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2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义：语法十二、状语从句
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十二、状语从句
对应学生用书p189
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining ____________ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.
2．(2017·浙江卷)Pahlsson screamed ____________ loudly that her daughter came running from the house.
3．(2016·北京卷)I really enjoy listening to music____________it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Over time, ____________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
5．(2016·浙江卷)I made my way backstage just ____________ the great magician was putting on his top hat.
[答案与解析]
1．so。考查so...that...。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得非常大以至于我们不得不想还要多久才能到达那里。“so...that...”意为“如此……以至于……”，为固定句型。故填so。
2．so。句意：Pahlsson的尖叫声是如此响亮以至于她的女儿从房子里跑了出来。此处so... that...结构引导结果状语从句。
3．because / as / since。句意：我真的喜欢听音乐，因为听音乐有助于我放松，并且让我免受一天中其他的纷扰。根据逻辑关系可知，应为原因状语从句，故用because / as / since引导。
4．as / when。句意：……随着人口的增长……。as / when引导时间状语从句。
5．as / when。意思是“当……的时候”。此处as或when引导时间状语从句。
对应学生用书p189
(一)基本概念
状语从句在句中做状语，可修饰主句中的谓语或整个主句。状语从句由从属连词引导。状语从句可放在句首或句末，放在句首时通常要用逗号与主句隔开，放在句末时一般不用逗号。状语从句根据它们的含义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件和比较等九种。 (二)状语从句连词一览表
类 别
连 词
时间
when(当……时) whenever(每当……) as(当……时) since(自从……到现在)
till(直到) until(直到) before(在……之前) after(在……以后)
as soon as(一……就) once(一旦) the moment(一……就) the first time(第一次)
the day(在……那天) no sooner...than(刚……就) hardly/barely...when/before(刚……就)
the minute(一……就) the second(一……就) every time(每次) each time(每次)
directly(一……就) immediately/instantly(一……就)
地点
where(在……地方)，wherever(任何地方，无论哪里)
条件
if(如果) unless(除非，如果不) providing / provided that(假如) as(so) long as(只要)
on condition that(条件是) suppose / supposing (that)(假如)assume / assuming that(假如)
in case(万一) only if(只要)
原因
because(因为) since(既然) as(因为) now that(既然)
seeing (that)(既然) considering (that)(考虑到) in that(原因是)
让步
though(尽管，虽然) although(尽管，虽然) even if / though(即使) as(尽管)
while(虽然，尽管) whatever(无论什么) wherever(无论哪里) whoever(无论谁)
however(无论怎样) no matter＋wh词．..(不论) whether...or(不管……还是)
比较
as...as(像……一样)，than(比……)
方式
as(像……，犹如……)，as if / though(好像，仿佛)，the way(……的方式)
目的
so that(为了，以便)，in order that(为了)，for fear that(以防，唯恐)
结果
so that(因此)，so...that(如此……以至于)，such...that (如此……以至于)
(三)常见从属连词在各种状语从句中的用法
1．时间状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
while
Don't talk so loud while your mother is having a rest.
While Jim was reading, Jack was writing.
“在……期间”表示延续性动作或状态，可译为“一边……一边……”
Jane was dressed in white while Mary in black.
特殊用法，“而” 表对比(这种用法常被看作并列连词)
While I admit his good points I can see his bad.
特殊用法，“尽管”(此用法也被视为表让步)
when
It was raining when we arrived.
“当……时”表示时间的一点
He entered the room when the meeting was going on.
“在……期间”表延续性动作或状态
We were about to set off on our way when it suddenly began to rain.
“在这时，在那时”常与be about to do / be on the point of doing连用(此用法亦可视作并列连词)
as
As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.
As she was reading the letter, she was shedding tears.
“一边……一边”表示主句和从句的动作同时发生，可译为“随着”
As he finished the speech，the audience burst into applause.
“当……时”表示时间点
whenever
Come whenever you like.
“无论何时”表示任何不具体时间
before
It will be half a year before I come back.
“要过……才……”
after
He arrived after the game started.
“在……之后”
since
He has lived in the city since I came here.
“自从……到现在”
until / till
She didn't enter the room until I came back.
She stood there until/till I left.
“直到”，肯定句只限用延续性动词；短暂性动词只用于“not...until...(直到……才……)”句型。till一般不置于句首
2.原因状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
because
Because he didn't obey the rules, he was punished.
表直接原因或理由，回答why提问必须用because
for
It must be morning now，for the birds are singing.
表示从前句内容推断出的理由，不用于句首。(此用法也被认为是并列句)
I didn't go to see him, for a heavy snow was falling.
表示原因，此处相当于because
since
Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion.
“既然”，表已知的显然的理由
as
As it is raining, we shall not go to the zoo.
“因为”，表示对主句的附带说明
now (that)
Now that you are old enough, be independent.
“既然”，相当于since
3.地点状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
where
Corn grows best where the ground is rich.
Where there is water，there is life.
“在……的地方”“哪里”
wherever
He will work wherever the people need him.
Wherever he may go, he will be happy.
“无论哪里”“不管什么地方”
4.条件状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
if
If you do that I shall be very pleased.
“如果”
unless
I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.
“除非，如果不”相当于if not
in case
I shall take an umbrella with me in case it rains.
“以防；万一”
as(so) long as
You may use the room as you like, as long as you clean it up afterwards.
“只要”
on condition that
I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back in one month.
“在……的条件下”“只要”
5.方式状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
as
You ought to write as he does.
They watch her closely as a cat watches a rat.
“像……一样”
as if(though)
I remember the whole thing, as if it happened yesterday.
He treats me as if I were a stranger.
“好像，仿佛”从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气
6.比较状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
as...as...
He is as tall as I．
“和/像……一样”前一个as是副词，修饰形容词和副词。第二个as是连词，连接状语从句
not so(as) ...as...
He does not smoke so/as heavily as his brother.
“不如……”，用于否定句
than
He is taller than I.
Her pronunciation is better than mine.
I like visiting friends better than watching TV at home.
It is cheaper to go by car than by train.
比较从句通常是一种省略形式。省略与主句相同的部分，以突出相比较的部分；使句子更简练。常体现在同类的主语与主语比，同类的宾语与宾语比，同类的状语与状语比
as...as... / than
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.
I can walk faster than you can run.
She sees me more often than she sees her brother.
如果主句与从句类比部分不尽相同，或者要避免产生歧义，则从句的成分必须齐全，不宜省略
7.目的状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
so that
Let's take the front seat so that we may see the match clearly.
“以便”，so有时省略
in order that
He got up early in order that she might catch the train.
“以便，为了”，较正式，可置于主句前面
8.结果状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
so that
He studied hard so (that) he got good marks.
“所以”“因此”
so...that
It was so cold that few people could be seen outside.
He is so good a student that we all like him.
“如此……以至于”，so修饰adj./adv.，或so＋adj.＋a/an＋单数名词
such...that
It was such fine weather that we all went to the park.
He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
“如此……以至于”，such修饰名词
9.让步状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
though /
as
He is unhappy though he is rich.
“尽管”“虽然”，不与but连用
Student though / as he is, he knows a lot.
Clever boy though / as he is, he doesn't know this.
Try though / as he might, he couldn't achieve his aim.
“尽管”，此处though可用as代替，由表语/状语/动词原形＋though，表语是单数可数名词时要用零冠词
although
Although it was raining hard，yet they went on playing.
“尽管”“虽然”
no matter.../
whever
No matter how / However long it takes，we'll have to work hard.
Whatever happens, we shall never lose our hope.
Wherever you go, I will follow you.
“无论……”“不管……”，no matter＋wh词通常可与whever互换，引导让步状语从句
whether
Whether you are young or old, you have the chance.
“不管……还是……”
(四)使用状语从句需注意的几个问题
1．状语从句的时态
例 句
注 释
I will wait till he comes.
I will go where I am most needed by our motherland.
If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home.
He won't finish his work in time though he works hard.
He said whenever I was in trouble I could turn to him.
You won't understand the story completely until you have finished reading it.
He will pay a visit to you as soon as he gets here.
(1)主句的谓语动词是将来时态，而状语从句却用一般时态。在含有时间、地点、条件、让步等状语从句的句子中，通常都是这样。
(2)其具体规则是：用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用一般过去时代替过去将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
2.状语从句的省略
省略的目的是使句子简练。省略的原则是：①省略与主句相同的部分，②省略从句中的it is(was)等。
例 句
省去的部分
省后形成的状语结构
He speaks English as well as an Englishman.
句子末尾的speaks (does)
He speaks English as well as French.
第二个“as”后的he speaks (does)
conj.＋n.
I'll do work when possible.
when后的it is
He hurried to leave the room as if angry.
as if后的he was
conj.＋adj.
He is seldom, if ever, absent from school.
if后的he is
conj.＋adv.
When in doubt, ask the chairman himself.
when后的you are
conj.＋prepphr.
While crossing the road, you should watch out.
while后的you are
conj.＋ving
Film has a much shorter history, especially when compared to such art forms as music and painting.
when后的film is
Although frightened, he managed to run away.
although后的he was
conj.＋ved
3.状语从句与其他从句的区别
关联词
状语从句
其他从句
whoever
Whoever you are, you must obey the regulations.
注：whoever＝no matter who，“无论谁”，“不管谁”，从属连词引导让步从句“不管你是谁”，修饰后面的主句。
Whoever arrives first will win the gold medal.
注：whoever＝anyone who...，“凡是……人”，“无论哪个”，连接副词引导主语从句，“凡是首达者”，“无论谁第一个到”，是“will win”动作的发出者。
when
I was the happiest when my parents were together with me.
注：when “当……的时候”，从属连词引导状语从句表时间，修饰前面的主句。
I was the happiest during the time when my parents were together with me.
注：when相当于at which (at that time)，关系副词引导定语从句，对先行词the time起限制作用。
where
The graduates should go where they are needed most.
注：where，从属连词，引导地点状语从句，“最需要他们的地方”，表示主句的谓语动词“go”的地点。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
注：where从属连词“在……的地方”。“哪里”，引导地点从句，修饰主句，可置于主句之前，或之后，或其中。
The graduates should go to the place where they are needed most.
注：where，关系副词，相当于in which，引导定语从句修饰先行词the place。
That is where the scientist once lived.
注：连接副词where引导表语从句，常位于连系动词之后。
I don't know where he is.
注：宾语从句，受动词know的支配。
They settled the problem where the teachers lived.
注：同位语从句，与名词the problem “平起平坐”，补充说明problem的内容。(定语从句前面的名词表地点)
so...that...
so...as...
The question is so difficult that no one can answer it.
注：从属连词that引导结果状语从句。“so...that...”相当于汉语“如此……以至于……”。从句中的各种成分齐全。that本身不担任成分，只起引导作用。前面的“so”是副词。
It is so difficult a question as no one can answer.
注：as是关系代词，其作用是：引导定语从句；代替先行词a question；在从句中做 “answer”的宾语。
such...that...
He is such a good speaker that we all believe him.
注：与上句一样，that是从属连词引导结果状语从句。前面的“such”是形容词。
He is such a good speaker as we all believe.
注：关系代词as引导定语从句修饰先行词such a good speaker。
其他
It was midnight when he arrived in Shanghai.
注：when从属连词引导状语从句表时间，句首的 “It” 指时间。
It was at midnight that he arrived in Shanghai.
注：“It was...that...”属强调结构。“it”在此处没有具体意义，只做引导词被用来改变或形成一个句子结构。that亦不做成分，只起引导作用。
对应学生用书p189
在空白处填入1个适当的单词。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining ____________ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.
2．(2017·浙江卷)Pahlsson screamed ____________ loudly that her daughter came running from the house.
3．(2016·北京卷)I really enjoy listening to music____________it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Over time, ____________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
5．(2016·浙江卷)I made my way backstage just ____________ the great magician was putting on his top hat.
[答案与解析]
1．so。考查so...that...。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得非常大以至于我们不得不想还要多久才能到达那里。“so...that...”意为“如此……以至于……”，为固定句型。故填so。
2．so。句意：Pahlsson的尖叫声是如此响亮以至于她的女儿从房子里跑了出来。此处so... that...结构引导结果状语从句。
3．because / as / since。句意：我真的喜欢听音乐，因为听音乐有助于我放松，并且让我免受一天中其他的纷扰。根据逻辑关系可知，应为原因状语从句，故用because / as / since引导。
4．as / when。句意：……随着人口的增长……。as / when引导时间状语从句。
5．as / when。意思是“当……的时候”。此处as或when引导时间状语从句。
对应学生用书p189
(一)基本概念
状语从句在句中做状语，可修饰主句中的谓语或整个主句。状语从句由从属连词引导。状语从句可放在句首或句末，放在句首时通常要用逗号与主句隔开，放在句末时一般不用逗号。状语从句根据它们的含义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件和比较等九种。 (二)状语从句连词一览表
类 别
连 词
时间
when(当……时) whenever(每当……) as(当……时) since(自从……到现在)
till(直到) until(直到) before(在……之前) after(在……以后)
as soon as(一……就) once(一旦) the moment(一……就) the first time(第一次)
the day(在……那天) no sooner...than(刚……就) hardly/barely...when/before(刚……就)
the minute(一……就) the second(一……就) every time(每次) each time(每次)
directly(一……就) immediately/instantly(一……就)
地点
where(在……地方)，wherever(任何地方，无论哪里)
条件
if(如果) unless(除非，如果不) providing / provided that(假如) as(so) long as(只要)
on condition that(条件是) suppose / supposing (that)(假如)assume / assuming that(假如)
in case(万一) only if(只要)
原因
because(因为) since(既然) as(因为) now that(既然)
seeing (that)(既然) considering (that)(考虑到) in that(原因是)
让步
though(尽管，虽然) although(尽管，虽然) even if / though(即使) as(尽管)
while(虽然，尽管) whatever(无论什么) wherever(无论哪里) whoever(无论谁)
however(无论怎样) no matter＋wh词．..(不论) whether...or(不管……还是)
比较
as...as(像……一样)，than(比……)
方式
as(像……，犹如……)，as if / though(好像，仿佛)，the way(……的方式)
目的
so that(为了，以便)，in order that(为了)，for fear that(以防，唯恐)
结果
so that(因此)，so...that(如此……以至于)，such...that (如此……以至于)
(三)常见从属连词在各种状语从句中的用法
1．时间状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
while
Don't talk so loud while your mother is having a rest.
While Jim was reading, Jack was writing.
“在……期间”表示延续性动作或状态，可译为“一边……一边……”
Jane was dressed in white while Mary in black.
特殊用法，“而” 表对比(这种用法常被看作并列连词)
While I admit his good points I can see his bad.
特殊用法，“尽管”(此用法也被视为表让步)
when
It was raining when we arrived.
“当……时”表示时间的一点
He entered the room when the meeting was going on.
“在……期间”表延续性动作或状态
We were about to set off on our way when it suddenly began to rain.
“在这时，在那时”常与be about to do / be on the point of doing连用(此用法亦可视作并列连词)
as
As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.
As she was reading the letter, she was shedding tears.
“一边……一边”表示主句和从句的动作同时发生，可译为“随着”
As he finished the speech，the audience burst into applause.
“当……时”表示时间点
whenever
Come whenever you like.
“无论何时”表示任何不具体时间
before
It will be half a year before I come back.
“要过……才……”
after
He arrived after the game started.
“在……之后”
since
He has lived in the city since I came here.
“自从……到现在”
until / till
She didn't enter the room until I came back.
She stood there until/till I left.
“直到”，肯定句只限用延续性动词；短暂性动词只用于“not...until...(直到……才……)”句型。till一般不置于句首
2.原因状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
because
Because he didn't obey the rules, he was punished.
表直接原因或理由，回答why提问必须用because
for
It must be morning now，for the birds are singing.
表示从前句内容推断出的理由，不用于句首。(此用法也被认为是并列句)
I didn't go to see him, for a heavy snow was falling.
表示原因，此处相当于because
since
Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion.
“既然”，表已知的显然的理由
as
As it is raining, we shall not go to the zoo.
“因为”，表示对主句的附带说明
now (that)
Now that you are old enough, be independent.
“既然”，相当于since
3.地点状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
where
Corn grows best where the ground is rich.
Where there is water，there is life.
“在……的地方”“哪里”
wherever
He will work wherever the people need him.
Wherever he may go, he will be happy.
“无论哪里”“不管什么地方”
4.条件状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
if
If you do that I shall be very pleased.
“如果”
unless
I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.
“除非，如果不”相当于if not
in case
I shall take an umbrella with me in case it rains.
“以防；万一”
as(so) long as
You may use the room as you like, as long as you clean it up afterwards.
“只要”
on condition that
I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back in one month.
“在……的条件下”“只要”
5.方式状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
as
You ought to write as he does.
They watch her closely as a cat watches a rat.
“像……一样”
as if(though)
I remember the whole thing, as if it happened yesterday.
He treats me as if I were a stranger.
“好像，仿佛”从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气
6.比较状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
as...as...
He is as tall as I．
“和/像……一样”前一个as是副词，修饰形容词和副词。第二个as是连词，连接状语从句
not so(as) ...as...
He does not smoke so/as heavily as his brother.
“不如……”，用于否定句
than
He is taller than I.
Her pronunciation is better than mine.
I like visiting friends better than watching TV at home.
It is cheaper to go by car than by train.
比较从句通常是一种省略形式。省略与主句相同的部分，以突出相比较的部分；使句子更简练。常体现在同类的主语与主语比，同类的宾语与宾语比，同类的状语与状语比
as...as... / than
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.
I can walk faster than you can run.
She sees me more often than she sees her brother.
如果主句与从句类比部分不尽相同，或者要避免产生歧义，则从句的成分必须齐全，不宜省略
7.目的状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
so that
Let's take the front seat so that we may see the match clearly.
“以便”，so有时省略
in order that
He got up early in order that she might catch the train.
“以便，为了”，较正式，可置于主句前面
8.结果状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
so that
He studied hard so (that) he got good marks.
“所以”“因此”
so...that
It was so cold that few people could be seen outside.
He is so good a student that we all like him.
“如此……以至于”，so修饰adj./adv.，或so＋adj.＋a/an＋单数名词
such...that
It was such fine weather that we all went to the park.
He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
“如此……以至于”，such修饰名词
9.让步状语从句
连 词
例 句
解 说
though /
as
He is unhappy though he is rich.
“尽管”“虽然”，不与but连用
Student though / as he is, he knows a lot.
Clever boy though / as he is, he doesn't know this.
Try though / as he might, he couldn't achieve his aim.
“尽管”，此处though可用as代替，由表语/状语/动词原形＋though，表语是单数可数名词时要用零冠词
although
Although it was raining hard，yet they went on playing.
“尽管”“虽然”
no matter.../
whever
No matter how / However long it takes，we'll have to work hard.
Whatever happens, we shall never lose our hope.
Wherever you go, I will follow you.
“无论……”“不管……”，no matter＋wh词通常可与whever互换，引导让步状语从句
whether
Whether you are young or old, you have the chance.
“不管……还是……”
(四)使用状语从句需注意的几个问题
1．状语从句的时态
例 句
注 释
I will wait till he comes.
I will go where I am most needed by our motherland.
If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home.
He won't finish his work in time though he works hard.
He said whenever I was in trouble I could turn to him.
You won't understand the story completely until you have finished reading it.
He will pay a visit to you as soon as he gets here.
(1)主句的谓语动词是将来时态，而状语从句却用一般时态。在含有时间、地点、条件、让步等状语从句的句子中，通常都是这样。
(2)其具体规则是：用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用一般过去时代替过去将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
2.状语从句的省略
省略的目的是使句子简练。省略的原则是：①省略与主句相同的部分，②省略从句中的it is(was)等。
例 句
省去的部分
省后形成的状语结构
He speaks English as well as an Englishman.
句子末尾的speaks (does)
He speaks English as well as French.
第二个“as”后的he speaks (does)
conj.＋n.
I'll do work when possible.
when后的it is
He hurried to leave the room as if angry.
as if后的he was
conj.＋adj.
He is seldom, if ever, absent from school.
if后的he is
conj.＋adv.
When in doubt, ask the chairman himself.
when后的you are
conj.＋prepphr.
While crossing the road, you should watch out.
while后的you are
conj.＋ving
Film has a much shorter history, especially when compared to such art forms as music and painting.
when后的film is
Although frightened, he managed to run away.
although后的he was
conj.＋ved
3.状语从句与其他从句的区别
关联词
状语从句
其他从句
whoever
Whoever you are, you must obey the regulations.
注：whoever＝no matter who，“无论谁”，“不管谁”，从属连词引导让步从句“不管你是谁”，修饰后面的主句。
Whoever arrives first will win the gold medal.
注：whoever＝anyone who...，“凡是……人”，“无论哪个”，连接副词引导主语从句，“凡是首达者”，“无论谁第一个到”，是“will win”动作的发出者。
when
I was the happiest when my parents were together with me.
注：when “当……的时候”，从属连词引导状语从句表时间，修饰前面的主句。
I was the happiest during the time when my parents were together with me.
注：when相当于at which (at that time)，关系副词引导定语从句，对先行词the time起限制作用。
where
The graduates should go where they are needed most.
注：where，从属连词，引导地点状语从句，“最需要他们的地方”，表示主句的谓语动词“go”的地点。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
注：where从属连词“在……的地方”。“哪里”，引导地点从句，修饰主句，可置于主句之前，或之后，或其中。
The graduates should go to the place where they are needed most.
注：where，关系副词，相当于in which，引导定语从句修饰先行词the place。
That is where the scientist once lived.
注：连接副词where引导表语从句，常位于连系动词之后。
I don't know where he is.
注：宾语从句，受动词know的支配。
They settled the problem where the teachers lived.
注：同位语从句，与名词the problem “平起平坐”，补充说明problem的内容。(定语从句前面的名词表地点)
so...that...
so...as...
The question is so difficult that no one can answer it.
注：从属连词that引导结果状语从句。“so...that...”相当于汉语“如此……以至于……”。从句中的各种成分齐全。that本身不担任成分，只起引导作用。前面的“so”是副词。
It is so difficult a question as no one can answer.
注：as是关系代词，其作用是：引导定语从句；代替先行词a question；在从句中做 “answer”的宾语。
such...that...
He is such a good speaker that we all believe him.
注：与上句一样，that是从属连词引导结果状语从句。前面的“such”是形容词。
He is such a good speaker as we all believe.
注：关系代词as引导定语从句修饰先行词such a good speaker。
其他
It was midnight when he arrived in Shanghai.
注：when从属连词引导状语从句表时间，句首的 “It” 指时间。
It was at midnight that he arrived in Shanghai.
注：“It was...that...”属强调结构。“it”在此处没有具体意义，只做引导词被用来改变或形成一个句子结构。that亦不做成分，只起引导作用。
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