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专题10. 阅读理解--主旨大意题、推理判断题 -九年级英语寒假精讲精练（仁爱版）
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阅读技巧--主旨大意题、推理判断题
主旨大意题
考查学生对短文主题思想或全文梗概的掌握和理解情况的题目,叫主旨大意题。
(一)主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式
1.What’s the main idea of this passage?
2.What does the passage mainly tell us?
3.What does the passage mainly discuss?
4.The writer means to tell us that .
5.The main idea/point of the passage is that .
6.The passage is mainly about .
7.From the passage we can learn/conclude that .
8.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with .
9.What’s the best title for the passage?
10.What would be the best title for the passage?
11.The best title/headline(标题)for the passage is .
(二)主题句
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(Topic Sentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能:①介绍段落的主题(Topic);②阐述控制概念(Controlling idea),控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。
主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章如科普文章的时候,主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。
1.主题句位于段首
主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实、讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%~90%的主题句是段落的第一句。
(1)寻找主题句
有些段落,有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有:for example,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that等。
在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从该段落中的for example可以断定,第一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句为主题句,在第二句前面添加一个for example,看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。
(2)选择答案
先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读A、B、C、D四选项,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的复述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。
2.主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。
3.主题句位于段落的中间
主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时,第一句并非主题句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。
推理判断题
推理判断题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。推理判断题问句中常含有suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等词,或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的词,如probably,most likely等。
(一)解题思路
做推理判断类试题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思,更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义,以及作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作出合理的猜测和推论。关键是:意思要靠推断得出,而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容;明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的;分析文章里所给的有关信息;注意词汇在词典里的定义和词典以外的含义;最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理,挖出文章的伏笔,得出正确的推论。
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到,必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算,从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体来说,考生应当注意以下几点:
1.首先注意一定要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知,推断未知,遵循“词不离句,句不离段,段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想,凭空想象,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
2.要吃透文章的字面意思,从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索,这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断,考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节,再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,由表及里,由浅入深,从具体到抽象,从特殊到一般,通过分析、综合、判断等,进行深层处理。不能就事论事,断章取义,以偏概全。
4.要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系,了解语篇的结构,同时还要体会文章的基调,揣摩作者的态度,摸准逻辑发展方向,悟出作者的言外之意。
5.在解答推理性问题时,一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断,还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法,迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围,然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想做推断时,则常常要纵览全篇文章。
(二)解题方法
1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理
做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断
做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论。
3.利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握文意主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。
4.根据文章的结论推断作者的态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。
5.根据上下文的逻辑得出结论
逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系,对比关系来描写。
6.结合已有的知识进行推断
知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题,不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识,而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。
五、文章结构题
推理判断题的一种特殊设题形式。考查文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的发展层次。这类考题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次。在中考题中,这是一种较为新颖的考查方式。
文章结构题的设题方式有:
a.What is the right order of the steps in doing ?
b.Which of the following pictures shows the structure of the passage?
c.In the next part, the author would most probably talk about .
六、态度观点题
推理判断题的又一种特殊设题形式。考查作者的写作意图、对观点的态度和对事件的评价。
态度观点题的设题方式有:
a.What is the purpose of the passage?/The purpose of the passage is .
b.What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?
c.What is the writer’s attitude toward...?
解题方法:
通读全文,寻找判断依据,揣摩作者的思路,得出结论。
随堂练习
一
The Eiffel Tower is one of the most wonderful buildings in the world. It was built for the Centennial Exposition of 1889 to celebrate the hundredth anniversary（周年纪念）of the French Revolution. It was used to give an example of the progress and achievement of the 19th century science and technology.
The Tower was 300 meters high. When it opened in March 1889, the Tower was the tallest building in the world, and it remained so until May 1930 when the 319-meter Chrysler Building opened in New York City. (A year later, the 381-meter Empire State Building took the record and held it for 41 years. After that, CN Tower, the Canadian National Tower, built in 1976 in Toronto, measuring 553 metres, broke the record.)
Building such a tower was not easy. As Eiffel himself said, “What I had to worry about was wind resistance (阻力).” And he thought that his idea of building would give the tower a great impression of strength and beauty.”
History has proved that Eiffel’s opinion is right, and most people now consider the Tower to be an almost perfect building, but this opinion was not always supported. Even before the Tower was completed, a letter signed by 300 important artists (one for each meter of height) was sent to the city government talking about the “useless and ugly Eiffel Tower.’’ However, today the Eiffel Tower is thought of as a symbol of Paris and now appears on France’s 200-franc note.
56. The Eiffel Tower gave an example of the progress of_______.
A. art B. tall buildings
C. the French Revolution D. science and technology
57. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to_______.
A. building B. world C. city D. record
58. In the 1960s, the tallest building in the world is_______.
A. the Eiffel Tower B. the Chrysler Building
C. the Empire State Building D. the Canadian National Tower
59. Before building the Tower, Eiffel was worrying about the resistance from_______.
A. wind B. rain C. government D. artists
60. Though the Eiffel Tower was wonderful, many artists_______.
A. were asked to rebuild it B. had a bad opinion of it
C. were sent to improve it D. thought it worth only 200 francs
本文是说明文，介绍了世界著名建筑埃菲尔铁塔的历史、高度、建造难度和世人评价。
56【答案】D细节理解题。根据“The Eiffel Tower is one of the most wonderful buildings in the world…It was used to give an example of the progress and achievement of the 19th century science and technology”，可知埃菲尔铁塔是科学技术进步的一个例子，故选D。
57【答案】D词义猜测题。根据上下文“A year later, the 381-meter Empire State Building took the record…After that, CN Tower, the Canadian National Tower, built in 1976 in Toronto, measuring 553 metres, broke the record”，可知帝国大厦381米的高度保持了41年的记录，此处的it指代的是the record。故选D。
58【答案】C推理判断题。根据“A year later, the 381-meter Empire State Building took the record and held it for 41 years. After that, CN Tower, the Canadian National Tower, built in 1976 in Toronto, measuring 553 metres, broke the record”，可知帝国大厦是当时最高的建筑，故选C。
59【答案】A细节理解题。根据埃菲尔自己的说法“What I had to worry about was wind resistance”，可知最担心风的阻力，故选A。
60【答案】B观点态度题。根据那封由300位重要艺术家签名的信所言“useless and ugly Eiffel Tower”，可知很多艺术家对它的评价很差；had a bad opinion of it符合题意，故选B。
二
In most situations, light helps us see. But nowadays humans are using too much of it. In fact, it's a kind of pollution.
When it comes to looking at the night sky, too much light makes it difficult for us to watch some of life's most wonderful views: stars, planets and even galaxies(星系).
According to scientific research, about 2,500 stars can be seen by the human's eyes without using any special equipment. But because of light pollution, you can only see 200 to 300 stars from today's countryside, and no more than ten stars from a city. In most big cities, people cannot see the sky filled with stars like they did in their childhood.
Light pollution affects more than just our view of sky. Research shows that lots of nighttime light can harm wildlife, too.
When birds fly to another place over cities, they sometimes get lost by the brightness and fly in circles until they drop from tiredness. Sea turtles（海龟）need dark beaches for laying eggs, but they can't find their ideal places because of those bright lights.
Too much light at night may even affect human's health, but scientists are not sure of that. They are still learning more.
In order to prevent things from going worse, governments and some organizations are working to reduce light pollution. Many cities and towns have taken actions to reduce the use of lights at night.
Lights are used only when and where they are truly needed. They also shine lights down at the ground instead of up into the sky and use lower brightness levels.
Hopefully, in the near future, humans can enjoy the clear and beautiful sky again and all the wildlife will live a peaceful and undisturbed life, too.
61. Why does the writer think that too much light is a kind of pollution?
A. Stars are becoming fewer and fewer.
B. Human's health has been affected.
C. Sea turtles have to lay eggs in dark beaches.
D. Some of the wildlife can be harmed.
62. What have the bright lights caused?
A. Human's eyes are greatly hurt.
B. Birds get lost by the brightness.
C. Some of sea turtles die of tiredness.
D. We can only see about 200 stars in the city.
63. What does the underlined word "that"refer to?
A. Strong light is a waste of energy.
B. Animals can't find proper places to live.
C. Too much light is bad for human's health.
D. Wonderful views of sky have been changed.
64. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. There are about 2,500 stars in the sky.
B. Now humans refuse to use lower-bright lights.
C. Something has been done to reduce light pollution.
D. Lights are shone up into the sky to reduce the brightness.
65. How does the writer feel about the governments' actions?
A. Pleased. B. Awful. C. Disappointed. D. Strange.
本文是一篇科普知识类阅读，主要介绍了光污染带来的危害以及一些政府和组织针对光污染采取的举措。
61【答案】D细节理解题。根据第四段“Research shows that lots of nighttime light can harm wildlife, too.”可知研究显示很多夜晚光也会危害野生生物，这也是光污染带来的危害。故选D。
62【答案】B细节理解题。根据第五段“When birds fly to another place over cities, they sometimes get lost by the brightness and fly in circles until they drop from tiredness.”可知当鸟儿在城市上空飞到另一个地方时，它们有时会被明亮所迷惑，而绕着圆圈飞行，直到它们因疲倦掉下来。故选B。
63【答案】C词义猜测题。根据“Too much light at night may even affect human's health, but scientists are not sure of…”可知晚上太多的光线可能会影响人类的健康，但是科学家不确定那个，由此推断“that”指的就是太多光线对人类有害这件事，故选C。
64【答案】C细节理解题。根据第七段“In order to prevent things from going worse, governments and some organizations are working to reduce light pollution.”可知为了阻止事情变得更糟糕，政府和一些组织正在为了减少光污染而开始工作，所以已经采取了减少光污染的举措。故选C。
65【答案】A作者态度题。根据第七段“In order to prevent things from going worse, governments and some organizations are working to reduce light pollution.”和最后一段“Hopefully, in the near future, humans can enjoy the clear and beautiful sky again and all the wildlife will live a peaceful and undisturbed life, too.”可知为了阻止事情变得更糟糕，政府和一些组织正在为了减少光污染而开始工作，作者希望在不久的将来，人类能够再次享受晴朗美丽的天空，所有的野生动物也将过着平静而不受干扰的生活。由此推断作者对于政府的举措是赞同并高兴的。故选A。
三
In the movie The Day After Tomorrow, global warming causes a second Ice Age. The movie has led to a lot of discussion: Could another Ice Age really be possible?
On the first day when the movie was put on, environmental activist group MoveOn. org handed out thousands of leaflets outside theaters. Their message was, “Global warming isn’t just a movie. It’s your future. ” It is now widely accepted that the Earth is getting hotter.
One reason for this is the large amount of carbon dioxide in the air, caused by burning coal and petroleum（石油）. In Alaska, temperatures have risen by as much as 4.4℃ over the last 30 years, causing glaciers to melt（冰川融化）, and the sea level to rise. Some scientists say that the tide（潮汐） moves an average of three meters closer to the land each year.
This is seen in the Alaskan island village of Shishmaref, where houses are disappearing into the ocean. Soon, the village will be completely under water, and the people living there are already leaving to go to the mainland. However, most scientists believe that climate change could never happen as suddenly as the movie suggests, and that there is a danger that it might cause people to think that global warming is just the movie. But the movie’s director, Richard Emmerich, welcomes the discussion, saying that he wanted to make the movie show that global warming is not just science fiction, but a reality.
41. What is the topic of this text?
A. Glaciers melting. B. Ice age. C. Global warming. D. Weather.
42. Why has the movie led to a lot of discussion?
A. Because it shows global warming causes a second Ice Age.
B. Because the global warming causes the sea level to rise.
C. Because a lot of coal is burned to produce carbon dioxide.
D. Because the tide moves about three meters closer to the land.
43. What does the underlined word “leaflets” in Paragraph 2 mean in Chinese?
A. 海报 B. 树叶 C. 电影票 D. 传单
44. What can we infer from the last sentence in Paragraph 3?
A. A second Ice Age will come. B. The petroleum will become less.
C. The villages will be under water. D. The villagers will think about the topic.
45. Most scientists are worried that ________
A. climate change will happen suddenly. B. people might not take the situation as a reality.
C. the movie director welcomes the discussion. D. people living on islands are leaving for mainland.
本文就电影《后天》展开对全球变暖的讨论。
41【答案】C推理判断题。根据“In the movie The Day After Tomorrow, global warming causes a second Ice Age. ”和全文内容可知，本文开始介绍电影《后天》，电影中全球变暖导致第二次冰川时代的到来，大篇幅介绍了全球变暖的影响。故选C。
42【答案】A推理判断题。根据“The movie has led to a lot of discussion: Could another Ice Age really be possible?”可知电影中全球变暖导致了第二次冰川时代，这引发了一个讨论，是否会有第二次冰川时代。故选A。
43【答案】D词义推断题。根据“ environmental activist group ”和“ Their message was, “Global warming isn’t just a movie. ”可知，宣传保护环境的人分发的应该是传单。故选D。
44【答案】C推理判断题。根据“Some scientists say that the tide（潮汐） moves an average of three meters closer to the land each year.”可知潮汐每年会向陆地移动三米，因此很可能会覆盖陆地，村庄跑到水下面。故选C。
45【答案】B推理判断题。根据“ there is a danger that it might cause people to think that global warming is just the movie. ”可知科学家很担心，电影会导致人们认为全球变换只是电影，而全球变暖是事实。故选B。
四
My mother was telling me about how she and her family got their first television when she was a teenager. Of course it was black and white. She said she only watched it at night. She doesn’t remember ever watching it in the morning or afternoon. When I was young, we had only about 3 or 4 different channels. I think they were channel 3, 4, 6, and 9. My brothers and sisters and I would sometimes fight about which channel to watch. But we usually enjoyed the same shows.
Nowadays we can get hundreds of channels on TV. I can’t believe it! There are channels with only old movies, and channels with only cooking, and channels with only fishing. It’s amazing! There is a channel for everything. I wonder how much my brothers and sisters and I would fight if we had hundreds of channels when I was a child. Of course we had only one television set. These days I notice families with 2 or 3 or more television sets in their homes. I guess it stops people from arguing over which channel to choose from.
56. People only had ______ television sets in the old days.
A. color B. black C. white D. black and white
57. The writer’s mother watched TV ______ when she was a teenager.
A. at night B. at noon C. in the afternoon D. in the morning
58. How many different channels are there on TV nowadays?
A. 2 or 3 channels. B. Only about 3 or 4 channels.
C. Only 4 channels. D. Hundreds of channels.
59. Why don’t people argue over which channel to choose from now?
A. Because they usually enjoy the same shows
B. Because they can watch TV at different times
C. Because families have many TV sets at home.
D. Because there is a channel on TV for everything.
60. We can learn from the passage that ______.
A. the writer has no brothers or sisters
B. you can choose the movie channels if you want to see a film
C. there is not a television set in the writer’s home now
D. many children fight about which channel to watch now
本文是一篇记叙文，比较了过去和现在电视在一些方面的区别。
56【答案】D细节理解题。根据“Of course it was black and white.”可知，过去人们只有黑白电视机。故选D。
57【答案】A细节理解题。根据“She said she only watched it at night.”可知，她说她只在晚上看。故选A。
58【答案】D细节理解题。根据“Nowadays we can get hundreds of channels on TV.”可知，现在我们可以看到好几百个电视频道。故选D。
59【答案】C细节理解题。根据“These days I notice families with 2 or 3 or more television sets in their homes. I guess it stops people from arguing over which channel to choose from.”可知，现在许多家里有2台或3台以上电视机，这让人们不再为选择哪个频道而争论不休。故选C。
60【答案】B推理判断题。根据“There are channels with only old movies, and channels with only cooking, and channels with only fishing.”可知，有些频道只播放老电影，有些频道只播放烹饪，有些频道只播放钓鱼。所以如果你想看电影，你可以选择电影频道，故选B。
五
Little New Year, or Xiaonian, is usually a week before the lunar New Year. It fell on the 18th day of the first month in 2020. It’s also known as the Festival of the Kitchen God.
The Kitchen God is also famous as Zao Jun. He watches over the moral character (道德品质) of each house. He spends only a few days in heaven (天庭) every year. He’s in control of the farm animals, the servants, and most of all, the cooking oven. He listens to the fights among people and sees how servants hide food for themselves. For those reasons, when it’s time for him to report to heaven on the 24th day of the last lunar month, every family is suddenly worried and offers good food to make him happy. The humans hope that the Kitchen God will say good words for them so he’ll return with the blessings (赐福) from heaven in the new year.
The tradition to serve the Kitchen God lasts for the longest time, as far back as the Xia Dynasty. Xia is the first dynasty in Chinese history, so the Kitchen God may be around even longer than that.
61. When was the Festival of the Kitchen God in 2020?
A. On November 23rd. B. On December 23rd.
C. On January 7th. D. On January 18th.
62. The Kitchen God especially controls ______ according to the passage
A. the cooking oven B. the farm tools
C. the farm animals D. the servants
63. People are worried before the Kitchen God leaves for heaven because ______.
A. they prepare little food for the new year
B. they have no blessings during his stay in heaven
C. he always says bad words for them in heaven
D. he sees the bad things they did in the house
64. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The job of the Kitchen God. B. The history of the Kitchen God.
C. The activity of the Kitchen God. D. The importance of the Kitchen God.
65. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The Kitchen God lives in heaven most of the time.
B. The Kitchen God needs to report to heaven every month.
C. Little New Year has a long history.
D. People began celebrating Little New Year after the Xia Dynasty.
文中主要介绍了关于灶王爷的习俗及历史知识。
61【答案】D细节理解题。根据“It fell on the 18th day of the first month in 2020. It’s also known as the Festival of the Kitchen God.”可知2020年的灶神节在1月18日。故选D。
62【答案】A细节理解题。根据“He’s in control of the farm animals, the servants, and most of all, the cooking oven.”可知灶王爷尤其控制着灶火。故选A。
63【答案】D细节理解题。根据“He listens to the fights among people and sees how servants hide food for themselves. For those reasons, when it’s time for him to report to heaven on the 24th day of the last lunar month, every family is suddenly worried and offers good food to make him happy.”可知人们在灶王爷回天界前担心是因为他看到了人们在家里做的坏事。故选D。
64【答案】B段落大意题。根据最后一段“The tradition to serve the Kitchen God lasts for the longest time, as far back as the Xia Dynasty. Xia is the first dynasty in Chinese history, so the Kitchen God may be around even longer than that.”可知主要在追溯灶王爷存在的历史。故选B。
65【答案】C推理判断题。根据“Little New Year, or Xiaonian, is usually a week before the lunar New Year. ... It’s also known as the Festival of the Kitchen God.”可知小年又叫灶神节，再由“The tradition to serve the Kitchen God lasts for the longest time, as far back as the Xia Dynasty.”可知侍奉灶王爷的传统可追溯到夏朝，由此可推出小年历史悠久。故选C。
六
A Long March 5 rocket took off from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site in Southern China’s Hainan Province on November 24, 2020, carrying Chang’e 5 lunar probe on its mission to return lunar samples to Earth.
The carrier Long March 5 rocket is currently the most powerful member of the famous rocket family Long March. The large family is organized into several series: Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3, Long March 4, Long March 5 and so on. Each series includes several variants (型号).
As an example, below is a chart showing the organization of the Long March 2 series.
Long March 2
The Long March 2F is a remarkable member of the rocket family. It took China’s first astronaut Yang Liwei into space in 2003, making China the third nation to independently send humans into space, 42 years after the Soviets (苏联人) and Americans. Another notable member is the Long March 1. China used it to launch its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1, into Low Earth orbit (轨道) in 1970, becoming the world’s fifth country to launch a satellite into Earth’s orbit.
Over a dozen types of Long March rockets have been developed and put into use since 1970, and planning and testing are underway to develop new ones. The Long March rockets are used for a series of key space projects, including BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and the Gaofen Earth observation project as well as lunar exploration and manned space program. Together, these rockets make it possible to serve this world and explore other ones. Someday they may even send humans to Mars.
41. The text is mainly about________.
A. Chang’e 5 lunar probe B. Long March 2 series
C. Long March rockets D. key space projects
42. The main purpose of Paragraph 2 is to tell us________.
A. the power of the Long March 5 rocket
B. the variants of the Long March 2 series
C. the history of all the Long March rockets
D. the organization of the whole Long March family
43. Why is the Long March 2F remarkable?
A. It launched China’s first manned spacecraft.
B. It is the most powerful member of the rocket family.
C. It developed Gaofen Earth observation project.
D. It makes it possible to send humans to Mars.
44. ________carried China’s first satellite into Low Earth orbit.
A. Long March 1 B. Chang’e 5 C. Long March 4 D. Dong Fang Hong 1
45. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The Long March 5 series includes five variants.
B. The Soviets launched its first astronaut into space 42 years ago.
C. The usage of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is mentioned in Paragraph4.
D. The Long March rocket family has a growing number of members.
文章大意：文章介绍了2020年11月24日，长征五号运载火箭在海南省文昌宇宙飞船发射场发射升空，以及中国近几年在此方面取得的成就。
41【答案】C主旨大意题。本文介绍了长征五号运载火箭在海南省文昌宇宙飞船发射场发射升空，以及中国近几年在此方面取得的成就。故选C。
42【答案】D段落大意题。根据“The carrier Long March 5 rocket is currently the most powerful member of the famous rocket family Long March. The large family is organized into several series”，可知，本段主要介绍了长征系列火箭的情况，故选D。
43【答案】A细节理解题。根据“The Long March 2F is a remarkable member of the rocket family. It took China’s first astronaut Yang Liwei into space in 2003,”可知，长征2F是非凡的，是因为它发射了中国第一艘载人飞船，故选A。
44【答案】A细节理解题。根据“Another notable member is the Long March 1. China used it to launch its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1, into Low Earth orbit (轨道) in 1970,”可知，长征一号运载了中国第一颗卫星进入近地轨道。故选A。
45【答案】D推理判断题。根据“The large family is organized into several series: Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3, Long March 4, Long March 5 and so on.”以及“Over a dozen types of Long March rockets have been developed and put into use since 1970, and planning and testing are underway to develop new ones.”可以推知，长征系列火箭还在发展中，所以它的家族成员会越来越多，故选D。
七
In the world of gestures, the best suggestion is to remember the two A’s-Ask and Aware(意识到). If you see a gesture that is new or puzzling, ask a local person what it means. Then be aware of the body signs around you. Let’s check out three common hand gestures, the OK-Sign, the Thumb-Up and the V-Sign.
1. The OK-Sign
This gesture was popular in the USA during the early 19th century by the newspapers that were starting using first letters to shorten common phrases. Use the gesture to tell a French person their cooking is wonderful and maybe they’ll throw you out. In Japan, it can mean money. If you travel internationally, the safest rule is to always ask the locals to show you their insult (侮辱) signs to avoid any possible uncomfortable situations.
2. The Thumb-Up
When Europeans count from one to five, they use the Thumb-Up to mean one and the index finger (食指) becomes two; but most English-speaking people count one on the index finger and two on the middle finger, in this case, the Thumb-Up will mean the number five; it’s commonly used by hitch-hikers(搭便车的人) who are thumbing a lift; it is an OK-Sign; and when the thumb is sharply upwards, it becomes an insult.
3. The V-Sign
Winston Churchill popularized the V-for-victory sign during the World War II, but his two-fingered gesture was done with the palm (手掌) facing out. What about the palm faces towards the speaker? It would be an insult.
41. The best suggestion in the world of gestures is ________.
A. to ask a local person what they mean B. to know the body signs around you
C. to check out three common hand gestures D. to remember the two A’s-Ask and Aware
42. When was the OK-Sign gesture popular in the USA?
A. During the early 17th century. B. During the late 18thcentury.
C. During the early 19th century. D. During the late 19th century.
43. How many meanings about the Thumb-Up gesture are mentioned in the passage?
A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.
44. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. When Europeans count from one to five, they use the Thumb-Up to mean one.
B. You can use the OK-Sign gesture to tell a Frenchman their cooking is wonderful.
C. Most English-speaking people use the Thumb-Up to mean the number one.
D. If you do business with Japanese, you can’t use the OK-Sign gesture to mean money.
45. Which gesture did Winston Churchill use during the World War II?
A. B. C. D.
本文主要讲述了三个常见的手势：OK手势，大拇指和V手势。
41【答案】D细节理解题。根据“In the world of gestures, the best suggestion is to remember the two A’s-Ask and Aware(意识到).”可知，最好的建议是要记住去询问和了解，故选D。
42【答案】C细节理解题。根据“This gesture was popular in the USA during the early 19th century”可知，OK手势在19世纪早期的美国很流行，故选C。
43【答案】D细节理解题。根据“The Thumb-Up”中“When Europeans count from one to five…and when the thumb is sharply upwards, it becomes an insult.”可知，本段描述大拇指向上的手势有5种含义，故选D。
44【答案】A推理判断题。根据“When Europeans count from one to five, they use the Thumb-Up to mean one”可知，当欧洲人从一数到五时，他们用大拇指向上表示一，故选A。
45【答案】B推理判断题。根据“Winston Churchill popularized the V-for-victory sign during the World War II, but his two-fingered gesture was done with the palm (手掌) facing out.”可知，二战期间，温斯顿·丘吉尔将v字手势推广开来，这个手势通常是掌心朝外，故选B。
八
Anyone who works in an office knows the power of technology. When it works, life is wonderful. Information flies across the world in seconds. It saves time and makes our jobs easier. But when technology goes wrong, everyone hates it.
In March, Peter Golota received a gas bill for $0.00. He threw it away. In April, he received another bill for $0.00. He threw that one away, too. In May, the gas company sent him a letter which said he had to pay his gas bill. If he didn’t pay it, they were going to cut off his gas. He called and told them the bill was for $0.00. They said it was a computer error（错误）. But the bills continued. Finally, he sent a check for $0.00. This caused the bank’s computer to crash（崩溃）. After a lot of angry phone calls and letters between the man, the gas company, and the bank, the case went to court（法庭）. The gas company lost, and had to pay Peter Golota $8, 000. It all happened because of a bill for $0. 00.
A man from Colorado appeared on the news when he shot（射击） his computer because it crashed all the time. The man, who owned a bar, put the “dead” laptop on the wall for everyone to see. The police said, “It’s the first time that someone shot a computer because he was angry with it.” They arrested（逮捕） him. And he was fined $4, 000 in the end.
In December, Margaret Smart, of Energis Solutions, stood up in front of 2, 000 people in Texas. As she began to speak, her microphone stopped working. They found another one. After two minutes, that one also died. When she decided to show her notes on PowerPoint, the computer refused to start up. And the title of her presentation is “Technology: The Way Forward”.
36. Why did the bank’s computer crash?
A. Because the gas bill case went to court. B. Because Mr. Golota sent a check for $0. 00.
C. Because it kept sending gas bills for $0. 00. D. Because the gas company sent a letter to the bank.
37. How much did the gas company have to pay Peter in the end?
A. $0. 00. B. $2, 000. C. $4, 000. D. $8, 000.
38. Who won the court case?
A. The bank. B. The gas company. C. Peter Golota. D. The police.
39. What did the man do with his computer when it crashed all the time?
A. He shot it. B. He called the police. C. He threw it away. D. He put it on the wall.
40. What’s the best title of the text?
A. The wrong check B. When technology goes wrong
C. The “dead” laptop D. Technology: The Way Forward
【分析】文章讲述了科技对人们产生的一些负面影响。
36【答案】B推理判断题。根据“In May, the gas company sent him a letter which said he had to pay his gas bill…This caused the bank’s computer to crash”可知，因为Mr. Golota付了0美元的煤气费，所以煤气公司要切断他的燃气，这是银行电脑崩溃的原因，故选B。
37【答案】D细节理解题。根据“The gas company lost, and had to pay Peter Golota $8, 000.”可知，燃气公司不得不向Peter Golota付8000美元，故选D。
38【答案】C细节理解题。根据“After a lot of angry phone calls and letters between the man, the gas company, and the bank, the case went to court（法庭）. The gas company lost, and had to pay Peter Golota $8, 000. It all happened because of a bill for $0. 00.”可知，最后是Peter Golota赢了官司，故选C。
39【答案】A细节理解题。根据“A man from Colorado appeared on the news when he shot（射击） his computer because it crashed all the time.”可知，一名来自科罗拉多州的男子因电脑一直死机而开枪，故选A。
40【答案】B最佳标题题。根据“Anyone who works in an office knows the power of technology. When it works, life is wonderful. Information flies across the world in seconds. It saves time and makes our jobs easier. But when technology goes wrong, everyone hates it.”以及整个文章的理解可知，文章主要是通过举例来介绍科技对人们产生的一些负面影响。故选B。
九
Most people have a place to call home on Earth. What about in outer space? The International Space Station (ISS) became our first “home” in space in 2000. It welcomed its first crew that year, paving (铺设) the way for 20 years of future research.
“You just have this impression that we’re all citizens (公民) of not a country, but of the planet,” former NASA astronaut Scott Kelly told National Geographic about working in ISS. “We’re all in this thing called humanity (人类) together.”
Over the past 20 years, the ISS has mainly been used as a science lab, hosting 241 people from 19 countries, according to NASA. They have gone on spacewalks, done research on how space affects the human body, and even grown plants in space.
The station’s development has also benefited (有益于) people on Earth. For example, the station’s water purification (净化) technology has been used in poor areas to provide clean drinking water. The station also helps to warn us of natural disasters (灾难), such as earthquakes.
However, after being our home in space for over 7,000 days, the station is starting to get old. It has leaked (泄漏) air a few times. Scientists think that the station can keep working until 2024. After that, scientists will bring it down to Earth. It is believed that Earth’s atmosphere (大气) will burn up most of the station. Other debris (残骸) will fall into the Pacific Ocean.
In the future, space will be home to more stations like the ISS. NASA is building a space station that is smaller than the ISS near the moon. Also, China will have its own space station up and running in 2022.
36. What do we know from what Scott Kelly said?
A. Astronauts see the ISS as their home.
B. Anyone can go to the ISS.
C. All of humanity has something in common.
D. Astronauts’ lives on the ISS are difficult.
37. What have the astronauts done while on the ISS?
a. Gone on spacewalks.
b. Learned how space affects the human body.
c. Grown plants.
d. Provided clean water for poor areas.
e. Stopped earthquakes.
A. abc B. abd C. ade D. bde
38. Paragraph 4 explains ________.
A. what people on the ISS have done
B. how the ISS has helped humans on Earth
C. who has visited the ISS over the years
D. how people live on the ISS
39. What will happen to the ISS?
A. The whole station will fall into the Pacific Ocean.
B. It will be brought back to Earth.
C. It will be left in outer space forever.
D. It will burn up in space.
40. From the last paragraph, we know that ________.
A. building a space station takes a long time
B. it will be easier to go to space in the future
C. China will send astronauts to the ISS
D. we will build more space stations
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，对国际空间站进行了详细介绍。
36【答案】C推理判断题。根据“You just have this impression that we’re all citizens of not a country, but of the planet…We’re all in this thing called humanity together.”可知，Scott Kelly想要表达所有的人类都有共同之处。故选C。
37【答案】A细节理解题。根据“They have gone on spacewalks, done research on how space affects the human body, and even grown plants in space. ”可知，他们进行太空行走，研究太空如何影响人体，甚至在太空中种植植物。故选A。
38【答案】B段落大意题。分析第四段内容可知，本段举例说明国际空间站是如何帮助地球上的人类的，故选B。
39【答案】B细节理解题。根据“After that, scientists will bring it down to Earth.”可知，国际空间站将被带回地球。故选B。
40【答案】D推理判断题。根据最后一段内容，尤其是“In the future, space will be home to more stations like the ISS.”可知，未来我们将建造更多的空间站，故选D。
阅读技巧--主旨大意题、推理判断题
主旨大意题
考查学生对短文主题思想或全文梗概的掌握和理解情况的题目,叫主旨大意题。
(一)主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式
1.What’s the main idea of this passage?
2.What does the passage mainly tell us?
3.What does the passage mainly discuss?
4.The writer means to tell us that .
5.The main idea/point of the passage is that .
6.The passage is mainly about .
7.From the passage we can learn/conclude that .
8.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with .
9.What’s the best title for the passage?
10.What would be the best title for the passage?
11.The best title/headline(标题)for the passage is .
(二)主题句
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(Topic Sentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能:①介绍段落的主题(Topic);②阐述控制概念(Controlling idea),控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。
主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章如科普文章的时候,主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。
1.主题句位于段首
主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实、讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%~90%的主题句是段落的第一句。
(1)寻找主题句
有些段落,有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有:for example,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that等。
在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从该段落中的for example可以断定,第一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句为主题句,在第二句前面添加一个for example,看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。
(2)选择答案
先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读A、B、C、D四选项,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的复述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。
2.主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。
3.主题句位于段落的中间
主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时,第一句并非主题句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。
推理判断题
推理判断题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。推理判断题问句中常含有suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等词,或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的词,如probably,most likely等。
(一)解题思路
做推理判断类试题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思,更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义,以及作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作出合理的猜测和推论。关键是:意思要靠推断得出,而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容;明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的;分析文章里所给的有关信息;注意词汇在词典里的定义和词典以外的含义;最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理,挖出文章的伏笔,得出正确的推论。
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到,必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算,从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体来说,考生应当注意以下几点:
1.首先注意一定要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知,推断未知,遵循“词不离句,句不离段,段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想,凭空想象,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
2.要吃透文章的字面意思,从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索,这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断,考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节,再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,由表及里,由浅入深,从具体到抽象,从特殊到一般,通过分析、综合、判断等,进行深层处理。不能就事论事,断章取义,以偏概全。
4.要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系,了解语篇的结构,同时还要体会文章的基调,揣摩作者的态度,摸准逻辑发展方向,悟出作者的言外之意。
5.在解答推理性问题时,一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断,还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法,迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围,然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想做推断时,则常常要纵览全篇文章。
(二)解题方法
1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理
做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断
做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论。
3.利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握文意主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。
4.根据文章的结论推断作者的态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。
5.根据上下文的逻辑得出结论
逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系,对比关系来描写。
6.结合已有的知识进行推断
知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题,不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识,而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。
五、文章结构题
推理判断题的一种特殊设题形式。考查文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的发展层次。这类考题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次。在中考题中,这是一种较为新颖的考查方式。
文章结构题的设题方式有:
a.What is the right order of the steps in doing ?
b.Which of the following pictures shows the structure of the passage?
c.In the next part, the author would most probably talk about .
六、态度观点题
推理判断题的又一种特殊设题形式。考查作者的写作意图、对观点的态度和对事件的评价。
态度观点题的设题方式有:
a.What is the purpose of the passage?/The purpose of the passage is .
b.What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?
c.What is the writer’s attitude toward...?
解题方法:
通读全文,寻找判断依据,揣摩作者的思路,得出结论。
随堂练习
一
The Eiffel Tower is one of the most wonderful buildings in the world. It was built for the Centennial Exposition of 1889 to celebrate the hundredth anniversary（周年纪念）of the French Revolution. It was used to give an example of the progress and achievement of the 19th century science and technology.
The Tower was 300 meters high. When it opened in March 1889, the Tower was the tallest building in the world, and it remained so until May 1930 when the 319-meter Chrysler Building opened in New York City. (A year later, the 381-meter Empire State Building took the record and held it for 41 years. After that, CN Tower, the Canadian National Tower, built in 1976 in Toronto, measuring 553 metres, broke the record.)
Building such a tower was not easy. As Eiffel himself said, “What I had to worry about was wind resistance (阻力).” And he thought that his idea of building would give the tower a great impression of strength and beauty.”
History has proved that Eiffel’s opinion is right, and most people now consider the Tower to be an almost perfect building, but this opinion was not always supported. Even before the Tower was completed, a letter signed by 300 important artists (one for each meter of height) was sent to the city government talking about the “useless and ugly Eiffel Tower.’’ However, today the Eiffel Tower is thought of as a symbol of Paris and now appears on France’s 200-franc note.
56. The Eiffel Tower gave an example of the progress of_______.
A. art B. tall buildings
C. the French Revolution D. science and technology
57. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to_______.
A. building B. world C. city D. record
58. In the 1960s, the tallest building in the world is_______.
A. the Eiffel Tower B. the Chrysler Building
C. the Empire State Building D. the Canadian National Tower
59. Before building the Tower, Eiffel was worrying about the resistance from_______.
A. wind B. rain C. government D. artists
60. Though the Eiffel Tower was wonderful, many artists_______.
A. were asked to rebuild it B. had a bad opinion of it
C. were sent to improve it D. thought it worth only 200 francs
本文是说明文，介绍了世界著名建筑埃菲尔铁塔的历史、高度、建造难度和世人评价。
56【答案】D细节理解题。根据“The Eiffel Tower is one of the most wonderful buildings in the world…It was used to give an example of the progress and achievement of the 19th century science and technology”，可知埃菲尔铁塔是科学技术进步的一个例子，故选D。
57【答案】D词义猜测题。根据上下文“A year later, the 381-meter Empire State Building took the record…After that, CN Tower, the Canadian National Tower, built in 1976 in Toronto, measuring 553 metres, broke the record”，可知帝国大厦381米的高度保持了41年的记录，此处的it指代的是the record。故选D。
58【答案】C推理判断题。根据“A year later, the 381-meter Empire State Building took the record and held it for 41 years. After that, CN Tower, the Canadian National Tower, built in 1976 in Toronto, measuring 553 metres, broke the record”，可知帝国大厦是当时最高的建筑，故选C。
59【答案】A细节理解题。根据埃菲尔自己的说法“What I had to worry about was wind resistance”，可知最担心风的阻力，故选A。
60【答案】B观点态度题。根据那封由300位重要艺术家签名的信所言“useless and ugly Eiffel Tower”，可知很多艺术家对它的评价很差；had a bad opinion of it符合题意，故选B。
二
In most situations, light helps us see. But nowadays humans are using too much of it. In fact, it's a kind of pollution.
When it comes to looking at the night sky, too much light makes it difficult for us to watch some of life's most wonderful views: stars, planets and even galaxies(星系).
According to scientific research, about 2,500 stars can be seen by the human's eyes without using any special equipment. But because of light pollution, you can only see 200 to 300 stars from today's countryside, and no more than ten stars from a city. In most big cities, people cannot see the sky filled with stars like they did in their childhood.
Light pollution affects more than just our view of sky. Research shows that lots of nighttime light can harm wildlife, too.
When birds fly to another place over cities, they sometimes get lost by the brightness and fly in circles until they drop from tiredness. Sea turtles（海龟）need dark beaches for laying eggs, but they can't find their ideal places because of those bright lights.
Too much light at night may even affect human's health, but scientists are not sure of that. They are still learning more.
In order to prevent things from going worse, governments and some organizations are working to reduce light pollution. Many cities and towns have taken actions to reduce the use of lights at night.
Lights are used only when and where they are truly needed. They also shine lights down at the ground instead of up into the sky and use lower brightness levels.
Hopefully, in the near future, humans can enjoy the clear and beautiful sky again and all the wildlife will live a peaceful and undisturbed life, too.
61. Why does the writer think that too much light is a kind of pollution?
A. Stars are becoming fewer and fewer.
B. Human's health has been affected.
C. Sea turtles have to lay eggs in dark beaches.
D. Some of the wildlife can be harmed.
62. What have the bright lights caused?
A. Human's eyes are greatly hurt.
B. Birds get lost by the brightness.
C. Some of sea turtles die of tiredness.
D. We can only see about 200 stars in the city.
63. What does the underlined word "that"refer to?
A. Strong light is a waste of energy.
B. Animals can't find proper places to live.
C. Too much light is bad for human's health.
D. Wonderful views of sky have been changed.
64. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. There are about 2,500 stars in the sky.
B. Now humans refuse to use lower-bright lights.
C. Something has been done to reduce light pollution.
D. Lights are shone up into the sky to reduce the brightness.
65. How does the writer feel about the governments' actions?
A. Pleased. B. Awful. C. Disappointed. D. Strange.
本文是一篇科普知识类阅读，主要介绍了光污染带来的危害以及一些政府和组织针对光污染采取的举措。
61【答案】D细节理解题。根据第四段“Research shows that lots of nighttime light can harm wildlife, too.”可知研究显示很多夜晚光也会危害野生生物，这也是光污染带来的危害。故选D。
62【答案】B细节理解题。根据第五段“When birds fly to another place over cities, they sometimes get lost by the brightness and fly in circles until they drop from tiredness.”可知当鸟儿在城市上空飞到另一个地方时，它们有时会被明亮所迷惑，而绕着圆圈飞行，直到它们因疲倦掉下来。故选B。
63【答案】C词义猜测题。根据“Too much light at night may even affect human's health, but scientists are not sure of…”可知晚上太多的光线可能会影响人类的健康，但是科学家不确定那个，由此推断“that”指的就是太多光线对人类有害这件事，故选C。
64【答案】C细节理解题。根据第七段“In order to prevent things from going worse, governments and some organizations are working to reduce light pollution.”可知为了阻止事情变得更糟糕，政府和一些组织正在为了减少光污染而开始工作，所以已经采取了减少光污染的举措。故选C。
65【答案】A作者态度题。根据第七段“In order to prevent things from going worse, governments and some organizations are working to reduce light pollution.”和最后一段“Hopefully, in the near future, humans can enjoy the clear and beautiful sky again and all the wildlife will live a peaceful and undisturbed life, too.”可知为了阻止事情变得更糟糕，政府和一些组织正在为了减少光污染而开始工作，作者希望在不久的将来，人类能够再次享受晴朗美丽的天空，所有的野生动物也将过着平静而不受干扰的生活。由此推断作者对于政府的举措是赞同并高兴的。故选A。
三
In the movie The Day After Tomorrow, global warming causes a second Ice Age. The movie has led to a lot of discussion: Could another Ice Age really be possible?
On the first day when the movie was put on, environmental activist group MoveOn. org handed out thousands of leaflets outside theaters. Their message was, “Global warming isn’t just a movie. It’s your future. ” It is now widely accepted that the Earth is getting hotter.
One reason for this is the large amount of carbon dioxide in the air, caused by burning coal and petroleum（石油）. In Alaska, temperatures have risen by as much as 4.4℃ over the last 30 years, causing glaciers to melt（冰川融化）, and the sea level to rise. Some scientists say that the tide（潮汐） moves an average of three meters closer to the land each year.
This is seen in the Alaskan island village of Shishmaref, where houses are disappearing into the ocean. Soon, the village will be completely under water, and the people living there are already leaving to go to the mainland. However, most scientists believe that climate change could never happen as suddenly as the movie suggests, and that there is a danger that it might cause people to think that global warming is just the movie. But the movie’s director, Richard Emmerich, welcomes the discussion, saying that he wanted to make the movie show that global warming is not just science fiction, but a reality.
41. What is the topic of this text?
A. Glaciers melting. B. Ice age. C. Global warming. D. Weather.
42. Why has the movie led to a lot of discussion?
A. Because it shows global warming causes a second Ice Age.
B. Because the global warming causes the sea level to rise.
C. Because a lot of coal is burned to produce carbon dioxide.
D. Because the tide moves about three meters closer to the land.
43. What does the underlined word “leaflets” in Paragraph 2 mean in Chinese?
A. 海报 B. 树叶 C. 电影票 D. 传单
44. What can we infer from the last sentence in Paragraph 3?
A. A second Ice Age will come. B. The petroleum will become less.
C. The villages will be under water. D. The villagers will think about the topic.
45. Most scientists are worried that ________
A. climate change will happen suddenly. B. people might not take the situation as a reality.
C. the movie director welcomes the discussion. D. people living on islands are leaving for mainland.
本文就电影《后天》展开对全球变暖的讨论。
41【答案】C推理判断题。根据“In the movie The Day After Tomorrow, global warming causes a second Ice Age. ”和全文内容可知，本文开始介绍电影《后天》，电影中全球变暖导致第二次冰川时代的到来，大篇幅介绍了全球变暖的影响。故选C。
42【答案】A推理判断题。根据“The movie has led to a lot of discussion: Could another Ice Age really be possible?”可知电影中全球变暖导致了第二次冰川时代，这引发了一个讨论，是否会有第二次冰川时代。故选A。
43【答案】D词义推断题。根据“ environmental activist group ”和“ Their message was, “Global warming isn’t just a movie. ”可知，宣传保护环境的人分发的应该是传单。故选D。
44【答案】C推理判断题。根据“Some scientists say that the tide（潮汐） moves an average of three meters closer to the land each year.”可知潮汐每年会向陆地移动三米，因此很可能会覆盖陆地，村庄跑到水下面。故选C。
45【答案】B推理判断题。根据“ there is a danger that it might cause people to think that global warming is just the movie. ”可知科学家很担心，电影会导致人们认为全球变换只是电影，而全球变暖是事实。故选B。
四
My mother was telling me about how she and her family got their first television when she was a teenager. Of course it was black and white. She said she only watched it at night. She doesn’t remember ever watching it in the morning or afternoon. When I was young, we had only about 3 or 4 different channels. I think they were channel 3, 4, 6, and 9. My brothers and sisters and I would sometimes fight about which channel to watch. But we usually enjoyed the same shows.
Nowadays we can get hundreds of channels on TV. I can’t believe it! There are channels with only old movies, and channels with only cooking, and channels with only fishing. It’s amazing! There is a channel for everything. I wonder how much my brothers and sisters and I would fight if we had hundreds of channels when I was a child. Of course we had only one television set. These days I notice families with 2 or 3 or more television sets in their homes. I guess it stops people from arguing over which channel to choose from.
56. People only had ______ television sets in the old days.
A. color B. black C. white D. black and white
57. The writer’s mother watched TV ______ when she was a teenager.
A. at night B. at noon C. in the afternoon D. in the morning
58. How many different channels are there on TV nowadays?
A. 2 or 3 channels. B. Only about 3 or 4 channels.
C. Only 4 channels. D. Hundreds of channels.
59. Why don’t people argue over which channel to choose from now?
A. Because they usually enjoy the same shows
B. Because they can watch TV at different times
C. Because families have many TV sets at home.
D. Because there is a channel on TV for everything.
60. We can learn from the passage that ______.
A. the writer has no brothers or sisters
B. you can choose the movie channels if you want to see a film
C. there is not a television set in the writer’s home now
D. many children fight about which channel to watch now
本文是一篇记叙文，比较了过去和现在电视在一些方面的区别。
56【答案】D细节理解题。根据“Of course it was black and white.”可知，过去人们只有黑白电视机。故选D。
57【答案】A细节理解题。根据“She said she only watched it at night.”可知，她说她只在晚上看。故选A。
58【答案】D细节理解题。根据“Nowadays we can get hundreds of channels on TV.”可知，现在我们可以看到好几百个电视频道。故选D。
59【答案】C细节理解题。根据“These days I notice families with 2 or 3 or more television sets in their homes. I guess it stops people from arguing over which channel to choose from.”可知，现在许多家里有2台或3台以上电视机，这让人们不再为选择哪个频道而争论不休。故选C。
60【答案】B推理判断题。根据“There are channels with only old movies, and channels with only cooking, and channels with only fishing.”可知，有些频道只播放老电影，有些频道只播放烹饪，有些频道只播放钓鱼。所以如果你想看电影，你可以选择电影频道，故选B。
五
Little New Year, or Xiaonian, is usually a week before the lunar New Year. It fell on the 18th day of the first month in 2020. It’s also known as the Festival of the Kitchen God.
The Kitchen God is also famous as Zao Jun. He watches over the moral character (道德品质) of each house. He spends only a few days in heaven (天庭) every year. He’s in control of the farm animals, the servants, and most of all, the cooking oven. He listens to the fights among people and sees how servants hide food for themselves. For those reasons, when it’s time for him to report to heaven on the 24th day of the last lunar month, every family is suddenly worried and offers good food to make him happy. The humans hope that the Kitchen God will say good words for them so he’ll return with the blessings (赐福) from heaven in the new year.
The tradition to serve the Kitchen God lasts for the longest time, as far back as the Xia Dynasty. Xia is the first dynasty in Chinese history, so the Kitchen God may be around even longer than that.
61. When was the Festival of the Kitchen God in 2020?
A. On November 23rd. B. On December 23rd.
C. On January 7th. D. On January 18th.
62. The Kitchen God especially controls ______ according to the passage
A. the cooking oven B. the farm tools
C. the farm animals D. the servants
63. People are worried before the Kitchen God leaves for heaven because ______.
A. they prepare little food for the new year
B. they have no blessings during his stay in heaven
C. he always says bad words for them in heaven
D. he sees the bad things they did in the house
64. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The job of the Kitchen God. B. The history of the Kitchen God.
C. The activity of the Kitchen God. D. The importance of the Kitchen God.
65. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The Kitchen God lives in heaven most of the time.
B. The Kitchen God needs to report to heaven every month.
C. Little New Year has a long history.
D. People began celebrating Little New Year after the Xia Dynasty.
文中主要介绍了关于灶王爷的习俗及历史知识。
61【答案】D细节理解题。根据“It fell on the 18th day of the first month in 2020. It’s also known as the Festival of the Kitchen God.”可知2020年的灶神节在1月18日。故选D。
62【答案】A细节理解题。根据“He’s in control of the farm animals, the servants, and most of all, the cooking oven.”可知灶王爷尤其控制着灶火。故选A。
63【答案】D细节理解题。根据“He listens to the fights among people and sees how servants hide food for themselves. For those reasons, when it’s time for him to report to heaven on the 24th day of the last lunar month, every family is suddenly worried and offers good food to make him happy.”可知人们在灶王爷回天界前担心是因为他看到了人们在家里做的坏事。故选D。
64【答案】B段落大意题。根据最后一段“The tradition to serve the Kitchen God lasts for the longest time, as far back as the Xia Dynasty. Xia is the first dynasty in Chinese history, so the Kitchen God may be around even longer than that.”可知主要在追溯灶王爷存在的历史。故选B。
65【答案】C推理判断题。根据“Little New Year, or Xiaonian, is usually a week before the lunar New Year. ... It’s also known as the Festival of the Kitchen God.”可知小年又叫灶神节，再由“The tradition to serve the Kitchen God lasts for the longest time, as far back as the Xia Dynasty.”可知侍奉灶王爷的传统可追溯到夏朝，由此可推出小年历史悠久。故选C。
六
A Long March 5 rocket took off from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site in Southern China’s Hainan Province on November 24, 2020, carrying Chang’e 5 lunar probe on its mission to return lunar samples to Earth.
The carrier Long March 5 rocket is currently the most powerful member of the famous rocket family Long March. The large family is organized into several series: Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3, Long March 4, Long March 5 and so on. Each series includes several variants (型号).
As an example, below is a chart showing the organization of the Long March 2 series.
Long March 2
The Long March 2F is a remarkable member of the rocket family. It took China’s first astronaut Yang Liwei into space in 2003, making China the third nation to independently send humans into space, 42 years after the Soviets (苏联人) and Americans. Another notable member is the Long March 1. China used it to launch its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1, into Low Earth orbit (轨道) in 1970, becoming the world’s fifth country to launch a satellite into Earth’s orbit.
Over a dozen types of Long March rockets have been developed and put into use since 1970, and planning and testing are underway to develop new ones. The Long March rockets are used for a series of key space projects, including BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and the Gaofen Earth observation project as well as lunar exploration and manned space program. Together, these rockets make it possible to serve this world and explore other ones. Someday they may even send humans to Mars.
41. The text is mainly about________.
A. Chang’e 5 lunar probe B. Long March 2 series
C. Long March rockets D. key space projects
42. The main purpose of Paragraph 2 is to tell us________.
A. the power of the Long March 5 rocket
B. the variants of the Long March 2 series
C. the history of all the Long March rockets
D. the organization of the whole Long March family
43. Why is the Long March 2F remarkable?
A. It launched China’s first manned spacecraft.
B. It is the most powerful member of the rocket family.
C. It developed Gaofen Earth observation project.
D. It makes it possible to send humans to Mars.
44. ________carried China’s first satellite into Low Earth orbit.
A. Long March 1 B. Chang’e 5 C. Long March 4 D. Dong Fang Hong 1
45. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The Long March 5 series includes five variants.
B. The Soviets launched its first astronaut into space 42 years ago.
C. The usage of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is mentioned in Paragraph4.
D. The Long March rocket family has a growing number of members.
文章大意：文章介绍了2020年11月24日，长征五号运载火箭在海南省文昌宇宙飞船发射场发射升空，以及中国近几年在此方面取得的成就。
41【答案】C主旨大意题。本文介绍了长征五号运载火箭在海南省文昌宇宙飞船发射场发射升空，以及中国近几年在此方面取得的成就。故选C。
42【答案】D段落大意题。根据“The carrier Long March 5 rocket is currently the most powerful member of the famous rocket family Long March. The large family is organized into several series”，可知，本段主要介绍了长征系列火箭的情况，故选D。
43【答案】A细节理解题。根据“The Long March 2F is a remarkable member of the rocket family. It took China’s first astronaut Yang Liwei into space in 2003,”可知，长征2F是非凡的，是因为它发射了中国第一艘载人飞船，故选A。
44【答案】A细节理解题。根据“Another notable member is the Long March 1. China used it to launch its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1, into Low Earth orbit (轨道) in 1970,”可知，长征一号运载了中国第一颗卫星进入近地轨道。故选A。
45【答案】D推理判断题。根据“The large family is organized into several series: Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3, Long March 4, Long March 5 and so on.”以及“Over a dozen types of Long March rockets have been developed and put into use since 1970, and planning and testing are underway to develop new ones.”可以推知，长征系列火箭还在发展中，所以它的家族成员会越来越多，故选D。
七
In the world of gestures, the best suggestion is to remember the two A’s-Ask and Aware(意识到). If you see a gesture that is new or puzzling, ask a local person what it means. Then be aware of the body signs around you. Let’s check out three common hand gestures, the OK-Sign, the Thumb-Up and the V-Sign.
1. The OK-Sign
This gesture was popular in the USA during the early 19th century by the newspapers that were starting using first letters to shorten common phrases. Use the gesture to tell a French person their cooking is wonderful and maybe they’ll throw you out. In Japan, it can mean money. If you travel internationally, the safest rule is to always ask the locals to show you their insult (侮辱) signs to avoid any possible uncomfortable situations.
2. The Thumb-Up
When Europeans count from one to five, they use the Thumb-Up to mean one and the index finger (食指) becomes two; but most English-speaking people count one on the index finger and two on the middle finger, in this case, the Thumb-Up will mean the number five; it’s commonly used by hitch-hikers(搭便车的人) who are thumbing a lift; it is an OK-Sign; and when the thumb is sharply upwards, it becomes an insult.
3. The V-Sign
Winston Churchill popularized the V-for-victory sign during the World War II, but his two-fingered gesture was done with the palm (手掌) facing out. What about the palm faces towards the speaker? It would be an insult.
41. The best suggestion in the world of gestures is ________.
A. to ask a local person what they mean B. to know the body signs around you
C. to check out three common hand gestures D. to remember the two A’s-Ask and Aware
42. When was the OK-Sign gesture popular in the USA?
A. During the early 17th century. B. During the late 18thcentury.
C. During the early 19th century. D. During the late 19th century.
43. How many meanings about the Thumb-Up gesture are mentioned in the passage?
A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.
44. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. When Europeans count from one to five, they use the Thumb-Up to mean one.
B. You can use the OK-Sign gesture to tell a Frenchman their cooking is wonderful.
C. Most English-speaking people use the Thumb-Up to mean the number one.
D. If you do business with Japanese, you can’t use the OK-Sign gesture to mean money.
45. Which gesture did Winston Churchill use during the World War II?
A. B. C. D.
本文主要讲述了三个常见的手势：OK手势，大拇指和V手势。
41【答案】D细节理解题。根据“In the world of gestures, the best suggestion is to remember the two A’s-Ask and Aware(意识到).”可知，最好的建议是要记住去询问和了解，故选D。
42【答案】C细节理解题。根据“This gesture was popular in the USA during the early 19th century”可知，OK手势在19世纪早期的美国很流行，故选C。
43【答案】D细节理解题。根据“The Thumb-Up”中“When Europeans count from one to five…and when the thumb is sharply upwards, it becomes an insult.”可知，本段描述大拇指向上的手势有5种含义，故选D。
44【答案】A推理判断题。根据“When Europeans count from one to five, they use the Thumb-Up to mean one”可知，当欧洲人从一数到五时，他们用大拇指向上表示一，故选A。
45【答案】B推理判断题。根据“Winston Churchill popularized the V-for-victory sign during the World War II, but his two-fingered gesture was done with the palm (手掌) facing out.”可知，二战期间，温斯顿·丘吉尔将v字手势推广开来，这个手势通常是掌心朝外，故选B。
八
Anyone who works in an office knows the power of technology. When it works, life is wonderful. Information flies across the world in seconds. It saves time and makes our jobs easier. But when technology goes wrong, everyone hates it.
In March, Peter Golota received a gas bill for $0.00. He threw it away. In April, he received another bill for $0.00. He threw that one away, too. In May, the gas company sent him a letter which said he had to pay his gas bill. If he didn’t pay it, they were going to cut off his gas. He called and told them the bill was for $0.00. They said it was a computer error（错误）. But the bills continued. Finally, he sent a check for $0.00. This caused the bank’s computer to crash（崩溃）. After a lot of angry phone calls and letters between the man, the gas company, and the bank, the case went to court（法庭）. The gas company lost, and had to pay Peter Golota $8, 000. It all happened because of a bill for $0. 00.
A man from Colorado appeared on the news when he shot（射击） his computer because it crashed all the time. The man, who owned a bar, put the “dead” laptop on the wall for everyone to see. The police said, “It’s the first time that someone shot a computer because he was angry with it.” They arrested（逮捕） him. And he was fined $4, 000 in the end.
In December, Margaret Smart, of Energis Solutions, stood up in front of 2, 000 people in Texas. As she began to speak, her microphone stopped working. They found another one. After two minutes, that one also died. When she decided to show her notes on PowerPoint, the computer refused to start up. And the title of her presentation is “Technology: The Way Forward”.
36. Why did the bank’s computer crash?
A. Because the gas bill case went to court. B. Because Mr. Golota sent a check for $0. 00.
C. Because it kept sending gas bills for $0. 00. D. Because the gas company sent a letter to the bank.
37. How much did the gas company have to pay Peter in the end?
A. $0. 00. B. $2, 000. C. $4, 000. D. $8, 000.
38. Who won the court case?
A. The bank. B. The gas company. C. Peter Golota. D. The police.
39. What did the man do with his computer when it crashed all the time?
A. He shot it. B. He called the police. C. He threw it away. D. He put it on the wall.
40. What’s the best title of the text?
A. The wrong check B. When technology goes wrong
C. The “dead” laptop D. Technology: The Way Forward
【分析】文章讲述了科技对人们产生的一些负面影响。
36【答案】B推理判断题。根据“In May, the gas company sent him a letter which said he had to pay his gas bill…This caused the bank’s computer to crash”可知，因为Mr. Golota付了0美元的煤气费，所以煤气公司要切断他的燃气，这是银行电脑崩溃的原因，故选B。
37【答案】D细节理解题。根据“The gas company lost, and had to pay Peter Golota $8, 000.”可知，燃气公司不得不向Peter Golota付8000美元，故选D。
38【答案】C细节理解题。根据“After a lot of angry phone calls and letters between the man, the gas company, and the bank, the case went to court（法庭）. The gas company lost, and had to pay Peter Golota $8, 000. It all happened because of a bill for $0. 00.”可知，最后是Peter Golota赢了官司，故选C。
39【答案】A细节理解题。根据“A man from Colorado appeared on the news when he shot（射击） his computer because it crashed all the time.”可知，一名来自科罗拉多州的男子因电脑一直死机而开枪，故选A。
40【答案】B最佳标题题。根据“Anyone who works in an office knows the power of technology. When it works, life is wonderful. Information flies across the world in seconds. It saves time and makes our jobs easier. But when technology goes wrong, everyone hates it.”以及整个文章的理解可知，文章主要是通过举例来介绍科技对人们产生的一些负面影响。故选B。
九
Most people have a place to call home on Earth. What about in outer space? The International Space Station (ISS) became our first “home” in space in 2000. It welcomed its first crew that year, paving (铺设) the way for 20 years of future research.
“You just have this impression that we’re all citizens (公民) of not a country, but of the planet,” former NASA astronaut Scott Kelly told National Geographic about working in ISS. “We’re all in this thing called humanity (人类) together.”
Over the past 20 years, the ISS has mainly been used as a science lab, hosting 241 people from 19 countries, according to NASA. They have gone on spacewalks, done research on how space affects the human body, and even grown plants in space.
The station’s development has also benefited (有益于) people on Earth. For example, the station’s water purification (净化) technology has been used in poor areas to provide clean drinking water. The station also helps to warn us of natural disasters (灾难), such as earthquakes.
However, after being our home in space for over 7,000 days, the station is starting to get old. It has leaked (泄漏) air a few times. Scientists think that the station can keep working until 2024. After that, scientists will bring it down to Earth. It is believed that Earth’s atmosphere (大气) will burn up most of the station. Other debris (残骸) will fall into the Pacific Ocean.
In the future, space will be home to more stations like the ISS. NASA is building a space station that is smaller than the ISS near the moon. Also, China will have its own space station up and running in 2022.
36. What do we know from what Scott Kelly said?
A. Astronauts see the ISS as their home.
B. Anyone can go to the ISS.
C. All of humanity has something in common.
D. Astronauts’ lives on the ISS are difficult.
37. What have the astronauts done while on the ISS?
a. Gone on spacewalks.
b. Learned how space affects the human body.
c. Grown plants.
d. Provided clean water for poor areas.
e. Stopped earthquakes.
A. abc B. abd C. ade D. bde
38. Paragraph 4 explains ________.
A. what people on the ISS have done
B. how the ISS has helped humans on Earth
C. who has visited the ISS over the years
D. how people live on the ISS
39. What will happen to the ISS?
A. The whole station will fall into the Pacific Ocean.
B. It will be brought back to Earth.
C. It will be left in outer space forever.
D. It will burn up in space.
40. From the last paragraph, we know that ________.
A. building a space station takes a long time
B. it will be easier to go to space in the future
C. China will send astronauts to the ISS
D. we will build more space stations
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，对国际空间站进行了详细介绍。
36【答案】C推理判断题。根据“You just have this impression that we’re all citizens of not a country, but of the planet…We’re all in this thing called humanity together.”可知，Scott Kelly想要表达所有的人类都有共同之处。故选C。
37【答案】A细节理解题。根据“They have gone on spacewalks, done research on how space affects the human body, and even grown plants in space. ”可知，他们进行太空行走，研究太空如何影响人体，甚至在太空中种植植物。故选A。
38【答案】B段落大意题。分析第四段内容可知，本段举例说明国际空间站是如何帮助地球上的人类的，故选B。
39【答案】B细节理解题。根据“After that, scientists will bring it down to Earth.”可知，国际空间站将被带回地球。故选B。
40【答案】D推理判断题。根据最后一段内容，尤其是“In the future, space will be home to more stations like the ISS.”可知，未来我们将建造更多的空间站，故选D。
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