2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第十一讲 构词法
展开第十一讲 构词法
课标卷中的阅读理解与完形填空中约含有2.5%的派生词或合成词，对这部分词汇的掌握程度直接决定着做题质量；构词法还是语法填空中必考的题目，同时，短文改错中也不乏对构词法的考查。
考点一 派生法
(一)名词后缀
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例 词 |
ion/tion/ sion/ation | correct→correction 改正 celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会 conclude→conclusion 结论；结束 discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论 decide→decision 决定 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 attract→attraction 吸引 invite→invitation 邀请 explain→explanation 解释 graduate→graduation 毕业 expect→expectation 期望 |
er/or | drive→driver 司机；驾驶员 gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者 conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员 teach→teacher 老师 announce→announcer 播音员 |
ment | punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement功绩；成就 argue→argument辩论；论据 treat→treatment对待；治疗 equip→equipment 装备；设备 govern→government 政府 |
ance/ ence | appear→appearance出现；外貌 guide→guidance指引；指导 perform→performance表演；节目 exist→existence存在；生存 prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考；查阅 |
ing | hear→hearing听力；听觉 begin→beginning开始 |
ure ture | fail→failure失败；没做到 press→pressure压力 mix→mixture混合；混合物 depart→departure离开；出发 |
y | recover→recovery恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery发现 |
其他 | choose→choice选择 vary→variety多样化；种类 tend→tendency趋向；趋势 |
2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例 词 |
age | short→shortage不足；短缺 |
cy | efficient→efficiency效率；功效 fluent→fluency流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私；私密 |
dom | free→freedom自由；自主 wise→wisdom明智；智慧 |
ence | different→difference差异 silent→silence沉默 |
ness | weak→weakness虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness粗心大意 |
th | strong→strength 力气；强项 warm→warmth温暖；热情 |
y/ ty/ ity | honest→honesty 诚实 difficult→difficulty困难 cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴 safe→safety安全 disable→disability无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility责任 |
(二)形容词、副词后缀
1．动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀
后缀 | 例 词 |
able | accept→acceptable可接受的 comfort→comfortable舒适的 fashion→fashionable时髦的 suit→suitable合适的 reason→reasonable有道理的 |
al | music→musical音乐的 origin→original最初的 person→personal个人的；私人的 center→central中央的；中心的 nature→natural自然的；天生的 |
ful | doubt→doubtful怀疑的 forget→forgetful健忘的 harm→harmful有害的 hope→hopeful有希望的 peace→peaceful和平的 |
ed | scare→scared 感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 |
ing | surprise→surprising 令人惊异的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 |
ible | access→accessible容易取得的 horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的 terror→terrible可怕的 |
ive | act→active积极的；活跃的 effect→effective有效的；生效的 attract→attractive有吸引力的 impress→impressive给人深刻印象的 |
ous | continue→continuous不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious忧虑的 caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious好奇的 humor→humorous幽默的 |
some | tire→tiresome令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome麻烦的 |
y | taste→tasty美味的；可口的 health→healthy健康的 wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的 |
ern | east→eastern东方的；向东的 |
ish | child→childish孩子气的 fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish自私的 |
2.形容词变副词的后缀
在形容词后加ly可变成相应意义的副词 | |
直接加ly | slow慢的→slowly缓慢地 |
改y为ily | happy高兴的→happily高兴地 |
去e加ly | true真的→truly真地 |
(三)形容词、名词变动词的前缀和后缀
前/后缀 | 例 词 | |
前缀 | en | able→enable 使能够 large→enlarge 扩大 rich→enrich 使充实 |
后缀 | en | broad→broaden (使)变宽 ripe→ripen (使)成熟 sharp→sharpen 使尖锐 wide→widen 加宽 |
ify | class→classify 把……分类 just→justify 证明……正确 simple→simplify 简化 | |
ize | apology→apologize 道歉 emphasis→emphasize 强调 | |
(四)表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀 | 例 词 | |
前 缀 | dis | agree→disagree不同意 advantage→disadvantage缺点 |
il | legal→illegal不合法的 logical→illogical不合逻辑的 | |
im | polite→impolite无礼的 patient→impatient不耐烦的 | |
前 缀 | in | formal→informal非正式的 convenient→inconvenient不方便的 |
ir | regular→irregular不规则的 responsible→irresponsible不负责任的 | |
mis | lead→mislead误导 understand→misunderstand误解 | |
un | usual→unusual不寻常的 willing→unwilling不愿意的 | |
后缀 | less,hope→hopeless绝望的 end→endless没完没了的 | |
考点二 转化法
不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。
动词→名词 | look→have a look 看一看 survey→make a survey调查 walk→take a walk 散步 |
名词→动词 | button n．纽扣→v.扣纽扣 book n．书→v.预订 seat n．座位→v.容纳 back n．背部→v.支持 |
形容词→动词 | slow adj.慢的→v.减慢 narrow adj.窄的→v.缩小 warm adj.暖和的→v.加热 |
考点三 合成法
合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词中间需加连字符)。合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断。构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词也可以是词性不同的词。高中阶段常见的合成形式有：
合成 名词 | notebook笔记本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork协力；spaceship宇宙飞船；woodcut木刻 |
合成 形容词 | lifelong毕生的；secondhand二手的；manmade人工的；widespread广泛的 |
合成 动词 | underline在……下面画线；whitewash粉饰；broadcast广播；download下载 |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most ________(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
2．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)However, be ________(care) not to go to extremes.
3．(2016·高考江苏卷)—Can you tell us your recipe for ________ (happy) and a long life?
—Living every day to the full，definitely.
4．(2015·高考广东卷) ________ (lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
5．I cannot control my body well.My legs become ________ (pain)．
6．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint)．
7．She was ________ (surprise) helpful.
8．“That would be a very ________ (reason) thing to do in a big city，but it could destroy a small village like ours，”Nick said.
9．But such a small thing couldn't ________ (possible) destroy a village.
10．Mary felt ________ (please)，because there were many empty seats in the room.
【答案】1.successful 2.careful 3.happiness 4.Luckily
5．painful 6.disappointed 7.surprisingly 8.reasonable
9．possibly 10.pleased
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．The man was so careful that he missed his train.
_____________________________________________________________
2．Do you know the deep of the river?
_____________________________________________________________
3．“What's that？” the father shouted angry.
_____________________________________________________________
4．If you do that，you'll get punish.
_____________________________________________________________
5．Hearing the shocked news，she cried.
_____________________________________________________________
【答案】1.careful→careless 2.deep→depth 3.angry→angrily 4.punish→punished 5.shocked→shocking
Ⅲ.语法填空
A
A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1.________ (safety)．
They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2.________ (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3.________ (secure) guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.
One 4.________ (investigate) described the 5.________ (rob) as a “6._________ (profession) job”．The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday and left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the 7.________ (neighbour) building，digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of 80cm thick to get into the bank，which was having building works at the time.
When they left，the robbers set the place on fire to 8.________ (move) any trace of evidence，switching on the antifire system and flooding the building.9.________ (fortune)，the guard escaped 10.________ (harm)．
It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the bank's clients (储户) know the content of their private safes.
【答案】1.safes 2.equipment 3.security 4.investigator
5．robbery 6.professional 7.neighbouring 8.remove
9．Fortunately 10.unharmed
B
From the 1.________(express) on Mary's face，he knew he left a bad 2.________(impress) on her and if she won the 3.________(elect) to become chairman of the Environment 4.________(organize)，he could not get her 5.________(permit)to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6.________(pollute)and to help people enjoy a better earth.When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation，he got 7.________ (inspire) from his wife's words.Yes，he should try his best to win the election and become chairman himself with his 8.________(determine) to work for the organization.“My dear，you are really a wonderful 9.________(help)！I'm sure I will be the 10.________ (win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.
【答案】1.expression 2.impression 3.election
4．Organization 5.permission 6.pollution 7.inspiration
8．determination 9.helper 10.winner
