2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义：语法九、非谓语动词

九、非谓语动词

对应学生用书p179
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid­1980s, and are expensive ____________(perform) consistently over a large area.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by ____________(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)A 90­year­old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for ____________(be) Britain’s oldest full­time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans ____________(retire) from her 36­year­old business.
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call ____________(say) she was short­listed, we thought it was a joke.
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week­long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, ____________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don’t have to run fast or for long ____________(see) the benefit.
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ____________(die) early by running.
9．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ____________(improve) water quality.
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)China's approach to protecting its environment while ____________ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.

11．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ____________(challenge)．
[答案与解析]
1．to perform。考查非谓语动词。句意：追踪北极熊数量的现代方法只是从二十世纪八十年代中期以来才开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的。主系表结构之后常用不定式做原因或目的状语。故此处填to perform。
2．noting。考查非谓语动词。根据其前的介词by可知，此处用动名词做宾语，故填noting。
3．being。考查非谓语动词。根据其前的介词for可知，此处用动名词形式做宾语，故填being。
4．to retire。考查不定式做定语。此处用to do sth.做后置定语，用来修饰前面的名词plan，表示“……的计划”，故填to retire。
5．saying。考查非谓语动词。前面已经有谓语动词call，故此处用非谓语动词形式，根据say与其逻辑主语call是主动关系，故填saying。
6．listening。考查非谓语动词。本句谓语动词为“were invited”，所以空格处动词listen应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐家(弹奏)这个动作是由we发出的，所以用现在分词形式。也可由and连接前后两个并列的结构这一规律解题，and后meeting interesting locals为分词形式，故空格处填listening。
7．to see。考查不定式。本句有谓语，因此此处应用非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处应用不定式to see做目的状语。
8．dying。考查动名词。短语reduce one’s risk of…“降低某人……的风险”，此处介词of后应用动名词做宾语。
9．to improve。考查不定式。不定式to improve water quality做目的状语。
10．feeding。考查现在分词。while feeding its citizens是时间状语从句while it is feeding its citizens的省略结构。
11．challenged。考查过去分词。此处表示“我迅速低下头避免与他直视，以便他不会感到受到挑战，”主语he和challenge构成被动关系。


对应学生用书p180　　(一)非谓语动词概述
在英语中，不能做句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫作非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式(the Infinitive)、动名词(the Gerund)、现在分词(the Present Participle)、过去分词(the Past Participle)。
(二)非谓语动词用法区别
1．非谓语动词的主要形式与句子功能一览表
功能形式
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾补
相当词类








不定式(to＋v.)
√
√
√
√
√
√
n./adj./adv.
动名词(v­ing)
√
√
√
√


n.
现在分词(v­ing)


√
√
√
√
adj./adv.
过去分词(v­ed)


√
√
√
√
adj./adv.
2.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别
形式
区　别
例　句
不定式
多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语时起n.作用，表示主语的内容，回答主语是什么。
My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.


It is necessary to study English.


动名词
更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时可以用it做形式主语。做表语时与不定式一样，表示主语的内容，回答主语是什么。
It is no use saying that again and again.
Her job is teaching.


分词
分词没有名词的功能，不能做主语和宾语。

分词只具备adj./adv.的功能，做表语时表示主语的特性或状态，回答主语怎么样。
The situation is encouraging.

The book is well written.


This story is very interesting.


He is interested in the film.


3.非谓语动词做宾语(限不定式与动名词，分词无此功能)
情　况
常 用 动 词
只接不定式做宾语的动词
hope，want，offer，long，fail，expect，wish，ask，decide，pretend，manage，agree，afford，determine，promise，happen, etc.
只接动名词做宾语

常见动词
mind，miss，enjoy，imagine，practise，advise，suggest，finish，escape，excuse，appreciate，admit，keep，avoid，risk，resist，consider，etc.
少数adj.及短语动词
be busy, be worth, can't help, feel like, give up, etc.
以介词结尾的大多数短语动词 (要注意区分短语动词带的to是介词还是不定式符号)
be used to/ be accustomed to, devote oneself to/ be devoted to, get down to，look forward to, pay attention to, object to, stick to, etc.
接不定式与动名词两者都可以

意义基本相同

begin，start，like，love，hate，prefer，continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)

need，want，require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，相当于接不定式的被动形式)

意义相反
stop to do 停止手中的事，去做另一件事(实际上to do起状语作用)
stop doing 停止正在做的事

意义不同
remember / forget / regret to do(“to do”的动作尚未发生)　　　 　　go on to do(接着做另外一件事)
remember / forget / regret doing(“doing”的动作已经发生) go on doing(接着做同一件事)

try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力) mean to do(打算做，企图做)

try doing(试试去做，看有何结果) mean doing (意思是，意味着)

can't help to do(不能帮忙做) can't help doing(忍不住做)

　　4.非谓语动词做定语
形式
区　别
举　例
不定式
通常置于修饰的名词或代词之后，大多表示一个未来的动作。
I have a lot of work to do.
It's time to go.


He was the first to come.


动名词
通常指被修饰词的用途。通常置于被其修饰的名词之前。
Shall we go to the swimming pool？
现在分词
与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作正在进行。
the boiling water
the developing country


the falling leaves


过去分词
与被修饰词之间是被动关系，也表示该动作已经完成。
the boiled water
the developed country


the fallen leaves




5．非谓语动词做状语(动名词无此功能)
She reads China Daily every day to improve her English.为了提高英语她每天读《中国日报》。
(不定式可做目的状语，它表示在谓语之后的动作)
They entered the cinema，talking and laughing.他们说说笑笑进了电影院。
(现在分词做伴随状语)
Having finished my homework，I went to bed.做完家庭作业，我就上床睡觉了。
(现在分词的完成式表示动作发生在谓语之前)
Praised by the teacher，he felt very happy.受到老师表扬，他很高兴。
(过去分词做状语表被动或完成的动作)
6．非谓语动词做宾语补足语(动名词无此功能)
形式
带宾补的常见动词(短语)
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
例句
不定式



ask，beg，expect，get，order，tell，want，wish，encourage



have，notice，see，watch，hear，feel，let，make，observe，look at，listen to
主谓关系，强调动作即将发生或动作的全过程。
I asked him to call me.

I heard him call me several times.



注意：第二类动词后的不定式做宾补省to。







现在分词



过去分词
notice，see，watch，hear，find，keep，have，feel


主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成



动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态



I found her listening to the radio.



We found the village greatly changed.



(三)不定式
1．动词不定式(以及物动词do为例)的各种形式及作用(加括号的项目，了解即可)
形式
主动
被动
作用
例句
一般式
to do
to be done
表示在谓语动作之后或同时发生的动作
Mother told me to close the door.
The problem remains to be unsolved.




完成式
to have done
(to have


been done)
表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作
He is glad to have seen his father in his school.


We are very lucky not to have been caught in the rain.




进行式
to be doing
(to be being done)
表示正在进行的动作，与谓语动作同时发生
The students seem to be talking about the new film.
The old temple seems to be being rebuilt.




不定式




的否定




形式
not to do...



never to do...


I regret not to have waited for her.

The doctor advised him never to eat too much.




不定式




的复合




结构
(1)for sb. to do...



(2)of sb. to do...




(3)wh­词＋to do(why 除外)




(4)why＋do 是省略句

(1)for sb. to do 在句子中可做主、表、宾、定、状语


(2)of sb. to do 结构常接在kind, good, clever, foolish 等adj.之后




(3)wh­＋to do 起n.作用。在句子中做主、表、宾语
It is necessary for us to learn a foreign language.



It is very kind of you to help me.




We don't know what to do next.




Where to go has not been decided.




Why talk so much about it？




Why not try again？




2.动词不定式在句子中充当的成分及用法
句子成分
用法
例句
主语
一般强调某特定的具体的或将来的行为；

常可用it充当形式主语；


不定式做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
To read English novels is a good way to learn English.

It is very important to learn how to use the computer.


宾语
在一些及物动词，如demand，hope，decide，expect等后充当宾语；

常可用it充当形式宾语，在it与不定式之间夹个宾补，这时谓语动词常用think，believe，guess，suppose，feel，find等。
The workers demanded to get better pay.

I hope to be admitted to a famous university.


I found it necessary to talk with him again.


表语
起名词作用，表主语的内容，回答主语“是什么”。
His job today is to clean the floor and sweep the yard.
定语
与被修饰的名词之间常为逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系，或是动状关系等；

若被修饰的名词是不定式动作的工具，或是逻辑宾语，则要注意给不定式加相应的介词。
He is always the first / last to come.

I have a lot of work to do.(I do the work.)


I have a lot of work to be done.(Someone else will do the work.)


We now have little time to play outside.


You'd better find a house to live in.


I have no pen to write with.


状语
不定式在句中可充当目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
To get there in time，he got up early.
I'm sorry to hear the bad news.


He is too young to go to school.


We are only too happy to see you.


宾语补足语
常置于及物动词(ask，tell，advise，expect，etc.)、感官动词(see，hear，find，etc.)、使役动词(make，have，get，etc.)及介词(with/ without, etc.)后。

注意有时to的省略及在被动句中变为主补时to的还原。
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.

I didn't notice them come in.


She was seen to post the letter yesterday afternoon.


He couldn't go out with much work to do.


(四)v­ing分词和v­ed分词
(A)v­ing 分词
1．v­ing分词(即动名词和现在分词)的各种形式及意义

主动
否定式
被动式
否定式
一般式
doing
not doing
being done
not being done
完成式
having done
not having done
having been done
not having been done
提示
一般式表示该动作与谓语动作同时进行；完成式表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。
一要注意not被“v­ing”紧跟；二要避免用“don't”。
表示其逻辑主语接受这一动作。

　　2.现在分词的作用(动名词的作用参见“非谓语动词用法区别”第1、2、3、4条)
句子成分
用法
例句
表语
表示主语的特性，常与连系动词be，get, become, look, feel, seem, grow, keep，remain等连用。
The film is more exciting than any that I've seen.
The work was tiring.


The situation is inspiring.


宾补
在句子中构成“谓语动词＋O＋v­ing”结构。常用在watch, see, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have, leave等动词＋宾语之后。
He kept me waiting for a long time.
I saw a girl running to me.


I heard someone calling me.


定语
若单个的v­ing做定语，置于被修饰的名词之前；若v­ing短语做定语，则置于被修饰的名词之后。这个定语往往相当于一个谓语动词是进行时态(有时是一般时态)的定语从句。
There is a waiting taxi (＝a taxi which is waiting)around the corner.
→There is a taxi waiting for us (＝a taxi which is waiting for us)around the corner.


The old lady living next to my house was an English teacher.


→The old lady who lives next to my house was an English teacher.


状语
一般用于表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况的状语。
Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.
Being ill, I stayed at home.


Seeing that it was raining, Tom put on his raincoat.


The car ran at an amazing speed, knocking into the wall.


Turning to the left, you'll find the post office.


Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.


He sat in the chair, reading China Daily.


　　(B)v­ed 分词
1．过去分词概述
规则动词的过去分词是由动词原形＋ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。在功能上，过去分词具有形容词或副词的特点。
过去分词的语法作用：过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，及物动词的过去分词表动作已完成，又表被动；不及物动词的过去分词表动作已完成。另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以做表语、定语、状语和补足语。
具体解说如下表：
表一
动作意义动词类别
例词
完成
被动
及物动词
raised(raise)
已经提高
被提高
不及物动词
risen(rise)
已经升起

　　表二
成分
例句
位置
语法功能
表语
(1)The glass is broken.


(2)He is quite pleased.
在连系动词之后
(1)表主语的状态

(2)表主语的心理感觉



定语
(1)Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.


(2)The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
•单个的过去分词做定语一般前置


•过去分词短语做定语通常后置
相当于一个谓语动词是被动语态的定语从句


状语
(1)Seen from the top of the hill，the city looked like a big garden.


(2)Deeply moved by the story，the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.



(3)Given another chance，he will do better.



(4)Laughed at by many people，he continued his study.



(5)The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.
状语的位置较为灵活，可视表达需要而定。
(1)时间状语

(2)原因状语



(3)条件状语



(4)让步状语



(5)方式状语



补语
(1)You should speak louder to make yourself heard.


(2)One of the glasses was found broken.

(1)宾补

(2)主补



　　2.在“have / get somebody / something done”结构中过去分词做补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：
(1)主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday.他昨天理发了。
Later on, the center had a great many new trees planted.
后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。
(2)主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明主语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.
他在上个月的比赛中摔断了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war.
在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。　　(五)v­ing/v­ed分词的复合结构
名称
形式
作用
例句
动名词的复合结构
n.＋v­ing


n.'s＋v­ing



pron.＋v­ing
通常做句子的主语、宾语。


注意：



(1)结构中的名词(n.)可用普通格或所有格；代词用人称代词(pron.)的宾格或形容词性物主代词。但是，若该结构做主语置于句首时，只能用名词所有格或物主代词。



(2)这种结构的否定式仍是在v­ing前加not。
It's no use your trying to cheat me.


Tom's having seen them did not surprise us.



Your going there will help a lot.



Do you mind me/my opening the door？



Excuse me/my interrupting you.



I have often heard of him/his working hard.



Mary's not passing the exam made her father very angry.



现在分词的独立主格结构
n.＋v­ing


pron.＋v­ing



there＋v­ing
通常在句子中做状语，表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。在这种结构中，v­ing前的代词一般用主格。
The rain being over，we continued to march.

The river having risen in the night，the crossing was impossible.



Weather permitting，we'll have the match tomorrow.



He guiding her，they walked through the woods.



There being no bus, he had to walk home.



过去分词的独立主格结构
n.＋v­ed


pron.＋v­ed
常用作状语，可置于句首、句中或句末。
The flowers watered，the old gardener had a rest.

The boy left the playground，his right foot wounded.



This done，we went home.



分



词



的



with



结



构
with＋O＋v­ing


with＋O＋v­ed
这种结构的作用与以上独立主格结构差不多。with没有实际意义，只是比较口语化，其后的代词只能用宾格。
With Mr. Smith taking the lead，they decided to set up a trading company.

I told him not to be afraid with me standing by.



They are sleeping with the radio turned off.