most quickly.             （副词）

He has lived in the city  for ten years.   （介词短语）

He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式）

He is in the room making a model plane.  （动名词）

Wait a minute.                       （名词）

Once you begin, you must continue.      （从句）

◆ 10种状语种类如下：

1. How about meeting again at six?     （           ）

2. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （          ）

3. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.     （           ）

4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor.    （           ）

5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.        （           ）

6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.            （           ）

7 .In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （           ）

8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.        （           ）

9. She works very hard though she is old.               （           ）

10. I am taller than he is.                            （           ）

◆ Underline the adverbial of each of the following sentences.

1. These products are selling quickly.       2. The best fish swim near the bottom.

3. She sat there doing nothing.             4. We’ll send a car over to fetch you.  

5. She was slow to make up her mind.       6. Strike while the iron is hot. (趁热打铁.)

9. 同位语(Appositive)对前面的名词或代词一步解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任。

This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.

10. 插入语(Parenthesis)通常有to be honest, I think (suppose, believe)等。

To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.

巩固练习

（一）指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分。

1. The students got on the school bus.

2. He handed me the newspaper.

3. I shall answer your question after class.

4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!

5. They went hunting together early in the morning.

6. His job is to train swimmers.

7. He took many photos of the palaces  in Beijing.

8. There is going to be an American film tonight.

9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

10. His wish is to become a scientist.

(二) 请划分下列句子的句子成分。

1. We are working.

2. I can swim very well.

3. The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me.

4. Why does the wind blow?

5. The rain has been pulling down for a whole day.

6. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

7. Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone.

8. You must get the car ready by tomorrow.

9. I have a lot of clothes to wash.

10. He gave his son some advice on reading