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2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义：语法六、情态动词与虚拟语气
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六、情态动词与虚拟语气
对应学生用书p168
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1．(2017·北京卷)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ____________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
2．(2016·北京卷)Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week? If you__________(tell) me，I could have helped.
3．(2015·北京卷)If I ____________ (see) it with my own eyes，I wouldn't have believed it.
4．(2015·四川卷)You ____________be careful with the camera.It costs!
[答案与解析]
1．can。句意：Samuel是我们班最高的男孩，他能轻易地够着书架顶层的书。根据句意可知，空处表能力，故填can。
2．had told。由句子情景可知，前一句是对过去情况的表述，而后一句是对过去情况的假设，应该使用虚拟语气，故填过去完成时had told。句意：你上周怎么没有告诉我你遇到的困难？如果你告诉了我，我会给你帮助的。
3．hadn't seen。句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信。根据后半句wouldn't have believed可以判断是对过去的虚拟。所以从句是if＋主语＋ had done的形式。
4．must。句意：你一定要非常小心对待照相机，它很昂贵！根据下文的It costs可知，照相机很昂贵。
对应学生用书p168情态动词复习要点
要点
基本用法
例句
基本语法特点
情态动词就是表示说话的语气或情态的动词。常见的情态动词有 can，may，must，need，dare，shall，will，should，ought to，have to，used to，had better，would rather 等。情态动词具有以下三个特点：
(1) 后面接动词原形并与动词原形一起构成谓语。
(2) 虽有时态的变化，但却没有人称和数的变化。
(3) 将情态动词移至主语前变为疑问句，直接在情态动词后加 not，构成否定句。
He will be free in a month.
We can beat their team with his help.
You must go home right away.
Tom is not able to swim that far.
表示能力的 can / could 和 be able to
(1) can 表示具有某种能力或技能，意为“能，会”。如：
Who can answer this question？
谁能回答这个问题？
(2) can 的过去式为 could，但它通常只表示过去一般性能力，不表示过去特定场合下实现了的能力，遇此情况要用 was / were able to。
I could run faster then.
我那时能跑得更快一些。
They were able to jump into the sea before the boat was blown up.
他们在船爆炸之前跳入了海里。
表示许可的can / could / may / might / must
may 较侧重讲话人的许可，而 can 较侧重客观情况的许可；could / might 的语气比can / may 更委婉、客气；在答语中表示允许别人做某事要用 can / may，不能用 could / might。
must 表示必须做某事，其否定式 mustn't 表示“不可以”。如：
We must not speak of it again.
我们再也不要谈这事了。
—Could I use it？我可以借用它吗？
—Yes，you can / may.可以。(不用 could / might)
表示推测的
can / may /
could / might /
should / must
(1) 从所用句型来看：can 用于否定句和疑问句，may 用于肯定句和否定式。两者均可用于否定句，但是含义不同(cannot＝不可能，may not＝可能不)；could，might 和 should 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句；must 表示推测通常只用于肯定句。
(2) 从语气上看，can / may / could / might 的语气较不确定，尤其是 might，could，其意很不肯定；should 表示推测时，其语气比较肯定，它通常指非常可能的事，并暗示其推测有一定的事实依据或者合乎常理；must 表示推测的语气最肯定。
She can't be in the office now.
她现在不可能在办公室。
She may not be free tonight.
她今晚可能没空。
He may / might come tonight.
他今晚可能会来。
Might he know this？他会知道这事吗？
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They ____________ be ready by 12：00.
(根据句意：顾客明天下午要照片，此时店主显然应用语气较肯定的 should，而不宜用语气很不肯定的 might，否则顾客是不会满意的。)
shall 与 will 的用法
(1) shall 除用于第一人称单纯表示将来外，还可用于陈述句第二、三人称，表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心、允诺等。
(2) will 可以表示习惯性和倾向性，意为“惯于，老是，终归是”。
(3) Shall I / we / he / she...这种用于第一、第三人称的疑问句式表示征求对方意见等；用于第二人称表示请求或邀请等，则用“Will you...”结构。
You shall have an answer by tomorrow.
到明天你可以得到答复。
He shall have a bicycle for his birthday.
他可以得到一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
The door won't open.这门打不开。
Matches will not strike if they are damp.
火柴潮湿就擦不着。
Shall I turn on the light？
要不要把灯打开？
Will you join us for dinner？
你可否和我们一起去吃晚饭？
must 表示“偏偏”的用法
must 有时可以表示固执、偏激或碰巧，通常可译为“偏偏”。
After I gave her my advice，she must go and do the opposite.
在我给她出主意之后她偏反着干。
The car must break down just when/ as we were starting our holidays.
我们刚刚开始休假，汽车偏偏坏了。
need 和 dare 的用法要点
need和dare 用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件状语从句中，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词要用动词原形。
need和dare用作实义动词时，后接动词要用不定式，有人称和数的变化，在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中都可以使用，并且need作实义动词“需要”解时，后接动名词相当于不定式的被动式。
You needn't worry.
—Need I answer the question？
—Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. / No, you needn't.
I daren't tell her the truth.
Dare you catch the mouse？
I don't need to see the doctor.
—Do you need to go at once？
—Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
I dare to ask him this question.
She doesn't dare to meet her teacher's eyes.
The house needs repairing.
＝The house needs to be repaired.
情态动词＋动词的完成式表示对过去事实的推测
(1) must ＋ have done：用于肯定句，表示推测，意为“一定(已经)……”。
(2) can ＋ have done：用于否定句或疑问句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
(3) could ＋ have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示推测、责备或遗憾等，意为“可能(已经)……；本来可以……”。
(4) should / ought to＋have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示责备或遗憾等，意为“本来应该……但实际没有……”。
(5) need ＋ have done：用于否定句或疑问句，用于否定句时意为“本来不必”，用于疑问句时意为“有必要……吗”。
(6) may ＋ have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
(7) might ＋ have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”(此时 might 可换为 may)；另外还可以表示过去可能发生的事结果未发生，意为“本来会……”(此时 might 不能换为 may)。
He can't have left so soon.
他不可能走得这么早。
I should have thought of it.
我本应想到这一点的。
You needn't have mentioned it.
你本没必要提及此事的。
You must have mistaken my intention.
你一定是误会了我的意图。
I might have come to a wrong conclusion.
我或许得出了错误的结论。
You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch？
你本可帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁瞧着？
情态动词＋进行式
这类结构主要用于对一个正在发生的动作进行推测、责备、描述等。如：
He might be waiting for you.他可能在等你。
You should be wearing your sunglasses.
你应当戴着你的太阳镜。
He must be joking，or else he's mad.
他一定在说笑话，要不就是疯了。
may / might as well
may / might as well 可用来提出建议等，可译为“不妨”(用 might 时口气更委婉一些)。
Catherine，you may as well come too.
凯瑟琳，你不妨也来。
If that's the case，I may as well try.
如果情况如此，我不妨试一试。
对应学生用书p170 (一)概述
虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望或假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气中的说话者所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至没有实现的可能性，但有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气。
(二)虚拟语气用于条件句中
1．虚拟语气用于条件状语时，主句与从句的动词形式
虚拟条件
从句谓语形式
主句谓语形式
例句
与过去
事实相反
had＋过去分词
should / would / could / might ＋ have done
If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the rain.
If we had had time, we would have dropped by.
She would have come if she hadn't been so busy.
与现在
事实相反
一般过去时(be用were)
should / would / could / might ＋ 动词原形
If I were you, I would refuse the money.
If we left now, we would arrive in good time.
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.
与将来
事实相反
一般过去时；
should＋v.；
were to＋v.
should / would / could / might＋动词原形
If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If he would go away, I would be grieved.
If he were to do it, he would do it in a different way.
2.条件从句中使用虚拟语气的注意事项
事项
注意
例句
错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主语表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据具体的时间进行调整。
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
Amy would be alive today if the doctor had come sooner last night.
倒装句
条件句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。
Had we made adequate preparations, we might have succeeded.
Should Mr.White call, what would you say？
Were you to be fired, your health care and other benefits would not be immediately cut off.
注意：如果省略条件句的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。
Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.(√)
Weren't it for the expense, I would go abroad now.()
含蓄条件句
1)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有：with, without, but for。
2)某些副词、连词隐含虚拟条件。
What would you do with a million dollars？(＝ if you had a million dollars)
Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time.
But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
I was ill that day.Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词)
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(连词)
I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.(连词)
(三)虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用
类别
解说
例句
在主语从句中
在“It's ＋形容词(过去分词)＋that...”这类句型里，主语从句中的谓语动词形式不论人称和数，都常用should＋动词原形或者动词原形结构，常用于本句型的形容词有：necessary, important, strange, natural, essential等，另外，表示“提议、要求、命令”等动词的过去分词suggested, ordered, demanded, required, requested, proposed, advised, decided等，也可以这样用。
几个常用句型：
① It's ＋形容词＋that...
② It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /... that ...
It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.
重要的是每个成员应该知道这些规则。
It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off.
会议已经决定推迟召开。
It is important that we (should) do well in our lessons first.
我们先把功课学好很重要。
It is strange that he (should) not come.
很奇怪，他竟没有来。
在宾语从句中
(1) 用于wish后的宾语从句中，表示说话人认为不可能实现的愿望。
① 表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去时或过去进行时(be动词一般用were)。
② 表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had＋过去分词”。
③ 表示对将来的主观愿望：从句谓语动词形式为“should / might / would / could＋动词原形”。
(2)在suggest, demand, order, propose, insist, command, request, desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should ＋ 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。should可以省略。
(3)would rather 后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。在这种结构中，从句中的谓语动词通常使用过去时表示对现在和将来的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。
常见动词的巧记口诀：“一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求”。即：
①insist ②order, command ③advise, suggest, propose ④demand, require, request, desire
注意：当insist的意思为“坚决认为，坚持说”；suggest的意思为“表明，暗含，暗示”等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。
I wish I remembered her telephone number.
我希望记得她的电话号码。(实际上不记得)
I wish I had gone to see him in the hospital.
我后悔应该去医院看望他的。(实际上没有去看)
I wish it would stop raining.
但愿雨能停止。
I wish I could fly to the moon one day.
我希望有一天能够飞往月球。
I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.
我要求他立刻答复我。
We suggested that Tom (should) have a rest.
我们建议Tom 去休息一下。
The king ordered that the prisoners (should) be killed the next day.
国王下令囚犯明天要处以死刑。
They requested that we (should) send them to work there.
他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。
The teacher advised that we (should) make good use of every minute here.
老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。
Tom insisted that he hadn't stolen the watch.
汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。
His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam.
他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。
I would rather you didn't make any comment on the issue.
我宁愿目前你不对此事发表任何评论。
I would rather I had seen the film.
我宁愿我已看过了那场电影。
在方式状语从句中
as if / as though 引导的从句所表示的内容往往不是事实，常用虚拟语气，其形式与wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词相同。
It seems as if it were (was) spring already.
现在仿佛已经是春天了。
He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他装作若无其事的样子。
He spoke to me as if I were (was) a deaf.
他对我讲话时就像我是聋子似的。
类别
解说
例句
在表语从句和同位语从句中
在表示“意愿、要求、命令、建议”等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”形式，这类名词有：idea, proposal, suggestion, order, plan, decision, advice, desire, requirement等。
My suggestion is that the old houses (should) be pulled down and rebuilt.
我的建议是那些旧房子应该拆掉重建。
Our plan is that we (should) have a sports meeting next week.
我们的计划是下周召开运动会。
在定语从句中
句型It is (high) time (that)．.. 所接的从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为过去式或should＋动词原形。意思是“是某人该做……的时候了”。
It is time that we went to bed.
是睡觉的时候了。
It is high time that we should put an end to this argument.
我们该结束这场争论了。
表示惊叹
if only 引导的感叹句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时态表示对现在事实的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去事实的虚拟。意为“但愿，要是……多好！”
If only I could see him now.
要是我现在就能见到他就好了。
If only I knew the answer.
要是我知道答案就好了。
If only I hadn't lost it.
要是我没把它弄丢了该多好啊。
表示祝愿
用“may ＋ 动词原形”表示“祝愿”“但愿”，此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
May you be happy！祝你快乐！
May good luck be yours！祝你顺利！
(四)“虚拟语气”在高考试卷中的考点体现
高考对虚拟语气考查直接表现在特定语言环境中的用法，名词性从句中的虚拟语气及其在阅读文章中的理解。
对应学生用书p168
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1．(2017·北京卷)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ____________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
2．(2016·北京卷)Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week? If you__________(tell) me，I could have helped.
3．(2015·北京卷)If I ____________ (see) it with my own eyes，I wouldn't have believed it.
4．(2015·四川卷)You ____________be careful with the camera.It costs!
[答案与解析]
1．can。句意：Samuel是我们班最高的男孩，他能轻易地够着书架顶层的书。根据句意可知，空处表能力，故填can。
2．had told。由句子情景可知，前一句是对过去情况的表述，而后一句是对过去情况的假设，应该使用虚拟语气，故填过去完成时had told。句意：你上周怎么没有告诉我你遇到的困难？如果你告诉了我，我会给你帮助的。
3．hadn't seen。句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信。根据后半句wouldn't have believed可以判断是对过去的虚拟。所以从句是if＋主语＋ had done的形式。
4．must。句意：你一定要非常小心对待照相机，它很昂贵！根据下文的It costs可知，照相机很昂贵。
对应学生用书p168情态动词复习要点
要点
基本用法
例句
基本语法特点
情态动词就是表示说话的语气或情态的动词。常见的情态动词有 can，may，must，need，dare，shall，will，should，ought to，have to，used to，had better，would rather 等。情态动词具有以下三个特点：
(1) 后面接动词原形并与动词原形一起构成谓语。
(2) 虽有时态的变化，但却没有人称和数的变化。
(3) 将情态动词移至主语前变为疑问句，直接在情态动词后加 not，构成否定句。
He will be free in a month.
We can beat their team with his help.
You must go home right away.
Tom is not able to swim that far.
表示能力的 can / could 和 be able to
(1) can 表示具有某种能力或技能，意为“能，会”。如：
Who can answer this question？
谁能回答这个问题？
(2) can 的过去式为 could，但它通常只表示过去一般性能力，不表示过去特定场合下实现了的能力，遇此情况要用 was / were able to。
I could run faster then.
我那时能跑得更快一些。
They were able to jump into the sea before the boat was blown up.
他们在船爆炸之前跳入了海里。
表示许可的can / could / may / might / must
may 较侧重讲话人的许可，而 can 较侧重客观情况的许可；could / might 的语气比can / may 更委婉、客气；在答语中表示允许别人做某事要用 can / may，不能用 could / might。
must 表示必须做某事，其否定式 mustn't 表示“不可以”。如：
We must not speak of it again.
我们再也不要谈这事了。
—Could I use it？我可以借用它吗？
—Yes，you can / may.可以。(不用 could / might)
表示推测的
can / may /
could / might /
should / must
(1) 从所用句型来看：can 用于否定句和疑问句，may 用于肯定句和否定式。两者均可用于否定句，但是含义不同(cannot＝不可能，may not＝可能不)；could，might 和 should 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句；must 表示推测通常只用于肯定句。
(2) 从语气上看，can / may / could / might 的语气较不确定，尤其是 might，could，其意很不肯定；should 表示推测时，其语气比较肯定，它通常指非常可能的事，并暗示其推测有一定的事实依据或者合乎常理；must 表示推测的语气最肯定。
She can't be in the office now.
她现在不可能在办公室。
She may not be free tonight.
她今晚可能没空。
He may / might come tonight.
他今晚可能会来。
Might he know this？他会知道这事吗？
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They ____________ be ready by 12：00.
(根据句意：顾客明天下午要照片，此时店主显然应用语气较肯定的 should，而不宜用语气很不肯定的 might，否则顾客是不会满意的。)
shall 与 will 的用法
(1) shall 除用于第一人称单纯表示将来外，还可用于陈述句第二、三人称，表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心、允诺等。
(2) will 可以表示习惯性和倾向性，意为“惯于，老是，终归是”。
(3) Shall I / we / he / she...这种用于第一、第三人称的疑问句式表示征求对方意见等；用于第二人称表示请求或邀请等，则用“Will you...”结构。
You shall have an answer by tomorrow.
到明天你可以得到答复。
He shall have a bicycle for his birthday.
他可以得到一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
The door won't open.这门打不开。
Matches will not strike if they are damp.
火柴潮湿就擦不着。
Shall I turn on the light？
要不要把灯打开？
Will you join us for dinner？
你可否和我们一起去吃晚饭？
must 表示“偏偏”的用法
must 有时可以表示固执、偏激或碰巧，通常可译为“偏偏”。
After I gave her my advice，she must go and do the opposite.
在我给她出主意之后她偏反着干。
The car must break down just when/ as we were starting our holidays.
我们刚刚开始休假，汽车偏偏坏了。
need 和 dare 的用法要点
need和dare 用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件状语从句中，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词要用动词原形。
need和dare用作实义动词时，后接动词要用不定式，有人称和数的变化，在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中都可以使用，并且need作实义动词“需要”解时，后接动名词相当于不定式的被动式。
You needn't worry.
—Need I answer the question？
—Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. / No, you needn't.
I daren't tell her the truth.
Dare you catch the mouse？
I don't need to see the doctor.
—Do you need to go at once？
—Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
I dare to ask him this question.
She doesn't dare to meet her teacher's eyes.
The house needs repairing.
＝The house needs to be repaired.
情态动词＋动词的完成式表示对过去事实的推测
(1) must ＋ have done：用于肯定句，表示推测，意为“一定(已经)……”。
(2) can ＋ have done：用于否定句或疑问句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
(3) could ＋ have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示推测、责备或遗憾等，意为“可能(已经)……；本来可以……”。
(4) should / ought to＋have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示责备或遗憾等，意为“本来应该……但实际没有……”。
(5) need ＋ have done：用于否定句或疑问句，用于否定句时意为“本来不必”，用于疑问句时意为“有必要……吗”。
(6) may ＋ have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
(7) might ＋ have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”(此时 might 可换为 may)；另外还可以表示过去可能发生的事结果未发生，意为“本来会……”(此时 might 不能换为 may)。
He can't have left so soon.
他不可能走得这么早。
I should have thought of it.
我本应想到这一点的。
You needn't have mentioned it.
你本没必要提及此事的。
You must have mistaken my intention.
你一定是误会了我的意图。
I might have come to a wrong conclusion.
我或许得出了错误的结论。
You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch？
你本可帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁瞧着？
情态动词＋进行式
这类结构主要用于对一个正在发生的动作进行推测、责备、描述等。如：
He might be waiting for you.他可能在等你。
You should be wearing your sunglasses.
你应当戴着你的太阳镜。
He must be joking，or else he's mad.
他一定在说笑话，要不就是疯了。
may / might as well
may / might as well 可用来提出建议等，可译为“不妨”(用 might 时口气更委婉一些)。
Catherine，you may as well come too.
凯瑟琳，你不妨也来。
If that's the case，I may as well try.
如果情况如此，我不妨试一试。
对应学生用书p170 (一)概述
虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望或假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气中的说话者所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至没有实现的可能性，但有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气。
(二)虚拟语气用于条件句中
1．虚拟语气用于条件状语时，主句与从句的动词形式
虚拟条件
从句谓语形式
主句谓语形式
例句
与过去
事实相反
had＋过去分词
should / would / could / might ＋ have done
If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the rain.
If we had had time, we would have dropped by.
She would have come if she hadn't been so busy.
与现在
事实相反
一般过去时(be用were)
should / would / could / might ＋ 动词原形
If I were you, I would refuse the money.
If we left now, we would arrive in good time.
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.
与将来
事实相反
一般过去时；
should＋v.；
were to＋v.
should / would / could / might＋动词原形
If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If he would go away, I would be grieved.
If he were to do it, he would do it in a different way.
2.条件从句中使用虚拟语气的注意事项
事项
注意
例句
错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主语表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据具体的时间进行调整。
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
Amy would be alive today if the doctor had come sooner last night.
倒装句
条件句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。
Had we made adequate preparations, we might have succeeded.
Should Mr.White call, what would you say？
Were you to be fired, your health care and other benefits would not be immediately cut off.
注意：如果省略条件句的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。
Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.(√)
Weren't it for the expense, I would go abroad now.()
含蓄条件句
1)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有：with, without, but for。
2)某些副词、连词隐含虚拟条件。
What would you do with a million dollars？(＝ if you had a million dollars)
Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time.
But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
I was ill that day.Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词)
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(连词)
I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.(连词)
(三)虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用
类别
解说
例句
在主语从句中
在“It's ＋形容词(过去分词)＋that...”这类句型里，主语从句中的谓语动词形式不论人称和数，都常用should＋动词原形或者动词原形结构，常用于本句型的形容词有：necessary, important, strange, natural, essential等，另外，表示“提议、要求、命令”等动词的过去分词suggested, ordered, demanded, required, requested, proposed, advised, decided等，也可以这样用。
几个常用句型：
① It's ＋形容词＋that...
② It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /... that ...
It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.
重要的是每个成员应该知道这些规则。
It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off.
会议已经决定推迟召开。
It is important that we (should) do well in our lessons first.
我们先把功课学好很重要。
It is strange that he (should) not come.
很奇怪，他竟没有来。
在宾语从句中
(1) 用于wish后的宾语从句中，表示说话人认为不可能实现的愿望。
① 表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去时或过去进行时(be动词一般用were)。
② 表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had＋过去分词”。
③ 表示对将来的主观愿望：从句谓语动词形式为“should / might / would / could＋动词原形”。
(2)在suggest, demand, order, propose, insist, command, request, desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should ＋ 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。should可以省略。
(3)would rather 后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。在这种结构中，从句中的谓语动词通常使用过去时表示对现在和将来的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。
常见动词的巧记口诀：“一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求”。即：
①insist ②order, command ③advise, suggest, propose ④demand, require, request, desire
注意：当insist的意思为“坚决认为，坚持说”；suggest的意思为“表明，暗含，暗示”等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。
I wish I remembered her telephone number.
我希望记得她的电话号码。(实际上不记得)
I wish I had gone to see him in the hospital.
我后悔应该去医院看望他的。(实际上没有去看)
I wish it would stop raining.
但愿雨能停止。
I wish I could fly to the moon one day.
我希望有一天能够飞往月球。
I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.
我要求他立刻答复我。
We suggested that Tom (should) have a rest.
我们建议Tom 去休息一下。
The king ordered that the prisoners (should) be killed the next day.
国王下令囚犯明天要处以死刑。
They requested that we (should) send them to work there.
他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。
The teacher advised that we (should) make good use of every minute here.
老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。
Tom insisted that he hadn't stolen the watch.
汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。
His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam.
他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。
I would rather you didn't make any comment on the issue.
我宁愿目前你不对此事发表任何评论。
I would rather I had seen the film.
我宁愿我已看过了那场电影。
在方式状语从句中
as if / as though 引导的从句所表示的内容往往不是事实，常用虚拟语气，其形式与wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词相同。
It seems as if it were (was) spring already.
现在仿佛已经是春天了。
He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他装作若无其事的样子。
He spoke to me as if I were (was) a deaf.
他对我讲话时就像我是聋子似的。
类别
解说
例句
在表语从句和同位语从句中
在表示“意愿、要求、命令、建议”等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”形式，这类名词有：idea, proposal, suggestion, order, plan, decision, advice, desire, requirement等。
My suggestion is that the old houses (should) be pulled down and rebuilt.
我的建议是那些旧房子应该拆掉重建。
Our plan is that we (should) have a sports meeting next week.
我们的计划是下周召开运动会。
在定语从句中
句型It is (high) time (that)．.. 所接的从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为过去式或should＋动词原形。意思是“是某人该做……的时候了”。
It is time that we went to bed.
是睡觉的时候了。
It is high time that we should put an end to this argument.
我们该结束这场争论了。
表示惊叹
if only 引导的感叹句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时态表示对现在事实的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去事实的虚拟。意为“但愿，要是……多好！”
If only I could see him now.
要是我现在就能见到他就好了。
If only I knew the answer.
要是我知道答案就好了。
If only I hadn't lost it.
要是我没把它弄丢了该多好啊。
表示祝愿
用“may ＋ 动词原形”表示“祝愿”“但愿”，此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
May you be happy！祝你快乐！
May good luck be yours！祝你顺利！
(四)“虚拟语气”在高考试卷中的考点体现
高考对虚拟语气考查直接表现在特定语言环境中的用法，名词性从句中的虚拟语气及其在阅读文章中的理解。
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