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2021版英语全能大一轮复习人教版讲义：语法精讲强化系列五代词、介词和介词短语
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语法精讲强化系列
五、代词、介词和介词短语
(一)代词
考纲解读
在句中用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。近3年来, 高考重点考查不定代词和人称代词, 所考题量占所考代词总量的60%左右, 其次是it的用法和替代词。试题的设计注重语境设置, 要求考生将文章上下文意思联系起来填用正确的代词。因此, 做题时要在熟练掌握各类代词基本用法的基础上, 特别注意上下文句意和句子结构的分析。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves (your) in the historical environment what is created for them.
2. (2019·北京高考)Some students don’t have a reliable car, while others have to share vehicles with parents who work six days a week.
3. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give it a try.
4. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them(they)alive.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
5. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
(us改为me)
6. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I had done myself homework, but I was shy.
(myself改为my)
解题思路
1. 掌握代词知识, 建立知识网络。人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词等都是考生要掌握的内容。考生平时应多注意积累典型例题, 真正理解代词的用法和特征。
(1)如果空格后是名词, 则空格处多用形容词性物主代词(my, your, her等)、指示代词(this, that, these等)、不定代词(few, little, many, much, all, each, both, neither, other等)、名词所有格或形容词等对其进行修饰。
(2)如果空格前是动词, 就应考虑用人称代词的宾格形式(him, me, her等)和反身代词(myself, himself等)。
(3)如果后面有不定式、动词的-ing形式或从句, 且句子缺少主语或宾语, 则考虑是否用it作形式主语或形式宾语。
2. 体会数量概念, 确定肯定与否定。确定不定代词的指代范围, 是两者还是多者, 是肯定意义还是否定意义, 是全部否定还是部分否定。
3. 理解名词的特点, 然后使用恰当的替代词。在一个句子中, 当一个名词两次出现在句子中时, 为了避免重复, 往往用代词来替代它。做题时, 首先要分析句子成分, 看看前面出现的名词的特点。如果前面出现的是可数名词, 就要分析句子后面再次出现这个名词时是特指还是泛指, 是单数还是复数。如果是单数且泛指, 就用one来替代, one相当于“a(n)+单数可数名词”; 如果是泛指, 而且是复数形式, 就用ones替代; 如果是不可数名词, 或者是特指的单数可数名词, 就用that替代, 相当于“the+单数可数名词/不可数名词”。that后一般有限定成分, 其复数形式是those, those相当于“the+可数名词复数形式”。
4. 分析句子结构, 明确代词it的功能。it的指代范围很广, 可以指代上文提到的事物, 也可以指代动物、性别不明的婴儿或者未弄清身份的人, 还可以指代天气、时间、距离、自然现象或环境等。it还可以作形式主语或形式宾语, 也可用在一些特殊的句型中, 这就需要分析句子成分, 明确代词it的功能。
考点清单
考点1 代词基本用法
代词是代替名词、短语和句子起名词作用的词。代词主要包括九类: 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词(只有两个: each other和one another)、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。关系代词和连接代词隶属于复合句部分。
常见人称代词、物主代词及反身代词如下表所述:
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)The microorganisms from ______(we) bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.
解题关键: 根据句子结构可知, 名词bodies前应用形容词性物主代词。
答案判定: our
考点2 it的用法
1. it作人称代词的用法
(1)指事物
作为人称代词, it可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。
*It’s hard work, but I enjoy it.
(2)指人
it指人时主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。
*There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman.
2. it作非人称代词的用法
(1)基本用法
it作非人称代词时, 主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等。
(2)常用句型
It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth. 到该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb. to do sth. 某人该做某事了。
It’s (about/high) time+that从句 某人(早)该做某事了。(从句谓语用一般过去时, 有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s the first (second. . . ) time+that从句 这是某人第一(二……)次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s+时间段+since从句 自从……有多长时间了。
It’s+时间段+before从句 过了多长时间才……
3. it作形式主语(宾语)的用法
it常作形式主语(宾语), 替代动词不定式、动名词或者主语从句。
(1)it作形式主语的句型
①It+be+adj. +(for sb. )to do sth. 常用于此句型的形容词有: easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible等。
*It is necessary to change your job.
②It+be+adj. +of sb. to do sth. 此句型中的形容词描述的是人的品德、特征。常用于该句型的形容词有: kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。
*How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance!
③It+be+n. (+for sb. /sth. )+to do sth. 用于此句型的名词(短语)有: a pity, a shame, a pleasure, fun, a joy, good manners, bad manners等。
*It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old.
④It+be+adj. /n. +doing sth. 用于此句型的形容词和名词(短语)常见的有: no/little use, no/much good, useless, fun等。
*It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
⑤It+be+n. /adj. +主语从句。在“It is natural/necessary /important/strange+that从句”中, 从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”, 且should可以省略。
*It’s necessary and important that one should master the skills of operating computers.
⑥It takes sb. some time to do sth.
某人做某事花了一段时间。
(2)it作形式宾语的情况
①主语+believe/find/feel/think/guess/suppose/make+it+adj. +不定式/动名词/从句。
*I feel it hard to climb the hill.
②某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先加it, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有: like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on, rely on, count on等。
*I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
单句语法填空
(2019·江苏高考)Why does ______matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为形式主语it, 真正主语为后面的that从句。
答案判定: it
考点3 不定代词的用法
1. something, anything, nothing的用法
2. both, all, either, any, neither, none的用法
3. none, no one/nobody, nothing的用法
单句改错
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)You can use me as a last resort, and if anybody else volunteers, then I will do it.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处表示“如果没有别人当志愿者”, 应用不定代词nobody。
答案判定: anybody改为nobody
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his (he) lunch at the bar.
2. (2019·浙江6月高考)Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart—he earned one himself (him) in a war as a soldier.
3. (2019·浙江6月高考)And while many took dollars, many others pinned their(they) own cash to the board.
4. (2019·浙江6月高考 ) Usually, the stranger the idea is, the more it gets noticed.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
5. (2019·天津3月高考)He constantly walked around the house, talking to himself.
他不停地在房子里走来走去, 自言自语。
6. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.
玛丽安·贝克特尔独自坐在西棕榈滩的路易酒吧柜台前, 她一边等沙拉, 一边静静地读着她的电子书。
7. (2019·天津6月高考)I’m looking forward to enjoying your wonderful lecture.
我期待着欣赏你精彩的演讲。
8. (2019·江苏高考) But it seems people have different opinions.
但人们似乎有不同的看法。
9. (2019·浙江高考 ) Some people have even risked their jobs by giving me food.
有些人甚至冒着丢掉工作的危险给我提供食物。
10. (2019·江苏高考)Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something to see or do to make your visit truly memorable.
无论你的年龄或兴趣是什么, 巴克斯顿总有一些能看或能做的事情, 使您的访问真正难忘。
(二)介词和介词短语
考纲解读
介词的考查形式多样, 除了单纯考查介词外, 还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外, 在定语从句中, 也常考查“介词+关系代词”的用法。有些介词的考查频率较高, 如with, beyond。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·北京高考)On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.
2. (2019·江苏高考)Favorable policies are in effect to encourage employees’ professional development.
3. (2019·天津3月高考)The captain of the ship was advised to turn back due to a sudden heavy storm.
4. (2018·浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home for dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
5. (2019·天津6月高考)In spite of all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.
尽管有这些问题, 几位运动员依然创造了佳绩。
6. (2019·北京高考)A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships.
很多业务仍然是通过电话完成的, 而且大部分都是基于信任和现有的关系。
解题思路
1. 要掌握常用介词的本义, 然后根据句意灵活选择。
如at, for, on, off, against, with, beyond等。如An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it. 根据句意可知, 此处表示“看来意见达成一致是不可能的, 因为大多数委员都表示反对”。此处against就表示“反对”。
2. 介词与不同动词、名词、形容词搭配构成的短语的不同意义。
英语中一些介词及其搭配是固定的, 选择介词搭配时要从英语本义上考虑, 不能看其汉语表面意思。如I’d like to go there __________a car. 如果只考虑汉语表面意思, 就会考虑“坐汽车”, 误以为是by car, 但后面已有冠词a, 因此不能用by, 改用in。
考点清单
考点1 常考介词基本用法
with
①和……一起; 随着……; ②因为……; ③具有/带有……; ④with复合结构
at
①表示片刻的时间点; ②表示“在某处”, 指在一个较小的地点; ③表示产生某种情绪的原因, 意为“因为……而……, 一听到/看到/想到……就……”
in
①表方位, 在某个范围内, 特别注意在报纸上、书上有什么内容, 要用in; ②表时间, 后接表时间段的名词短语, 指在某一段时间内或在带有将来时态的语句中表示某一段时间将发生句子谓语动词所表示的动作; ③表示材料、语言、方式、声音
on
①表示时间, 指在特定的某一天(的上午、下午或晚上)或一星期的某一天。注意in the morning与on the morning of 1st, May的区别; ②表示方位, 指在某一事物表面上或与某物毗邻; ③表示与某一方面内容相关, 意为“关于”; ④与名词或动名词连用, 意为“一……就……”
from
表示“来自”或“从……时间开始”
through
①表示从事物内部穿过, 与介词in有关;
②表示“通过, 凭借”
across
表示从事物的表面通过, 与介词on有关
over
①表示在表面的正上方, 与under相对; ②表示“从某事物上方越过”; ③表示“在……上面”, 指部分或全部覆盖; ④与表示时间段的名词(短语)连用, 表示“经过、跨过某一个时间段”
beyond
①表示方位, 意为“超过, 在……较远的一边”; ②表示超出理解、信任的范围或能力所及的范围
for
①表示“对于, 至于, 适合于”;
②表示“为了(目的); 支持”
against
①表示“反对, 反抗, 违背”; ②表示“倚, 靠, 逆着(水流、潮流、风等)”或“与……相对抗”
考点2 介词短语
介词短语的考查主要分为以下几类:
1. 介词+名词类: 例如: at war在战争中; at noon在正午; by bus乘公交车; by accident/by chance偶然, 意外地; in advance提前; in detail详细地; on holiday在度假; on purpose故意地; beyond description难以描述; under construction在建设中; under pressure在压力下; with pleasure乐意地; with difficulty困难地, 等等。
2. be+形容词+介词类: 例如: be surprised at对……感到惊奇; be anxious about为……而忧虑; be active in积极于……; be famous for以……著名; be absent from缺席; be devoted to致力于……; be afraid of害怕……; be content with对……满意, 等等。
3. 介词+名词+介词类: 例如: in+名词+of类: in search of寻找……; in case of如果, 假设; in honor of纪念……; in praise of赞扬……; in charge of负责……; in favor of 赞成……; in support of支持……; in defence of保卫……; in place of代替……; in face of面对……; in aid of帮助……
4. 动词+介词类: 例如: look after照料……; look for寻找……; wait for等待……; talk with与……交谈; fight against为反对……而斗争; agree with同意……, 与……相一致。
5. 介词to+one’s+名词类: 例如: to one’s joy令某人高兴的是; to one’s sorrow 令某人悲伤的是; to one’s delight令某人快乐的是; to one’s surprise令某人惊奇的是; to one’s disappointment令某人失望的是, 等等。
用适当的介词填空
(2019·天津3月高考)______ my surprise, the tofu beneath the fried skin was warm, soft, and mouthwatering.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为固定短语“to one’s +n. ”, 表示“令某人……的是”。
答案判定: To
Ⅰ. 用适当的词填空
1. (2019·江苏高考)However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)For example, you may want to be a pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough.
3. (2019·浙江6月高考) The answer to this question is not clear.
4. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs, seven to be exact.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
5. In addition to, all swimmers must wear proper bathing suits. (去掉to)
6. In the way, what activities have you taken part in for your training? (In改为By)
7. Friends can tell you your mistakes, though what they say is hard of you to listen to. (of改为for)
8. However, the phenomenon that people are too addicted in their mobile phones is becoming more and more popular.
(in改为to)
9. I played with games day and night on weekends.
(去掉with)
10. I followed my schedule strictly and managed to get rid playing games.
(rid后加of)
学生用书P145
基础题组
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. At a nearby coffee shop, its(it)owner scanned a QR code on my phone.
2. I was a member of a bird conservation organization at the time, so we often took care of injured birds.
3. He remembered that he had also bought a wedding dress from 1948, and it turned out that this was Jane’s mother’s dress!
4. Around three in five people in the UK will find it necessary to care for all elderly or a disabled loved one at some point.
5. Shepherd still competes in body building events as well as works as a fitness trainer and professional model.
6. As I grew up, my interest expands around subjects in school, particularly in biology, chemistry and physics in high school.
7. Mao Xuelei is a young designer who views the dining table as a stage for art.
8. The bikes themselves(them)are not new, but the operating model of bike-sharing is based on satellite navigation system, mobile payment, big data and other high technologies.
9. It is increasingly clear that China is innovating and no longer copying Western ideas.
10. On Christmas Day, I shared the spirit of giving by presenting relatives in the village with imported chocolates wrapped in festive gold paper.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. Therefore, the Monkey King as a symbol of being brave and determined is deeply loved by our Chinese. (our改为us)
2. Each of us can become more aware of and careful. (去掉第二个of)
3. We must keep reminding us that it is easier to get into something than it is to get out of it. (us改为ourselves)
4. The Camera Club of our school is to open in next month! (去掉in)
5. Discover beauty with your eyes and record beauty with your camera! We are expecting our participation! (our改为your)
6. Successful learners are similar to many ways. (to改为in)
7. In my opinion, first of all, we should develop for our interest in studies. (去掉for)
8. Finally, remember not to depend our teachers or textbooks only. (depend后加on)
9. Therefore, let’s take the responsibility to build up a low-carbon city on riding bicycles. (on改为by)
10. What deserves to be mentioned is that an airport has been to use for several years, making our city more and more popular. (第二个to改为in)
语篇题组
Ⅰ. 语法填空
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
“Be careful, doctor. I can stand anything 1. __________ pain. ” When returning from the hospital, I thought about what my previous patient said. Aren’t we all like that? We’ll do anything 2. __________(avoid)pain.
We look for weight loss programmes 3. __________ don’t require us to count calories or give up our favorite foods, and exercise programmes that won’t make us sweat toe much or feel 4. __________(tire). We avoid the strict teachers and the tough classes in school 5. __________ we don’t want to deal with the difficult tasks.
When it comes right down to it, we don’t like the hard work 6. __________
(require)to accomplish the goals we truly want in our lives. Why can’t we
7. __________(nature)take the path that we know is best for us? Our earthly nature is to avoid the pain of diet, exercise, difficult classes, and hard work.
Only if we change our nature, can we choose the tough, troublesome, and trying pathway. Because it is in 8. __________(face)the difficult choices that we will truly grow, and our being will be advanced once we decide to face the tough tasks.
We 9. __________(give)a choice when we come across our earthly nature. We can overcome the problems that challenge us or we can enjoy 10. __________(we)by avoiding all difficulties in following our earthly nature. It’s our choice. My hope is that we’ll step forward in faith.
【文章大意】本篇为议论文。文章阐述了以下哲理: 逃避现实的痛苦和不幸, 是人类的天性。但人的成长恰恰是要逆着天性, 面对痛苦, 接受挑战才能有收获。希望我们能步伐坚定地向前迈进。
1. 【解析】except/but。考查介词的基本用法。根据句意得知: 可以忍受除了疼痛之外的一切事情, 用except/but表示“除了, 不包括”, 故填except/but。
2. 【解析】to avoid。考查非谓语动词。根据句意得知, 我们做任何事情是为了避免痛苦, 用不定式表示目的, 故填to avoid。
3. 【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。programmes是先行词, 在定语从句中作主语, 故填which/that。
4. 【解析】tired。考查词性转换(转换成过去分词作形容词)。feel是系动词, 它后面用修饰人的形容词作表语, 故填tired。
5. 【解析】because/as。考查状语从句。上下文存在逻辑上的因果关系, 故填because/as。
6. 【解析】required。考查非谓语动词。don’t like是谓语动词, require作work的后置定语, “工作”和“需要”是被动关系, 故填过去分词required。
7. 【解析】naturally。考查词性转换(副词)。修饰动词take, 要用副词, 故填naturally。
8. 【解析】facing。考查非谓语动词。介词后用动名词形式作其宾语, 故填facing。
9. 【解析】will be given。考查动词的时态和语态。when引导的时间状语从句中用一般现在时, 主句用一般将来时, 主语we和谓语give是被动关系, 故填will be given。
10. 【解析】ourselves。考查反身代词(与动词的搭配)。enjoy oneself表示“玩得开心”, 故填ourselves。
Ⅱ. 短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处; 每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除: 把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改: 在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。
I really spent a color and happy holiday. As senior student, I am not total free in the summer holiday. That is because study is still an important part in your life. In the first month of the holiday, I stayed at home to finishing my homework. There was many tasks I had to finish. Besides, I attended English or math training classes because of my weakness in the two subjects. After that, I, together with my mother, went to another province to see my father, and we have not seen him for a long time. My mother and I missed him so very much that we spent a month for him. We were happy together.
答案:
1. 【解析】第一句color改为colorful。考查形容词。修饰名词holiday应用形容词, 故将color改为colorful。
2. 【解析】第二句senior前加a。考查冠词。单数可数名词student表泛指, 其前要加不定冠词, 因此在senior前加a。
3. 【解析】第二句total改为totally。考查副词。修饰形容词要用副词, 故将total改为totally。
4. 【解析】第三句your改为my。考查代词。根据上下文可知, 此处指学习在“我”的生活中很重要, 因此将your改为my。
5. 【解析】第四句finishing改为finish。考查非谓语动词。此处to是动词不定式符号, 在此表目的, 故将finishing改为finish。
6. 【解析】第五句was改为were。考查主谓一致。There be+n. 结构中, be动词要与名词的单复数保持一致; 此处名词tasks是复数, 故将was改为were。
7. 【解析】第六句or改为and。考查连词。根据句意可知, 由于这两门课比较弱, 因此英语和数学培训班都要上, 两者是并列关系, 不是选择关系。故将or改为and。
8. 【解析】第七句have改为had。考查动词的时态。根据本句提示词went可知, 去看父亲之前就已经好久没见过父亲了, 用过去完成时。故将have改成had。
9. 【解析】第八句删除very。考查固定结构。so+adv. /adj. +that. . . 结构中, very多余, 故删除。
10. 【解析】第八句for改为with。考查介词。表示“和……在一起”用介词with, 故将for改为with。
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语法精讲强化系列
五、代词、介词和介词短语
(一)代词
考纲解读
在句中用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。近3年来, 高考重点考查不定代词和人称代词, 所考题量占所考代词总量的60%左右, 其次是it的用法和替代词。试题的设计注重语境设置, 要求考生将文章上下文意思联系起来填用正确的代词。因此, 做题时要在熟练掌握各类代词基本用法的基础上, 特别注意上下文句意和句子结构的分析。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves (your) in the historical environment what is created for them.
2. (2019·北京高考)Some students don’t have a reliable car, while others have to share vehicles with parents who work six days a week.
3. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give it a try.
4. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them(they)alive.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
5. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
(us改为me)
6. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I had done myself homework, but I was shy.
(myself改为my)
解题思路
1. 掌握代词知识, 建立知识网络。人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词等都是考生要掌握的内容。考生平时应多注意积累典型例题, 真正理解代词的用法和特征。
(1)如果空格后是名词, 则空格处多用形容词性物主代词(my, your, her等)、指示代词(this, that, these等)、不定代词(few, little, many, much, all, each, both, neither, other等)、名词所有格或形容词等对其进行修饰。
(2)如果空格前是动词, 就应考虑用人称代词的宾格形式(him, me, her等)和反身代词(myself, himself等)。
(3)如果后面有不定式、动词的-ing形式或从句, 且句子缺少主语或宾语, 则考虑是否用it作形式主语或形式宾语。
2. 体会数量概念, 确定肯定与否定。确定不定代词的指代范围, 是两者还是多者, 是肯定意义还是否定意义, 是全部否定还是部分否定。
3. 理解名词的特点, 然后使用恰当的替代词。在一个句子中, 当一个名词两次出现在句子中时, 为了避免重复, 往往用代词来替代它。做题时, 首先要分析句子成分, 看看前面出现的名词的特点。如果前面出现的是可数名词, 就要分析句子后面再次出现这个名词时是特指还是泛指, 是单数还是复数。如果是单数且泛指, 就用one来替代, one相当于“a(n)+单数可数名词”; 如果是泛指, 而且是复数形式, 就用ones替代; 如果是不可数名词, 或者是特指的单数可数名词, 就用that替代, 相当于“the+单数可数名词/不可数名词”。that后一般有限定成分, 其复数形式是those, those相当于“the+可数名词复数形式”。
4. 分析句子结构, 明确代词it的功能。it的指代范围很广, 可以指代上文提到的事物, 也可以指代动物、性别不明的婴儿或者未弄清身份的人, 还可以指代天气、时间、距离、自然现象或环境等。it还可以作形式主语或形式宾语, 也可用在一些特殊的句型中, 这就需要分析句子成分, 明确代词it的功能。
考点清单
考点1 代词基本用法
代词是代替名词、短语和句子起名词作用的词。代词主要包括九类: 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词(只有两个: each other和one another)、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。关系代词和连接代词隶属于复合句部分。
常见人称代词、物主代词及反身代词如下表所述:
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)The microorganisms from ______(we) bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.
解题关键: 根据句子结构可知, 名词bodies前应用形容词性物主代词。
答案判定: our
考点2 it的用法
1. it作人称代词的用法
(1)指事物
作为人称代词, it可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。
*It’s hard work, but I enjoy it.
(2)指人
it指人时主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。
*There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman.
2. it作非人称代词的用法
(1)基本用法
it作非人称代词时, 主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等。
(2)常用句型
It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth. 到该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb. to do sth. 某人该做某事了。
It’s (about/high) time+that从句 某人(早)该做某事了。(从句谓语用一般过去时, 有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s the first (second. . . ) time+that从句 这是某人第一(二……)次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s+时间段+since从句 自从……有多长时间了。
It’s+时间段+before从句 过了多长时间才……
3. it作形式主语(宾语)的用法
it常作形式主语(宾语), 替代动词不定式、动名词或者主语从句。
(1)it作形式主语的句型
①It+be+adj. +(for sb. )to do sth. 常用于此句型的形容词有: easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible等。
*It is necessary to change your job.
②It+be+adj. +of sb. to do sth. 此句型中的形容词描述的是人的品德、特征。常用于该句型的形容词有: kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。
*How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance!
③It+be+n. (+for sb. /sth. )+to do sth. 用于此句型的名词(短语)有: a pity, a shame, a pleasure, fun, a joy, good manners, bad manners等。
*It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old.
④It+be+adj. /n. +doing sth. 用于此句型的形容词和名词(短语)常见的有: no/little use, no/much good, useless, fun等。
*It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
⑤It+be+n. /adj. +主语从句。在“It is natural/necessary /important/strange+that从句”中, 从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”, 且should可以省略。
*It’s necessary and important that one should master the skills of operating computers.
⑥It takes sb. some time to do sth.
某人做某事花了一段时间。
(2)it作形式宾语的情况
①主语+believe/find/feel/think/guess/suppose/make+it+adj. +不定式/动名词/从句。
*I feel it hard to climb the hill.
②某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先加it, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有: like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on, rely on, count on等。
*I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
单句语法填空
(2019·江苏高考)Why does ______matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为形式主语it, 真正主语为后面的that从句。
答案判定: it
考点3 不定代词的用法
1. something, anything, nothing的用法
2. both, all, either, any, neither, none的用法
3. none, no one/nobody, nothing的用法
单句改错
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)You can use me as a last resort, and if anybody else volunteers, then I will do it.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处表示“如果没有别人当志愿者”, 应用不定代词nobody。
答案判定: anybody改为nobody
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his (he) lunch at the bar.
2. (2019·浙江6月高考)Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart—he earned one himself (him) in a war as a soldier.
3. (2019·浙江6月高考)And while many took dollars, many others pinned their(they) own cash to the board.
4. (2019·浙江6月高考 ) Usually, the stranger the idea is, the more it gets noticed.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
5. (2019·天津3月高考)He constantly walked around the house, talking to himself.
他不停地在房子里走来走去, 自言自语。
6. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.
玛丽安·贝克特尔独自坐在西棕榈滩的路易酒吧柜台前, 她一边等沙拉, 一边静静地读着她的电子书。
7. (2019·天津6月高考)I’m looking forward to enjoying your wonderful lecture.
我期待着欣赏你精彩的演讲。
8. (2019·江苏高考) But it seems people have different opinions.
但人们似乎有不同的看法。
9. (2019·浙江高考 ) Some people have even risked their jobs by giving me food.
有些人甚至冒着丢掉工作的危险给我提供食物。
10. (2019·江苏高考)Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something to see or do to make your visit truly memorable.
无论你的年龄或兴趣是什么, 巴克斯顿总有一些能看或能做的事情, 使您的访问真正难忘。
(二)介词和介词短语
考纲解读
介词的考查形式多样, 除了单纯考查介词外, 还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外, 在定语从句中, 也常考查“介词+关系代词”的用法。有些介词的考查频率较高, 如with, beyond。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·北京高考)On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.
2. (2019·江苏高考)Favorable policies are in effect to encourage employees’ professional development.
3. (2019·天津3月高考)The captain of the ship was advised to turn back due to a sudden heavy storm.
4. (2018·浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home for dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
5. (2019·天津6月高考)In spite of all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.
尽管有这些问题, 几位运动员依然创造了佳绩。
6. (2019·北京高考)A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships.
很多业务仍然是通过电话完成的, 而且大部分都是基于信任和现有的关系。
解题思路
1. 要掌握常用介词的本义, 然后根据句意灵活选择。
如at, for, on, off, against, with, beyond等。如An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it. 根据句意可知, 此处表示“看来意见达成一致是不可能的, 因为大多数委员都表示反对”。此处against就表示“反对”。
2. 介词与不同动词、名词、形容词搭配构成的短语的不同意义。
英语中一些介词及其搭配是固定的, 选择介词搭配时要从英语本义上考虑, 不能看其汉语表面意思。如I’d like to go there __________a car. 如果只考虑汉语表面意思, 就会考虑“坐汽车”, 误以为是by car, 但后面已有冠词a, 因此不能用by, 改用in。
考点清单
考点1 常考介词基本用法
with
①和……一起; 随着……; ②因为……; ③具有/带有……; ④with复合结构
at
①表示片刻的时间点; ②表示“在某处”, 指在一个较小的地点; ③表示产生某种情绪的原因, 意为“因为……而……, 一听到/看到/想到……就……”
in
①表方位, 在某个范围内, 特别注意在报纸上、书上有什么内容, 要用in; ②表时间, 后接表时间段的名词短语, 指在某一段时间内或在带有将来时态的语句中表示某一段时间将发生句子谓语动词所表示的动作; ③表示材料、语言、方式、声音
on
①表示时间, 指在特定的某一天(的上午、下午或晚上)或一星期的某一天。注意in the morning与on the morning of 1st, May的区别; ②表示方位, 指在某一事物表面上或与某物毗邻; ③表示与某一方面内容相关, 意为“关于”; ④与名词或动名词连用, 意为“一……就……”
from
表示“来自”或“从……时间开始”
through
①表示从事物内部穿过, 与介词in有关;
②表示“通过, 凭借”
across
表示从事物的表面通过, 与介词on有关
over
①表示在表面的正上方, 与under相对; ②表示“从某事物上方越过”; ③表示“在……上面”, 指部分或全部覆盖; ④与表示时间段的名词(短语)连用, 表示“经过、跨过某一个时间段”
beyond
①表示方位, 意为“超过, 在……较远的一边”; ②表示超出理解、信任的范围或能力所及的范围
for
①表示“对于, 至于, 适合于”;
②表示“为了(目的); 支持”
against
①表示“反对, 反抗, 违背”; ②表示“倚, 靠, 逆着(水流、潮流、风等)”或“与……相对抗”
考点2 介词短语
介词短语的考查主要分为以下几类:
1. 介词+名词类: 例如: at war在战争中; at noon在正午; by bus乘公交车; by accident/by chance偶然, 意外地; in advance提前; in detail详细地; on holiday在度假; on purpose故意地; beyond description难以描述; under construction在建设中; under pressure在压力下; with pleasure乐意地; with difficulty困难地, 等等。
2. be+形容词+介词类: 例如: be surprised at对……感到惊奇; be anxious about为……而忧虑; be active in积极于……; be famous for以……著名; be absent from缺席; be devoted to致力于……; be afraid of害怕……; be content with对……满意, 等等。
3. 介词+名词+介词类: 例如: in+名词+of类: in search of寻找……; in case of如果, 假设; in honor of纪念……; in praise of赞扬……; in charge of负责……; in favor of 赞成……; in support of支持……; in defence of保卫……; in place of代替……; in face of面对……; in aid of帮助……
4. 动词+介词类: 例如: look after照料……; look for寻找……; wait for等待……; talk with与……交谈; fight against为反对……而斗争; agree with同意……, 与……相一致。
5. 介词to+one’s+名词类: 例如: to one’s joy令某人高兴的是; to one’s sorrow 令某人悲伤的是; to one’s delight令某人快乐的是; to one’s surprise令某人惊奇的是; to one’s disappointment令某人失望的是, 等等。
用适当的介词填空
(2019·天津3月高考)______ my surprise, the tofu beneath the fried skin was warm, soft, and mouthwatering.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为固定短语“to one’s +n. ”, 表示“令某人……的是”。
答案判定: To
Ⅰ. 用适当的词填空
1. (2019·江苏高考)However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)For example, you may want to be a pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough.
3. (2019·浙江6月高考) The answer to this question is not clear.
4. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs, seven to be exact.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
5. In addition to, all swimmers must wear proper bathing suits. (去掉to)
6. In the way, what activities have you taken part in for your training? (In改为By)
7. Friends can tell you your mistakes, though what they say is hard of you to listen to. (of改为for)
8. However, the phenomenon that people are too addicted in their mobile phones is becoming more and more popular.
(in改为to)
9. I played with games day and night on weekends.
(去掉with)
10. I followed my schedule strictly and managed to get rid playing games.
(rid后加of)
学生用书P145
基础题组
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. At a nearby coffee shop, its(it)owner scanned a QR code on my phone.
2. I was a member of a bird conservation organization at the time, so we often took care of injured birds.
3. He remembered that he had also bought a wedding dress from 1948, and it turned out that this was Jane’s mother’s dress!
4. Around three in five people in the UK will find it necessary to care for all elderly or a disabled loved one at some point.
5. Shepherd still competes in body building events as well as works as a fitness trainer and professional model.
6. As I grew up, my interest expands around subjects in school, particularly in biology, chemistry and physics in high school.
7. Mao Xuelei is a young designer who views the dining table as a stage for art.
8. The bikes themselves(them)are not new, but the operating model of bike-sharing is based on satellite navigation system, mobile payment, big data and other high technologies.
9. It is increasingly clear that China is innovating and no longer copying Western ideas.
10. On Christmas Day, I shared the spirit of giving by presenting relatives in the village with imported chocolates wrapped in festive gold paper.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. Therefore, the Monkey King as a symbol of being brave and determined is deeply loved by our Chinese. (our改为us)
2. Each of us can become more aware of and careful. (去掉第二个of)
3. We must keep reminding us that it is easier to get into something than it is to get out of it. (us改为ourselves)
4. The Camera Club of our school is to open in next month! (去掉in)
5. Discover beauty with your eyes and record beauty with your camera! We are expecting our participation! (our改为your)
6. Successful learners are similar to many ways. (to改为in)
7. In my opinion, first of all, we should develop for our interest in studies. (去掉for)
8. Finally, remember not to depend our teachers or textbooks only. (depend后加on)
9. Therefore, let’s take the responsibility to build up a low-carbon city on riding bicycles. (on改为by)
10. What deserves to be mentioned is that an airport has been to use for several years, making our city more and more popular. (第二个to改为in)
语篇题组
Ⅰ. 语法填空
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
“Be careful, doctor. I can stand anything 1. __________ pain. ” When returning from the hospital, I thought about what my previous patient said. Aren’t we all like that? We’ll do anything 2. __________(avoid)pain.
We look for weight loss programmes 3. __________ don’t require us to count calories or give up our favorite foods, and exercise programmes that won’t make us sweat toe much or feel 4. __________(tire). We avoid the strict teachers and the tough classes in school 5. __________ we don’t want to deal with the difficult tasks.
When it comes right down to it, we don’t like the hard work 6. __________
(require)to accomplish the goals we truly want in our lives. Why can’t we
7. __________(nature)take the path that we know is best for us? Our earthly nature is to avoid the pain of diet, exercise, difficult classes, and hard work.
Only if we change our nature, can we choose the tough, troublesome, and trying pathway. Because it is in 8. __________(face)the difficult choices that we will truly grow, and our being will be advanced once we decide to face the tough tasks.
We 9. __________(give)a choice when we come across our earthly nature. We can overcome the problems that challenge us or we can enjoy 10. __________(we)by avoiding all difficulties in following our earthly nature. It’s our choice. My hope is that we’ll step forward in faith.
【文章大意】本篇为议论文。文章阐述了以下哲理: 逃避现实的痛苦和不幸, 是人类的天性。但人的成长恰恰是要逆着天性, 面对痛苦, 接受挑战才能有收获。希望我们能步伐坚定地向前迈进。
1. 【解析】except/but。考查介词的基本用法。根据句意得知: 可以忍受除了疼痛之外的一切事情, 用except/but表示“除了, 不包括”, 故填except/but。
2. 【解析】to avoid。考查非谓语动词。根据句意得知, 我们做任何事情是为了避免痛苦, 用不定式表示目的, 故填to avoid。
3. 【解析】which/that。考查定语从句。programmes是先行词, 在定语从句中作主语, 故填which/that。
4. 【解析】tired。考查词性转换(转换成过去分词作形容词)。feel是系动词, 它后面用修饰人的形容词作表语, 故填tired。
5. 【解析】because/as。考查状语从句。上下文存在逻辑上的因果关系, 故填because/as。
6. 【解析】required。考查非谓语动词。don’t like是谓语动词, require作work的后置定语, “工作”和“需要”是被动关系, 故填过去分词required。
7. 【解析】naturally。考查词性转换(副词)。修饰动词take, 要用副词, 故填naturally。
8. 【解析】facing。考查非谓语动词。介词后用动名词形式作其宾语, 故填facing。
9. 【解析】will be given。考查动词的时态和语态。when引导的时间状语从句中用一般现在时, 主句用一般将来时, 主语we和谓语give是被动关系, 故填will be given。
10. 【解析】ourselves。考查反身代词(与动词的搭配)。enjoy oneself表示“玩得开心”, 故填ourselves。
Ⅱ. 短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处; 每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除: 把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改: 在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。
I really spent a color and happy holiday. As senior student, I am not total free in the summer holiday. That is because study is still an important part in your life. In the first month of the holiday, I stayed at home to finishing my homework. There was many tasks I had to finish. Besides, I attended English or math training classes because of my weakness in the two subjects. After that, I, together with my mother, went to another province to see my father, and we have not seen him for a long time. My mother and I missed him so very much that we spent a month for him. We were happy together.
答案:
1. 【解析】第一句color改为colorful。考查形容词。修饰名词holiday应用形容词, 故将color改为colorful。
2. 【解析】第二句senior前加a。考查冠词。单数可数名词student表泛指, 其前要加不定冠词, 因此在senior前加a。
3. 【解析】第二句total改为totally。考查副词。修饰形容词要用副词, 故将total改为totally。
4. 【解析】第三句your改为my。考查代词。根据上下文可知, 此处指学习在“我”的生活中很重要, 因此将your改为my。
5. 【解析】第四句finishing改为finish。考查非谓语动词。此处to是动词不定式符号, 在此表目的, 故将finishing改为finish。
6. 【解析】第五句was改为were。考查主谓一致。There be+n. 结构中, be动词要与名词的单复数保持一致; 此处名词tasks是复数, 故将was改为were。
7. 【解析】第六句or改为and。考查连词。根据句意可知, 由于这两门课比较弱, 因此英语和数学培训班都要上, 两者是并列关系, 不是选择关系。故将or改为and。
8. 【解析】第七句have改为had。考查动词的时态。根据本句提示词went可知, 去看父亲之前就已经好久没见过父亲了, 用过去完成时。故将have改成had。
9. 【解析】第八句删除very。考查固定结构。so+adv. /adj. +that. . . 结构中, very多余, 故删除。
10. 【解析】第八句for改为with。考查介词。表示“和……在一起”用介词with, 故将for改为with。
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