专题8. 阅读理解--主旨大意题、推理判断题 -九年级英语寒假精讲精练（外研版）

阅读理解之推理判断,主旨大意题

一．推理判断

辨析Fact or Inference

推断原则：正确选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文章细节的直接陈述。 

此类题型要求考生对文章中的内容及作者的思路做出合理的判断和推理，也就是要运用逻辑推理能力推断出蕴含在文章中却没有明说的事实及暗示的含义。

1. 常见设问方式

     What can we learn from the passage？

     From the passage, we can learn that...

     The writer probably agrees that...

     We can infer from the passage that...

2.解题技巧

 考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理，在已知和未知信息之间搭起桥梁，透过字里行间体会“弦外之音”，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。常见的有以下两种推理判断：　　

1.针对文中细节的推断

作者为了说明一个主题或者观点，肯定会做出一系列论述或解释，采用的方式可能是举例、论证、摆事实或讲道理、提出问题或者分析事件的原因等。这种题型常常集中对文章中某一点或几点、某一方面或几方面、某一部分或几部分提出问题。回答这类问题时，考生首先应仔细阅读原文以确定推理依据的范围，然后按题意进行推断。

例子1

 Many whale species, too, travel with their families, including both grandmothers and grandcalves. In groups of sperm whales, according to Dagg, old females help babysit the group’s young while their mothers dive(潜水) for food. Orca grandmothers often lead their family members and can live for many years after they stop reproducing. In 2015,  scientists suggested that these elder orcas help their grandcalves through hard times, because they remember all the best places to find food.

(     )24. From Paragraph 3, we know that orca grandmothers_______.

      A. die after reproducing

      B. teach the young to dive for food

      C. have rich experience

      D. enjoy travelling with grandfathers

C

2.针对作者态度、语气、风格、倾向的判断

例子2

When technology becomes a focus, quality(有质量的) time for families goes down, which in turn affects everyone’s life. Lack of family interaction causes the family’s unity to weaken, and each of the family will be influenced in different ways. Children are more likely to develop unhealthy habits when they fail to interact with their parents. Meanwhile, parents who put work before family or pay less attention to their children’s growth are more likely to face bad parent­child relationship. 67 percent of American teens say they want

to spend more time with their parents, which is rather sad. Therefore, this passage is meant to show how technology has negatively influenced families.

29. What’s the writer’s attitude towards the technology influence？

      A. Puzzled.　　B. Worried.         C. Surprised.         D. Satisfied.

题干意为：作者对技术影响的态度是什么？作者说到技术越发达，家庭的连结越会弱化，孩子在和父母无法交流的情况下会有不健康的习惯以及父母和孩子的关系会恶化等。由最后一句中的“negatively influenced”可知说的是技术对家庭的消极影响。作者对此的态度是担忧的。故选B。

二．主旨(段落)大意

 主旨(段落)大意题要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章或段落进行归纳、概括或评价。解答这类题时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义。在涉及文章的主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题时，需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断，从而挖掘出文章中隐含的信息。      

1. 常见设问方式

      What is Paragraph 2 mainly about？

      What does the passage mainly talk about？

      What’s the passage mainly about？

2. 解题技巧

        “主题句定位法”是一种掌握全文或段落主旨大意行之有效的方法。主题句在文章中的位置，通常有以下四种情况：

1.开门见山式

主题句出现在文(段)首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。

例子3

It may be hard to believe, but the American Revolution(革命)—the war that freed the American states from British control — began over a cup of tea. Tea was not the only thing that caused the war, of course, but it played a very big part.

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

In 1767, the  British introduced new laws that increased the prices of all goods which were brought into America. These laws helped make the East India Company even richer and forced local people to  pay  much more for everything. The American leaders  asked the British government not to do so, but the British refused to listen. These unfair laws increased Americans' anger  about British rule and the rest, as they say, is history.

5. What is the passage mainly about?

A. Tea trade in eighteenth­century America.

B. The relationship between America and Britain.

C. A reason for the start of the American Revolutionary War.

D. The introduction of British tea­drinking habits into America.

【答案】C　

【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：短文主要是关于什么的？A项：18世纪美国茶叶贸易；B项：英美关系；C项：美国革命战争的原因之一；D项：英国饮茶习惯引入美国的介绍。本文讲述了美国革命爆发的其中一个重要原因——茶。故选C。

2.藏头露尾式

例子4

  Later that day, Dad came home and said to Jessie’s mom, “You didn’t have to mow the lawn. I was going to do it on Saturday. It looks great. Thanks.”

 “I didn’t mow it. Jessie did.”

  “Wow, our little girl is growing up！” Dad told Jessie what a great job she had done.

  “It was fun, and I will do it again next week, ” said Jessie.

 The neighbor next door came by and asked Jessie if she wanted to mow his lawn and make some money.“Sure！” said Jessie.   Jessie

began mowing his lawn. Two other neighbors asked also, then another three. Jessie was now mowing lawns for them all and making some money. She was no longer bored！“I won’t have time to spend my money, ” she laughed to herself.

50.  What does the text mainly tell us？

       A. Neighbors should learn to help each other.

       B. Mowing the lawn is a good way to make money.

       C. Doing something helpful can make people happy.

       D. Children should help their parents at an early age.

题干意为：这篇文章主要告诉我们什么？根据倒数第二段“It was fun, and I will do it again next week，...”和最后一段倒数第二句“She was no longer bored！”可知，做有帮助的事情使杰西消除乏味，感到快乐。故选C。

3.首尾呼应式

例子5 

Many people think that the regulation can surely better protect Chinese young game players online, while others doubt whether it can successfully stop them from playing games too much. “More and more people come to know that playing online games too much not only brings teenagers health and study problems, but also makes them depressed(沮丧的) and lonely, ” Tong Xiaojun, a director from a university, told CCTV, “We need support from the whole society to solve the problems.”

(     )33. We can learn from the passage that ________.

        A. not many young people have the same problem as Lin Tao in China

        B. it is impossible to control teenagers’ online game time

        C. the game companies will offer teenagers prizes if they play well

        D. everyone should play a part in controlling teenagers’ online game time

D

三．标题归纳

 标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。选择标题在英语阅读理解题中属于主旨大意题，是深层理解题。常见的设问方式和解题技巧如下：

1. 常见设问方式

    Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？

    What can be the best title for the passage？

What is the best title of the passage？    

2. 解题技巧

通常情况下，标题具有概括性、针对性、醒目性的特点。所谓概括性，就是指标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题；针对性是对标题外延的一种界定，标题要直接指向文章的主要特点；醒目性是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章的阅读兴趣。解题时，要注意：      

1. 关注核心及高频词汇

2. 根据主题句提炼标题

标题对文章的主题具有概括性。因此，寻找文章的主题句是解答标题归纳题的核心。主题句通常在文章首段，但是也可能在文章的末段、在文章的某一段落，或者分散在文章的各个段落中。如果每个段落都有主题句，那么把各段落的主题句的中心思想集中起来，即为全文的主题句。     

例子7

There are many ways to help improve your health like eating healthy food, taking exercise and getting medical help. But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night. The general sleeping rule is that the younger you are， the longer sleep you need. But regardless of(不管) age, some people need to sleep more while for others a few hours is enough.

 The problem with sleep is that more and more people in the world are not sleeping enough. According to the World Health Organization, over half the people in the world may be sleep­deprived. Having less sleep not only makes people feel tired but also causes accidents. In the United States alone, sleepy drivers cause at least 100, 000 traffic accidents a year. Also sleep problems can cause medical problems such as high blood pressure(血压).

(     )35.  What is the best title of the passage？

         A. The Value of Sleep                      B. The Value of Study

         C. The Ways of Eating Less            D. The Ways of Making Money

A

一

Some people think only school children do not agree with their parents, however, it is not true.

Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it’s hard for you to communicate with your parents, don’t worry about it. Here is some advice for you to bridge the generation gap (代沟).

Don’t argue (争辩) with your parents. Don’t get to your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won’t consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. And you can’t express (表达) yourself well if you are angry. Firstly keep calm. Then make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Next think about what you want to say to them. If you don’t want to talk with them face to face, try writing a letter.

Try to reach a compromise (和解). Perhaps you and your parents disagree on something. You can keep your opinions to yourself and try to accept each other. Michael’s mother didn’t agree with him about buying a toy. They argued about it. But She finally agreed with him. Michael bought the toy, but only played it on certain days.

Of course, your parents might disagree with you on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect (尊敬) to them. It will help keep your relationship strong.

Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from yours. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life.

A good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is a pleasure to have a try!

56. How many pieces of advice does the writer give us to keep a good relationship with our parents?

A. 2. B. 3.

C. 4. D. 5.

57. According to the passage ___________ have a communication problem.

A. parents and teachers

B. teachers and their students

C. parents and children of all ages

D. only school kids and their parents

58. The underlined word “bridge” in the passage means “___________”.

A. 建立 B. 通过 C. 消除 D. 到达

59. If the values of your parents are different from yours, you’d better ___________.

A. argue with them

B. keep away from them

C. reach an agreement with them

D. talk about your values to them

60. What is the best title of the passage?

A. How to be good parents B. How to be a good child

C. How to bridge the generation gap D. How to deal with family problems

二

Many of us learn how to ride a bicycle at a young age. As we grow older, we may stop riding—most of us go to school by bus or by subway. But whenever we get on a bicycle, it's like we've never stopped biking.

This is strange. In many other cases, our memories let us down. We often find it hard to remember the name of a person or a place, don't we? So why can we still ride a bicycle after we stopped riding a long time ago?

It turns out that there are many types of memory. They are stored in different regions of our brains. Memories of experiences (e. g, our first day at school) and of factual knowledge (e. g. , the capital of France) are called declarative (陈述的) memories. These memories can be communicated to others. Skills such as playing an instrument or riding a bike: are called procedural (程序的) memories. These memories are responsible for our performance.

Scientists have done many experiments on different memory types. Perhaps the most famous of them was carried out on Henry Gustav Molaison, an epileptic (癫痫患者). In an operation in the 1950s, part of his brain was taken away. After that, the man suffered less— from epilepsy. But there was a new problem—he couldn't remember things!

What went wrong with Molaison's memory system? Through various tests, scientists found he could learn new skills (slowly, though). However, he could never remember having been trained to learn a new skill. In other words, Molaison could develop new procedural, but not declarative memories.

Scientists have concluded that even with serious brain injuries, procedural memories last much longer. However, they haven't yet found out why. Some say procedural memories are more lasting because they are stored in the brain's center.

Now, "just like riding a bicycle" has been used as an idiom (习语). Can you guess its meaning? Yes, people use it to describe a skill that, once learned, is never forgotten.

36. The author mentions our difficulty in remembering the name of a person or a place mainly to show that ________.

A. our memories often fail us

B. there are many types of memory

C. it's hard to forget how to ride a bicycle

D. people become more forgetful as they age

37. Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?

A. Playing the violin. B. The location of Italy.

C. Our first day at school. D. The first time I rode a bicycle.

38. What was Henry Gustav Molaison's new problem after the operation in the 1950s?

A. He couldn't learn new skills.

B. He couldn't remember anything.

C. He suffered more often from epilepsy.

D. He couldn’t develop new declarative memories.

39. According to the article, scientists don't yet know for sure ________.

A. if there are many different types of memory

B. if procedural memories always last longer than declarative memories

C. why procedural memories often last longer than declarative memories

D. whether different types of memory are stored in different regions of our brains

40. We can learn from the article that declarative memories _______.

A. are responsible for our speech B. are stored on the brain's surface

C. can be passed on to other people D. aren't easily affected by brain injuries

三

The deer (鹿) is the king of the woods. The deer is one of the largest woodland animals, but it is so shy that you might find it hard to really spot one. During the day, deer hide in the high grass quietly, listening for any noise and ready to run away at the first sign of danger. Nighttime is when deer really get active. They move around all the time in search of grass and other plants to eat. They can run as far as 60 km in one night! Female (雌性的) deer live in groups with their young, while males (雄鹿) prefer to be on their own or with other males.

But in the autumn, things change. The woods are full of the sounds of male deer. They let out sounds to draw females’ attention and to let other males know that they are ready to fight over the female deer. Male deer fight each other with their antlers (鹿角).

A baby deer is called a fawn (幼鹿). The coat of a newborn fawn is covered in pretty white spots (斑点) that disappear as it gets older. The mother deer watches over her babies and bravely protects them from dangers. Although female deer don't have antlers, they fight off other animals by kicking!

A male deer's antlers carry on growing all his life. A ten-year-old deer's antlers can have more than 10 branches (分枝) and weigh 20 kg each. Every spring, the antlers drop off and an even larger set will take their place. You can tell how old a deer is by counting the number of branches on his antlers. The more branches it has, the older the deer is.

36. In Paragraph 1, the word "spot" has the closest meaning to "________".

A. make B. hurt C. raise D. see

37. What do the deer do at night?

A. Look for food. B. Have some sleep.

C. Hide in the high grass. D. Run to another place in groups.

38. In the autumn, male deer ________.

A. fight a lot B. are very quiet C. lose their antlers D. look after their young

39. What can be learned about a baby deer?

A. It lives with its parents. B. It is very good at kicking.

C. It is born with white spots. D. It lets out sounds to draw mom's attention.

40. What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A. The male deer's height. B. The male deer's antlers. C. The male deer's number. D. The male deer's weight.

四

You must think a computer is the best thing in the world, right? You must think it works at a super speed and can do everything? Well, it’s not! In fact, the brain is much more powerful than any super computer! Think about when a glass is just about to fall off the table. Your brain controls everything that you need to do to save that glass from falling. First your eyes check out what’s going on, then tell your brain, and your brain decides how quickly you need to react(反应), and then your muscles(肌肉) go into action. That is just from your brain. No computer could ever come close to that!

The brain weighs just 3 pounds, but it controls everything you do from thinking, learning, feeling even to breathing and your heart beating. Even though the brain is just 2% of your body weight, it uses around 20% of all your energy in your body. That is a lot for such a small organ(器官). There are about 100 billion tiny, tiny little cells(细胞) in your brain. There are so many that it would take you over 3,000 years to count them all!

Your brain stops growing when you’re 18, but it actually keeps on developing and learning new things. So your parents are really super smart! You won’t be able to fool them! Believe it or not, your brain NEVER stops working. Even during sleeping, the brain works for long-term memory establishment(建立). It is realized that the brain is the second organ in the body as the heart that never stops during human lives.

So everyone should be proud of such a gift of nature.

36. In Paragraph 1, the writer wants to tell us .

A. eyes and muscles react quickly

B. the brain controls everything in your body

C. the computer is the best thing in the world

D. the brain is more powerful than any computer

37. In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “That” refers to(指的是) .

A. the body weight B. 2% of the body weight

C. all energy in the body D. around 20% of the energy in the body

38. Which is RIGHT according to the passage?

A. The brain doesn’t work during sleeping

B. The brain is the only organ that never stops

C. The brain keeps growing during human lives

D. The brain keeps on developing during human lives

39. Which word can best describe the brain according to the passage?

A. Magic B. Quick C. Light D. Developing

40. In which magazine can the passage be found most probably?

A. Business Weekly B. Medicine C. Science D. Sports

五

When you're on a vacation without your parents, it's easy to get homesick (想家的) or want to go home. However, there are some steps you can take to have a wonderful vacation without your mum or dad.

Keep busy finding something to do is so fun, and it will stop you from missing your parents too much.

Write or call your parents often. Hearing their voices or getting a letter from them will make you feel comfortable. If you can send an e-mail, that would work, too.

Make some new friends on vacation. Sometimes you can meet the most interesting people when away from home. You could meet a best friend or a new Men Mall.

Talk to someone if you feel very miserable without your parents. Whether you're with family members or a trend and his/her family, no one wants you to be miserable. Talking to someone can help make you feel better.

Find souvenirs (纪念品) for your mum and dad to bring back to them. It can be fun to find special gifts for them and they may will appreciate (感谢) the presents.

When you arrive home, don't tell your parents how much you hated your vacation without them, even it that is the case (情况). Talk about the good points of your trip.

Have fun! Try not to think about it much. Just enjoy your vacation, and know that your parents will be waiting for you when you get home.

36 The first paragraph mainly tells us ________ what we take a vacation without our mum or dad.

A. where to go B. what to take

C. the passage will give us some help D. how to keen busy

37. Which of the following activities can make us feel good if we go on a vacation without our parents?

A. Make phone calls to our parents. B. Go back at once to our parents.

C. Tell our parents we hate the vacation. D. Think of how our parents take care of us

38. The underlined word "miserable" means "________".

A. happy B. busy C. free D. unhappy

39. What should we do before we go home from a vacation?

A. Call our parents. B. Buy some presents for our parents.

C. Think about the bad points of our trip. D. Have a long talk with our friends.

40. The passage mainly talks about ________.

A. how to have a great vacation with our parents B. how to have a great vacation without our parents

C. what we should do before we go home from vacation D. what we should do if we miss our parents

六

What are you holding in your hand while you are taking the examination? Right. A pen.

Though it is small, the pen has changed the history, improved the trade of countries, recorded events, carried news, and done far more work for human beings than all other tools.

Without it, progress(社会的进步) would have been almost impossible. The invention of the wheel, the introduction of the steam engine (蒸汽机)，the use of electricity, all these have changed the lives of millions of people, but the pen has done more. It has taken away mountains, and it has prepared the way for all progress and development of society.

In the past the pen did all the work if you wanted to keep any writing for some time. The lawyers(律师) took up their pens and wrote the law of the country from the days when papyrus (纸莎草纸) was first used. The most famous letters in the world were written with a pen. It was with a pen that the greatest thinkers of all time wrote down their thoughts.

The pen is very utilitarian. We cannot sign a bill or write 2 letters or buy a house without our pen. An agreement is worthless till our name is written with a pen. The writers encourage the world with it. The students take their examinations with it as well.

Our coming into the world is recorded with a pen. Before we have been at school, our name is written on the name list with a pen. We cannot be married until we have signed. A pen records the important events in our lives.

Let's remember that we hold in our hands the most powerful instrument which man owns. The pen is a magic tool. Whenever you use it, enjoy it.

36. What is the writer trying to do in this passage?

A. Introduce the history of the pen. B. Describe what a pen looks like.

C. Show the importance of the pen. D. Advise people to prepare a new pen.

37. The word “mountains” in the third paragraph refers to “something to __________”.

A. change the law of the country B. stop the social development

C. lower the students' scores D. explain the use of electricity

38. The lawyers started to write the law of the country___________.

A. when papyrus was first used B. before their thoughts were changed

C. after they took an important exam D. as soon as they recorded their names

39. The underlined word “utilitarian” in the passage means “_________”

A. cheap B. useful C. boring D. special

40. What is the best title for this passage?

A. An Exciting Event B. A Valuable Record

C. An Important Law D. A Powerful Tool

七

A scientist once said that the Internet was the world's largest library, but that all the books were on the floor! In other words, it's full of information but it can be difficult to find just what you're looking for. The Internet has another drawback, too. Anyone can create a website, which means you can find websites about every subject imaginable. Unluckily, it also means that a lot of information which is written on them isn't true!

The Internet provides more than just information. There are sites where you can download（下载）music and films either for free or for a small charge. Other sites allow you to get in touch with people from all over the world and there are some great online shops like eBay where people sell used clothes, CDs and even cars very cheaply.

The Internet is helpful in our life, but we shouldn't depend on it too much. Because of its size, it's very difficult to control and a lot of the information isn't worth reading. Some people also fear that surfing the net has taken the place of other healthier activities. Whether you like it or hate it, you'd better get used to it because it's here to stay!

Here's a survey（调查）about how people of my age use the Internet. 80% of them said they used it to help them with their homework. 70% said they used it to keep in touch with their friends. 40% said that they downloaded music from the Internet. And 30% said they bought something online. Only 10% said they couldn't use the Internet very often because they didn't have a computer at home.

36. What does the scientist say about the Internet?

A. Most of the information the Internet has is from books.

B. You can't easily find what you want on the Internet.

C. Most of the information on the Internet is from libraries.

D. The books from the Internet are put on the floor.

37. The underlined word "drawback" in the first paragraph means________.

A. advantage B. connection C. development D. disadvantage

38. Which of the following is true about getting music from the Internet?

A. It isn't always free. B. New CDs are very cheap.

C. The used CDs are a little expensive. D. It often costs too much.

39. According to the survey, most people of the writer's age ________.

A. prefer reading online B. buy something online

C. use the Internet for their homework D. download music from the Internet

40. What does the writer think of the Internet?

A. It has some weaknesses. B. All the information on it is true.

C. It is perfect for young people to use. D. Young people should stay away from it.