专题10. 阅读技巧--主旨大意题、推理判断题 -九年级英语寒假精讲精练（牛津译林版）

阅读技巧--主旨大意题、推理判断题

主旨大意题

1.题型特点

要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解答这种题型时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断,从而挖掘出文章中隐含的信息。

2.主旨大意题主要的设问方式

①What’s the main idea of this passage?

②What is the passage mainly about?

③What does the passage mainly discuss?

④The writer means to tell us that　　　. 

⑤The main idea of the passage is that　　　. 

⑥The passage is mainly about　　　. 

⑦From the passage we can learn/conclude that　　　. 

⑧What’s the best title for the passage?

⑨What would be the best title for the passage?

⑩The best title for the passage is　　　. 

3.主旨大意题的解题技巧

(1)留心关键词,抓住文章主旨;串联主要细节,推断文章中心思想。所谓关键词,即文章中反复出现的、与主题有关的实词,如名词、动词等。冠词或介词等虚词均不在关键词之列。需要注意的是,为了避免同一词的过多重复,文章有时会使用这个词的同义词、近义词,或用代词指代。我们知道,并不是所有文章都包含明确的主题句,比如大多数记叙文。记叙文的中心思想多隐藏在具体的细节中,作者通过众多的细节事实对一个中心点进行论述。因此,我们必须善于串联主要细节,从中归纳文章的中心思想。

(2)注意段落主题句,归纳文章大意。

段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(Topic Sentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能:①介绍段落的主题(Topic);②阐述控制概念(Controlling Idea),控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。

主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在段落中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章(如科普类文章)的时候,主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。

①主题句位于段首

主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%~90%的主题句是段落的第一句。

a.寻找主题句

有些段落,有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有:for example,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that等。

在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的for example可以断定,前一句话是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句话为主题句,在第二句话前面添加一个for example,看看第二句话是否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句话不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。

b.选择答案

先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读所给的选项,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的转述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。

②主题句位于段末

主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。

③主题句位于段落的中间

主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时,第一句并非主题句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。

推理判断题

1.题型特点

推理判断题主要考查学生对文章言外之意的理解。这种题目有一定难度,往往不能直接从文中找到答案,而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理,获取作者在文章中没有直接表述出来的态度、观点等。这种类型的题主要有三种形式:语义推理题、结论推理题和出处推理题。语义推理题要求学生根据文章、段落或句子的表层信息推断出深层含义,比如推断文章或段落的中心思想、句子的言外之意等;结论推理题和出处推理题要求学生根据文章中所列举的事实推断出符合逻辑的结论或文章的出处。

2.推理判断题主要的设问方式

①It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that...

②Which of the following conclusions can be drawn according to the passage?

③The writer suggests that...

④The writer uses the example of...to show that...

⑤What’s the writer’s attitude toward...?

⑥What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage?

⑦From the passage,we know...

⑧The writer probably agrees that...

3.推理判断题的解题技巧

中考的阅读理解不仅要求考生读懂短文中的每个句子,而且还要求能理解句子之间的内在联系。有的试题要求根据中学生必须具有的常识,对所读的短文进行一定程度的推断;有的试题还要求了解其内在的逻辑关系,从而对所读的内容形成较深层的理解。一般来说,这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案,必须根据原文提供的有关信息,进行合理的推断才能回答。完成推理判断题,通常应注意以下两点:

(1)特别留心特定细节

所谓“特定细节”,就是问题所涉及的范围和对象中的细节事实。它一般包括事实根据、名字(人物或地点)、数字(日期或统计数字)、关键词语的其他表达方法(同义词、近义词、反义词)等。

(2)注意作者的语气和态度

作者的语气和态度通常体现在短文所使用的措辞和句式上。要特别注意感情色彩比较浓重的形容词和副词,特别留心短文句子的长度和结构。从措辞上我们可以推断出作者对所讨论话题的态度(肯定或否定,赞成或反对,褒扬或讽刺,喜好或厌恶等);从句式的长短和结构可以判断出作者讨论问题的语气(郑重其事还是轻松活泼,实事求是还是夸大其词,真挚热诚还是冷嘲热讽等)。

一

　Smoking can cause cancers, heart problems and other diseases.Although almost everybody knows smoking is bad for health, people still smoke.Fortunately, actions are now being taken to stop smoking.

Beijing says no to smoke

A new anti­smoking regulation(条例) will soon take effect on June 1 in Beijing.It is regarded as ＂China’s toughest(最严格的) ever＂ tobacco control regulation.

According to the regulation, smoking is not allowed in all indoor public places, including public transportation.Those who break the rules will be fined up to 200 yuan.Teachers cannot smoke in front of students in primary and middle schools.Schools are also required to help students quit smoking and educate them about the harm of smoking.

Beijing has set up an anti­smoking hotline(12320)and a WeChat account(Smoke­free Beijing), to which people can send photos to report smokers.

The public is also invited to vote(投票)on stop­smoking gestures on WeChat.So far, an image of a girl covering her nose has become the most popular pick.

　Xinhua News

Youth turn their back on smoking[来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K]

...Only 9% of the teens in the US smoke cigarettes, according to a recent survey.That’s far down from 23% in 2000.

The Truth is working to end teenage smoking.They use social media to remind teenagers of the dangers of smoking.＂If we all join hands, smokers and non­smokers, we can end smoking once and for all＂， the Truth campaign(运动) website states.Since Oct 27, 21，615 children and teens in the US have joined the campaign and promised not to smoke.

The group hopes that they can give teens and young people the knowledge to ＂be the generation that ends smoking＂.

1. To support his idea, the writer uses two________.

A. advertisements        B. news reports

C. posters         D. notices

2. According to the passage, people can ________ to report smokers.

A. call the police        B. post a letter

C. call at 12320        D. start a vote

3. ＂The Truth＂ might be the name of a(n)________.

A. organization        B. person

C. school          D. type of cigarettes

4. The writer is trying to________.

A. show that people are taking actions to stop smoking

B. explain to us some knowledge of cigarette­making

C. remind us of the great harm of smoking

D. call on people to support smoking

二

Have you ever seen a car without a driver? It sounds crazy, but these computer-driven driverless cars will soon be filling roads near you. Companies like Google and Tesla have been designing and testing these cars, and the technology is there.

So how? The cars have sensors(感应器)all around which can find other cars and objects in the road.Road signs are read by cameras, and satellite navigation systems(卫星导航系统)are used so the car knows how to get where you want to go. All you have to do is type in the address! Finally, a central computer system takes in all the information that it receives from the sensors and cameras and works out when to speed up, stop and turn.

Sound like your idea of heaven(天堂)? Sitting back, looking out of the windows and even watching a film or reading a book while “driving” would be possible with this new technology. You wouldn’t have to worry about remembering directions to where you’re going. In addition, computers would also drive more safely than people—they would obey the rules and have quicker action times when in dangerous situations.

However, there are many drawbacks of driverless cars. Computers would have difficulties making ethical(道德的)decisions: if a child ran into the road, would the computer choose to hit the child or turn suddenly and potentially kill the car’s passengers? Moreover, I personally find driving fun—I’d miss never driving a car myself. There would also be many other decisions to be made—should children, or drunk people, be allowed in a driverless car by themselves? Or would there need to be a person with a driving license in the car at all times?

I’m not certain I’d want a driverless car— but it’s only a matter of time before they’ll become more affordable and popular on our roads.

1.When using a driverless car, you need only 　　　. 

A.read the road signs carefully

B.check the cameras

C.put the address into the computer

D.remember the directions

2.The third paragraph mainly tells us about the 　　　 of driverless cars. 

A.instructions   B.standards

C.advantages    D.tests

3.The underlined word “potentially” in Paragraph 4 means “　　　”. 

A.possibly    B.successfully

C.especially    D.naturally

4.What’s the writer’s opinion about future driverless cars?

A.They’ll cause more accidents.

B.They’ll be less expensive.

C.They’ll use less energy.

D.They’ll run much faster.

三

What is the difference between a fear(害怕)and a phobia?You might have a fear of dogs if you have ever been bitten by one. However, if you avoid walking down streets where you think there might be a dog, you may have a phobia, which is a strong unnatural fear. If the fear has started to change a person’s life, he or she probably has a phobia. Different surveys say that between 10 and 80 percent of us have at least one phobia.

You can probably guess what some of the most“popular”phobias are. Flying may be the safest way to travel, but many people are scared of doing it. Fear of heights is also very common. For example, Spider-Man actor Tobey Maquire can’t stand high places. However, Tobey is not afraid of spiders that most people are afraid of. Rupert Grint, who plays in the Harry Potter movies, is in fear of spiders.“In one scene of the movie, we come into the large spider’s hole, and there we meet a spider that is the size of an elephant and really scary because he has these hairs. I’m really scared of spiders,”he said.

　　　.For example, cats are very cute for most of us, but not for such powerful people in history as Alexander the Great and Napolean Bonaparte. Actor Nicole Kidman says,“I’m not scared of snakes or spiders, but I’m scared of butterflies. Sometimes when I came home from school, the biggest butterfly you had ever seen would be just sitting on our front gate. I would climb over the fence, move slowly to the side of the house, or do anything to avoid having to go through the front gate.”Clowns(小丑)are not so funny for actor Johnny Depp, whose childhood memory of the“painted faces and fake smiles”still makes him scared. Some other weird(怪诞的)phobias, including chewing gum, old doors or windows and footsteps, also fear some famous persons, such as Orah Winfred, Billy Bob and Sigmund Fred. 

1.Rupert Grint who acted in Harry Potter is scared of　　　. 

A.dogs   B.snakes   C.spiders   D.butterflies

2.Which of the following behaviors can be a phobia for these persons?

A.Cathy dislikes keeping a pet cat at home.

B.Victor cannot sleep well before the exams.

C.Linda feels very tired climbing the mountains.

D.Doris shouts crazily whenever hearing footsteps at night.

3.Which of the following is the best for“　　　”in Paragraph 3? 

A.Some people have phobias that are more unusual

B.No research has been reported what causes the phobias

C.Doctors say that most phobias can be treated successfully

D.Common things are much easier to cause phobias

4.We can infer(推断)from the passage that　　　. 

A.people are born with phobias

B.phobias are common in our daily life

C.famous people are easier to get phobias

D.phobias do not influence people’s life at all

四

 This is a tale of two friends — one is blind, the other has no arms. On their own, the two are “disabled”. But together, they are a powerful team that has changed part of their village in North China’s Hebei Province into a rich, green forest. Meet 53-year-old Jia Haixia and Jia Wenqi!

   Their story began in 2000, when Haixia, who was already blind in his right eye, lost his left one after an illness. Wenqi lost his arms in an accident when he was just three. Neither could find a job, so the two decided to team up. They rented some poor land and began to plant trees. In return, the local officials paid them a small fee.

   Haixia and Wenqi never imagined that they would end up creating an environmental paradise. Their forest now has over 10,000 trees, hundreds of birds and many other wild animals. In addition, it saves the village from river flooding during the rainy season.

  When the friends work together, they focus on their strengths not their disabilities. Their day begins at 7 a.m. when the sightless Haixia carries Wenqi across the river to get to their worksite. Since they cannot afford to buy young trees to plant, the two use branches from existing trees. Haixia climbs to the tree-top and with Wenqi’s direction, selects the perfect branch. He then digs a hole and carefully plants it. Finally Wenqi waters the area.

   Though hard-working, the men don’t make much money. But as Wenqi puts it, “We stand on our own feet, so the fruits of our work taste sweeter.”

   Neither Haixia nor Wenqi cares about money. Together, they already have everything they need — a perfect pair of eyes, two strong hands, and the best friendship in the world!

1. Why did Haixia and Wenqi start working together?

A. Haixia needed someone to help him.     

B. They both needed a way to make money.

C. They wanted to improve the environment.  

D. They were required to do so by local officials.

2. Haixia and Wenqi’s forest has helped the village by______ .

A. stopping floods in the rainy season  B. increasing the number of tourists

C. making the villagers richer         D. providing more farmland

3. Why do Haixia and Wenqi plant tree branches?

A. They are easy to get.          B. They do not cost money.

C. They can grow very quickly.     D. They are preferred by animals.

4. In paragraph 5, when Wenqi says “We stand on our own feet, so the fruits of our work taste sweeter”, he means that “______”.

A. they hope to make the forest even better   B. the fruits from their trees are very sweet

C. they are proud not to depend on others    D. they are able to do any difficult work

五

My mom isn’t fancy like other moms．They wear fancy clothes and drive fancy cars．My mom wears her gardening clothes when she walks me to school．

When fancy moms laugh，their laughs sound soft and whispery．You can hear my mom’s laugh from down the hall．I show her how to laugh quietly and she practices．But before long she starts laughing even harder than before．

At the talent show，my mom cheers loudly，“Bravo，everyone！Bravo！”instead of clapping politely the way fancy moms do．

For our class hike(徒步旅行)，parents are invited．At breakfast I go over my rules for Mom，“Please don’t whistle．Don’t laugh loudly．No clapping．And stay in line．”

The other moms show up wearing fancy jackets and sneakers．My mom wears cutoffs，a floppy straw hat，and her old hiking boots．

We hike along，all in a line．Soon Mom starts to whistle her hiking songs，She’ll Be Coming Round the Mountain．I shake my head at her．She stops and whispers，“Oops．Sorry，Jane．”

We keep hiking．Everything is perfect until…

Our teacher，Ms．Steele，stops and points，“A snake！”All the moms hold their kids hands and back up，except my mom．“Watch out！It might be poisonous(有毒的)！”Ms．Steele says．

The other moms shuttle back some more．However，my mom steps forward and says，“Hmm．Let’s see what kind it is．Nope，it’s not poisonous．”

I shut my eyes．I know what’s coming next．Mom makes a sudden attack．“Got it！”she says．The other moms scream，not sounding fancy at all．

Kids gather around as Mom examines the snake．“It’s OK to touch，”she says．

Everyone’s too scared，but I go first．“Snakes aren’t slimy，”I tell them．Right away，others line up．A couple of the fancy moms come up to touch the snake’s tail．

Later，Ms．Steele tells us to draw our favorite part of the hike．After a while，I look around quickly．Everyone’s picture is of Mom and me with the snake．

As we hike back to the bus，I squeeze Mom’s hand．“I’m glad I didn’t tell you my don’t-catch-snakes rule．”She smiles．But soon，she’s whistling her hiking songs again！

I start to make her silent，then stop．Instead，I take a deep breath and sing out too．Everyone joins in，even the fancy moms．

1．The word“fancy”in this passage is close to“________”．

A．fashionable or expensive                B．energetic or valuable

C．modern or comfortable                  D．common or popular

2．Jane tries to make some rules for her mom because ________．

A．she expects her mom not to catch snakes

B．she is afraid her mom will make her lose face

C．she wants her mom to be different from others

D．she wishes her mom to act more politely than the other moms

3．Jane begins to feel proud of her mom when ________．

A．she goes first to touch the snake and other kids follow her

B．she joins her mom in singing together with the other moms

C．she tries to stop her mom whistling but later she give up

D．she finds everyone drawing about her mom and her with the snake

4．Which can be the best title for the passage？

A．My Mom Isn’t Fancy                   B．Our Hike Isn’t Perfect

C．An Unpleasant Talent Show              D．An Unforgettable Experience

六

Bath, 97 miles west of London, is the largest city in Somerset, England. It became a World Heritage Site in 1987.

The city got its name from the Roman Baths, which was a place for public bathing in Roman Britain. The water there is naturally heated under the ground. Today visitors are no longer allowed to enter the water. However, the exhibitions there will tell you the history of the Roman Baths. You can see many ancient Roman objects, including the coins that were thrown into the water to show respect for the goddess.

Looking over the city, you will see many old buildings in the color of honey. Among them, the Royal Crescent and the Circus are the most famous. The Royal Crescent is a row of 30 houses in the shape of crescent. The Circus is about 200 meters to the east of the Royal Crescent. It is a huge circle formed with large townhouses. It is divided into three parts of the same length by three entrances* with a lawn in the center. When visiting Bath, you can’t miss these two sites.

The museums in the city are also popular. You can go and appreciate western paintings. If you are interested in the English writer Jane Austen, you can go to Jane Austen Center to know more about her life with her father in Bath. If you come in October, you can even take part in the Bath Film Festival.

With its own style and fantastic sights, Bath attracts millions of tourists from all over the world.

1.The passage is mainly about the 　　　 in Bath. 

A.writers   B.paintings

C.festivals  D.buildings

2.According to the passage, what can visitors do in the Roman Baths?

A.Take a bath.

B.Play in the water.

C.Enjoy ancient coins.

D.Buy ancient Roman objects.

3.Which of the following is correct about the Royal Crescent and the Circus?

4.Bath is a city 　　　. 

A.where Jane Austen once lived

B.that got its name from the heated water

C.where a film festival is held all year round

D.that has been a World Heritage Site for 21 years

七

A young woman turns around and around quickly, and jumps high. In the background, a young girl reads a rejection(拒绝) letter from a ballet school. ‘You have the wrong body for ballet,’it says,‘and at thirteen, you are too old.’This was one of the most popular advertisements(广告)of 2014 and it describes American Ballet Theatre’s principal(主要的)dancer Misty Copeland.

This was not a real letter. But Copeland says it is very similar to letters from her childhood. While many dancers start at the age of three, Copeland only began to study ballet in 1995 as a thirteen-year-old. People often told her that she was too old, or that she didn’t have the perfect body type(She is only 157 cm tall). Her family moved a lot, and it was sometimes difficult for her to attend ballet classes. But Copeland loved dancing and did not want to give up. She stayed with her ballet teacher during the week and spent time with her family only at the weekend. This was a difficult life, but she worked hard and won her first national competition when she was fourteen years old. Copeland joined the American Ballet Theatre in 2000 and performed in many ballets over the next few years. In 2007, she became a solo(单独的)performer, and in 2015 she became its principal dancer.

Copeland is now a dancer, author and Broadway performer. She also starred in the 2015 film A Ballerina’s Tale. So what’s next? According to Copeland, anything is possible:‘My career(职业)really is just now beginning.’

1.How old was Copeland when she became the principal dancer?

A.13.   B.14.   C.25.   D.33.

2.Why was it difficult for Copeland to attend ballet classes?

A.Because her family moved a lot.

B.Because she was not a good dancer.

C.Because she had no invitation letter.

D.Because she had the wrong body type.

3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Copeland became successful because of the advertisement.

B.Copeland had to spend a lot of time away from her parents.

C.Copeland won her first national competition as a solo performer.

D.Copeland has ended up her career as an actress on Broadway.

4.What’s the writer’s opinion of Copeland?

A.Copeland sets an example who never gives up.

B.Copeland was too old to start ballet at thirteen.

C.Copeland has made her achievements by accident.

D.Copeland was lucky to get support from the ballet school.

八

Being a teenager can be challenging,but it can also be exciting.You’re becoming more independent and making decisions for yourself.You are also learning to take risks and solve problems better.And changes are happening throughout your body,even in your brain.

The changes in your brain are influencing how you develop into an adult.Imagine the structure(结构) of your brain is like a big road map.Lots of roads lead to different destinations(目的地).When you were a child,as you learnt new things,your brain created more and more roads to different destinations.By the time you become a teenager, many different roads lead to the most important places on the map.Now your brain’s job is to make that map more efficient.

As a result,your experiences as a teenager actually influence the way that your brain develops.If you spend hours playing video games,what skills do you use?You learn to see something with your eyes and respond to it with your hands.As you develop those skills,your brain is making sure that the roads leading to them are especially fast and efficient.So,your video-game playing could be preparing you for a career such as a pilot.

This is a great time for you to practice new skills and discover what you’re good at and try what you love doing.Go out and try different activities,and stick to them if you think they’re useful.Remember that with everything you do,you’re shaping your brain for the future.

1.What happens as children learn new things?

A.Their brains make the maps more efficient.

B.The structures of their brains are like big road maps.

C.Their brains create more roads to different destinations.

D.Many different roads lead to the most important places.

2.What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A.Your brain. B.Something you see.

C.Your skill. D.Something you learn.

3.What’s the writer’s advice for teenagers?

A.Teenagers should learn to be more independent.

B.Teenagers should work harder and more efficiently.

C.Teenagers should play more video games in order to be a pilot.

D.Teenagers should experience more and stick to the useful activities.

4.Which would be the best title for the passage?

A.Making Decisions for Yourself.

B.Developing Your Brain for the Future.

C.Ways of Changing Your Brain.

D.Changes Happening in Your Brain.