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2021版英语全能大一轮复习人教版讲义：语法精讲强化系列六并列句和状语从句
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语法精讲强化系列
六、并列句和状语从句
(一)并列句
考纲解读
考纲要求理解并列句的结构, 掌握并列连词的基本意义, 根据句子之间的相互关系能正确运用连词。掌握构成并列句的并列连词如: and, or, but, yet, so, while, when和either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also. . . 等。
命题趋势:
1. 着重考查对句子间意义关系的理解, 判断连词的误用并予以纠正。
2. 考查句子间的逻辑关系, 填入适当的连词。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·天津3月高考)Immediately, I contacted agencies that support those children and they said the stuffed animals would certainly lift children’s spirits.
2. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
3. When I studied chemistry at high school, I reconsidered my goal but decided to be a doctor.
(but改为and)
4. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed.
(but改为and)
5. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud. (and改为or)
解题思路
1. 解题两步走
第一步, 先分析是并列句还是主从复合句。第二步, 若是并列句, 分析并列句之间的关系, 然后选用正确的连词。
2. 常考的并列连词包括but, and, so等, 有时when和while也可用作并列连词。
3. 解题时, 要分清两个分句之间是并列关系、转折关系还是因果关系等, 从而得出正确答案。
考点清单
1. 并列连词
(1)并列连词按照在句中的作用可分为: 表并列关系的连词(and, as well as, both. . . and. . . , not only. . . but also. . . , neither. . . nor. . . 等)、表转折关系的连词(but, yet, while等)、表选择关系的连词(or, either. . . or. . . 等)、表因果关系的连词(for, so等)。
*People can either give them as gifts to friends or hang them in their houses.
(2)when和while可作并列连词。when表示“在那时, 此时突然”; while表示“然而, 而”, 表对比或转折关系。并列连词when常用于以下句型中:
①. . . was/were doing. . . when. . . (……正在做……这时(突然)……)
②. . . was/were about to do. . . when. . . (……刚要做……这时(突然)……)
③. . . was/were on the point of doing. . . when. . . (……刚要做……这时(突然)……)
④. . . had just done. . . when. . . (……刚/一……就……)
*The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motorbike.
2. 祈使句+and/or/otherwise句式
(1)祈使句+and+陈述句=if. . . , +主句。
*Find ways to praise your children often, and you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.
=If you find ways to praise your children often, you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.
(2)祈使句+or/otherwise+陈述句=if. . . not. . . , +主句。
*Hurry up or we will be late.
=If you don’t hurry up, we will be late.
用适当的连词填空
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) I work not because I have to, ______because I want to.
解题关键: 根据句意逻辑可知, 此处为转折关系, 构成“not. . . but. . . ”结构, 表示“不是……而是……”。
答案判定: but
Ⅰ. 用适当的词填空
1. We all have at least one TV memory that will last a lifetime. But there is undoubtedly a bad side to TV.
2. Construction on Carnegie Hall began in 1890 and the official opening night was on May 5, 1891.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
3. At eleven o ’clock we felt tired but we put out the fire and got into our tent.
(but改为so)
4. They give us lots of love and care, and we only care a little for them.
(第二个and改为but或while)
5. However, some feel that animals should not be kept in cages, and should rather be let out in the wild.
(and改为but)
6. Some young people dream of becoming scientists when others wish to become astronauts.
(when改为while)
(二)状语从句
考纲解读
1. 状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较和让步状语从句等9种, 是每年必考的语法项目。
2. 高考主要考查连词的判断选用, 主句与从句谓语动词的时态运用。其中, 以对时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和结果状语从句的考查最为频繁。
3. 近几年, 重点考查的连词有: when, while, as, before, unless, however等。
4. 近三年, 高考有考查状语从句、宾语从句、名词性从句交叉运用的题型出现。
考题链接
单句语法填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice.
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Then, when I was in the fifth grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much.
3. (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, as the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解题思路
1. 确定主句从句。一般而言, 主从复合句中, 由连词引导的句子为从句, 没有连词的句子为主句。
2. 确定从句修饰主句的哪一部分。状语在句子中可修饰谓语(或其他动词)、形容词、副词或是整个句子, 它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句可以这样理解: 即以一个句子充当状语, 换言之, 是把状语从句作为一个整体, 而这个整体来充当句子的状语这一成分。
3. 根据从句与主句逻辑关系确定连接词。引导状语从句的连词各种各样, 种类繁多, 不同的连词, 根据其意义和功能, 可以引导不同的状语从句, 根据具体情况确定连词。
考点清单
考点1 让步状语从句
1. though/although: 在句子中一般用了“虽然(though/although)”就不能再用“但是(but)”, 但可以与yet或still连用; though与although意义相同, 用法基本一样, 前者通俗, 口语化, 后者正式, 多放在主句的前面。
*Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty in waking him up.
2. even if和even though的意思为“即使, 纵使”, 有退一步设想的意味, 多用于书面语中。
*Even if the connections were visible, they would remain beyond the understanding of most people.
3. as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语, 从句常放在句首, 语序部分倒装。被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形。若表语是单数可数名词, 则该名词提前时, 省去其前的冠词。
*Tired as they were, they walked on without any rest.
4. no matter(who, what, when, where, which, how. . . ): no matter. . . 与wh-ever/however引导的让步状语从句意义基本一样, no matter. . . 引导的从句可位于主句前或主句后。
*No matter how dry a desert may be, it is not necessarily lifeless.
5. wh-ever(whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/ whichever); however。
①wh-ever/however从句中的动词有时可以和may连用;
②wh-ever/however可引导让步状语从句也可引导名词性从句, no matter. . . 只能引导让步状语从句。
*To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.
6. while也可以引导让步状语从句, 意为“尽管”, 一般放在句首。
*While volleyball is her main focus, she’s also good at basketball.
单句语法填空
(2019·江苏高考)______ the traditional Chinese dress may look more beautiful and stylish, it is a little bit strange to walk around in it.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为让步状语, 应用Although或Though。
答案判定: Although/Though
考点2 时间状语从句
1. when指的是“某一具体的时间”, 从句中谓语是延续性动词或非延续性动词。
*When we handed him the bag of food, he lit up and thanked us with watery eyes.
2. whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。
*You can ask for help whenever you need it.
3. while指“在某一段时间里”, “在……期间”, while引导从句中的动作必须是持续性的。
*While he was watching Nirvana in Fire, his deskmate was learning all the new words by heart.
4. as(一边……一边)引导持续性动作, 强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。
*He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
5. before意为“在……之前, 在……之后才, 不等……就”。
*The girl had hardly rung the bell before the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.
6. after意为“在……之后”。
*Several years after they’d split up they met again by chance in Beijing.
7. till/until: 如果主句动词是延续性动词, 常用肯定式, 表示“直到……为止”; 如果主句动词是瞬间性动词, 要用否定式, 表示“直到……才”, “在……以前不”, 从句放在句首表示强调, 一般用until。
*I enjoyed the long summer evenings until school began in the fall.
8. since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时, 谓语通常是短暂性动词, 主句用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
*I have been teaching here since I left college.
9. as soon as/hardly. . . when/no sooner. . . than/the moment/the instant/the second/immediately/directly/ instantly: hardly. . . when和no sooner. . . than的意义相当于as soon as, 但只表示过去发生的事情, 主句为过去完成时, 从句为过去时, 如果hardly或no sooner位于句首时, 语气较强, 而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。
*Just use this room for the time being, and we’ll offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.
10. every time/each time/last time/next time/by the time: 在时间状语从句中, 不能用一般将来时或过去将来时, 而要用一般现在时或一般过去时代替将来时。
*Next time you come here, I will tell you.
【点津】时间状语从句的3个重点句型
(1)It will be/was. . . before. . . 过多久才……
*It will be long before they come back.
(2)It won’t be/wasn’t. . . before. . . 不久就……
*John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.
(3)It is/has been. . . since. . . 自从……以来……
注意: since引导的从句如果用瞬间性动词, 表示的时间是从谓语动作开始算起; 如果用延续性动词, 表示的时间是从动作或状态的结束算起。
*It has been a decade since he joined the club.
他加入这个俱乐部已10年了。(从加入俱乐部后算起)
*It is two years and a half since he was an ambassador to France.
他不担任驻法大使已两年半了。(从不再担任驻法大使算起)
单句语法填空
(2019·北京高考)______ I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为时间状语从句, 表示“当我回到家的时候”, 且为短暂性动作, 应用When。
答案判定: When
考点3 地点状语从句和条件状语从句
1. 地点状语从句常考查
(1)where与wherever意义基本相同, 但后者语气较强, 多用于书面语。
*Today, we will begin where we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.
(2)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。
*Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
【点津】where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别
where引导地点状语从句直接修饰主句的谓语动词, 而在定语从句中where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面, 即此时有明显的地点名词。
*When solving the problem a second time, you’d better be more careful where you made a mistake.
=When solving the problem a second time, you’d better be more careful in the place where you made a mistake.
2. 条件状语从句常用引导词
if/unless/as long as/so long as/in case/so far as/as far as。
(1)unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式; unless和if. . . not同义, unless是书面语, if. . . not是口语, 二者通常可以换用。
*I think you won’t pass the coming English exam unless you work hard from now on.
(2)条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。
*As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
用适当的连词填空
(2019·天津6月高考)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents’ opinion ______he wants their support.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为条件状语从句, 表示“除非, 如果不”, 应用unless。
答案判定: unless
考点4 其他状语从句
1. 目的状语从句
(1)so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中需用情态动词can, could等。
*The police officers in our city work hard in order that the rest of us can live a safe life.
(2)for fear that(唯恐, 以防)与in case所引导的目的状语从句中, 谓语动词有时也用should/might/could+动词原形。
*The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father might see him.
*Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
【点津】
in case当“万一, 如果”讲时, 引导条件状语从句。
*In case he leaves, please inform me.
(3)目的状语从句可以用so as to, in order to等代替, 但主句和从句的主语必须一致。
*He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus.
=He got up early so as to/in order to catch the early bus.
2. 结果状语从句
(1)so that前有逗号, 引导结果状语从句。
*We turned up the radio, so that everyone could hear the news.
(2)so. . . that中so后面跟形容词或副词。
*He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
(3)such. . . that中such后面跟名词, 如果名词是单数就要用such a/an. . . that, 还可以转换为so+adj. +a/an+n. +. . . that, 语气较强。
*Jack is so honest a worker that we all believe him.
=Jack is such an honest worker that we all believe him.
3. 原因状语从句
(1)because用来回答why的提问, 语气最强, 一般放在主句之后。
*The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.
(2)since表示既然或已知的理由, 稍加分析即可表明的原因, 多放在句首。
*Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.
(3)as引导的从句常放在句首, 说明次要的原因, 主句说明结果, 常用于口语中(注意比较: for连接的是并列句)。
*As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary.
considering that, seeing that, now that和since意义相似, 都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思, that可以省去。
*He finished the task very well, considering (that) it was quite different.
鉴于这项任务相当特殊, 他完成得很不错。
4. 方式状语从句
(1)as引导状语从句, 意为“按照”。
*Do as you are told to.
(2)as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样; 从句中可以用陈述语气表示极可能符合事实, 也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反。
*Jack wasn’t saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.
5. 比较状语从句
(1)as. . . as; not so/as. . . as; the same. . . as表示同程度的比较, 肯定句用as. . . as, 否定句可用not as. . . as或not so. . . as。
*He doesn’t run so/as fast as Jack (does).
(2)than表示不同程度的比较, 主句中用形容词或副词的比较级。
*He runs less fast than me. 他跑得不如我快。
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)These kids are so absorbed in their studies ______I just sit back.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处表示“如此……以至于……”, 应用so. . . that. . . 结构。
答案判定: that
用适当的词填空/单句改错
1. “While/Though/Although it’s more possible for the chimpanzees to leave to the faster music, they did not show an actual preference for the slower classical music, ” said Wallace.
2. Human is such a strange animal that we mostly ignore something until/before/unless we lose it.
3. I believe the tale of Mulan appeals to Westerners mainly because it’s about a daughter’s respect for her family, especially her father.
4. She advanced dementia and could be violent, and she frequently screamed, although / because she was unable to speak.
5. Though he is busy with his work, but Lei seizes any available moment to read books related to ancient poems. (改错)
(去掉but)
学生用书P150
基础题组
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. He was so busy that he cannot afford enough time with his son even if/even though/although/though he wants to.
2. It’s not easy to change habits, but with awareness and self-control, it is possible.
3. Whenever I have to give a speech, I get extremely nervous before I start.
4. The dish has a special flavor(风味). You can hardly imagine how it tastes until you really taste it.
5. It is so cold that you can’t go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes.
6. Though it has been one year since he came to the city, he knows every street here like the back of his hand.
7. —What did he think of the trip to Beijing last month?
—He had such a good time when he visited the Great Wall.
8. Little as/though he knew about classical music, he pretended to be an expert on it.
9. People in Dali are very friendly and honest to you whether you are a foreigner or just a local.
10. Stick to what you think is right, and you will gain a surprising happy ending.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. But no sooner had I left when the bus arrived. (when改为than)
2. The people’s life here has become rich or colorful. ( or改为and)
3. I called my parents, so I did not tell them what had happened. (so改为but)
4. It isn’t very cold, but you needn’t bring many clothes with you. (but改为so)
5. It may be popular, and you may also get others confused. (and改为but)
6. I’m sure that until we keep on practising, it will be easy for us to learn spoken English well. (until改为if)
7. One day, I was cooking in the kitchen as the telephone rang. ( as改为when)
8. Charles Rolls, a car maker, was very interested in Royce’s car, but soon Rolls and Royce went into business together. (but改为and)
9. Work hard, you will make much progress and realize your dream. (you前加and)
10. I couldn’t wait to tell my parents the moment when I heard the news. (去掉when)
语篇题组
Ⅰ. 语法填空
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I can well remember that I was once asked to deliver a speech titled “A Real Test in My Life” before the whole class at the age of 9! You can imagine how
1. __________(terrible)shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes
2. __________(fix)upon me. I had no 3. __________(choose)but to prepare for it, though. First of all, I was to draft the speech, which was just a piece of cake for me, a good writer. But the hard part 4. ________(lie)in my oral presentation from my memory—for to read from the paper was not allowed. The real moment began
5. __________I stood on the platform with my legs trembling and my mind blank. But my 6. __________(listen)were still waiting patiently without any signs of rushing me. Gradually I found myself back, giving out my speech with difficulty. After what seemed to be a hundred years, I found my audience applauding—I made
7. ________! From then on, my fear of talking before an audience
8. __________(appear). Actually with my confidence built up, I now turn out to be a great speaker. Looking back, I know the greatest 9. __________(difficult) on our way to success is our fear. Overcome it, 10. __________we will be able to achieve our goals.
【文章大意】本文为一篇记叙文。“我”九岁那年第一次当众演讲, 虽然十分恐惧和害羞, 但是“我”最终成功了。从此, “我”明白了一个道理: 人生路上, 只有克服恐惧, 才能实现目标。
1. 【解析】terribly。考查词性转换。句意: 你能想象, 我一想到要在好多双眼睛的注视下演讲, 是多么害羞。形容词shy需要用副词来修饰, 此处terribly意为“很; 非常; 极度地”, 故填terribly。
2. 【解析】fixed。考查非谓语动词。句意见上一题解析。由短语fix one’s eyes upon. . . 可知fix和eyes之间为动宾关系, 故用fix的过去分词fixed。
3. 【解析】choice。考查词性转换。句意: 然而, 我没有别的选择, 只能准备演讲。no后加名词, 故填choice。
4. 【解析】lay。考查动词的时态。句意: 但是困难的部分在于我凭记忆进行口头陈述……由语境可知这是对过去事情的回忆, 故用一般过去时。
5. 【解析】when。考查状语从句。句意: 当我站在讲台上双腿哆嗦, 大脑一片空白时, 真正(考验我)的时刻到了。根据句意可知此处需要填时间状语从句的引导词when, 意为“当……的时候”。
6. 【解析】listeners。考查词性转换和名词单复数。句意: 但是我的听众们还在耐心地等我, 没有催促我的迹象。形容词性物主代词后要加名词, 故用名词listener, 意为“听众”; 又由后面的谓语动词were可知此处应填复数形式, 故填listeners。
7. 【解析】it。考查固定短语。句意: ……我成功了! make it意为“获得成功; 准时到达”, 为固定短语。
8. 【解析】disappeared。考查词形转换和动词的时态。句意: 从那时起, 我当众演讲的恐惧消失了。根据上下文可知作者在第一次演讲中克服了恐惧, 故填appear的反义词disappear, 意为“消失”; 因为该动作发生在过去, 故填disappeared。
9. 【解析】difficulty。考查词性转换。由形容词最高级greatest可知应当用difficult的名词形式, 形容词修饰名词。且在从句中作主语。
10. 【解析】and。考查连词。句意: 克服了它, 我们就能实现我们的目标。这里运用了“祈使句+and+陈述句”的句型, 祈使句相当于if引导的条件状语从句, 故填and。
Ⅱ. 短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处; 每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除: 把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改: 在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。
I like traveling and my dream of paying a visit for Beijing, the capital city of our country, come true during the National Day holidays this year. On October 1st, I went to Tian’anmen Square with my parents, there we watched the flag-raising ceremony. As I watched the flag rising slowly, I sang a national anthem, feel extremely excited. Then we went to some other famous tourist attraction, like the Great Wall. Standing on the Great Wall, I felt very proudly. I thought of the old saying that“One who fail to reach the Great Wall is a hero. ”Although I was tired, but I really had a good time.
答案:
1. 【解析】第一句for改为to。考查固定搭配。pay a visit to为固定搭配, 意为“拜访; 参观”。故将介词for改为to。
2. 【解析】第一句come改为came。考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知, 此处在句中作谓语。根据全文时态提示可知, 事情发生在过去, 要用一般过去时。故将come改为came。
3. 【解析】第二句there改为where。考查定语从句。句意: 10月1日, 我和父母一起去了天安门广场, 在那里我们观看了升旗仪式。分析句子结构可知, where在此处引导定语从句, 修饰先行词Tian’anmen Square, 并在从句中作地点状语。there是副词, 不能引导从句。故将there改为where。
4. 【解析】第三句a改为the。考查冠词。国歌是特指。故将不定冠词a改为定冠词the, 表特指。
5. 【解析】第三句feel改为feeling。考查非谓语动词。句中的谓语是sang, 动词feel与谓语动词之间没有并列连词, 因此要用非谓语动词形式; 动词feel与其逻辑主语I之间为主动关系, 故将feel改为feeling。
6. 【解析】第四句attraction改为attractions。考查名词单复数。不定代词some other修饰可数名词的复数形式。故将attraction改为attractions。
7. 【解析】第五句proudly改为proud。考查形容词。系动词feel之后应接形容词作表语。故将副词proudly改为形容词proud。
8. 【解析】第六句fail改为fails。考查主谓一致。关系代词who引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词One, 且who在定语从句中作主语, 此时从句中的谓语动词单复数应跟所修饰的先行词保持一致。故将fail改为fails。
9. 【解析】第六句is后加not。考查逻辑关系。句意: ……“不到长城非好汉。”根据句意可知, 此处表否定意义。故在is后加not。
10. 【解析】第七句删除but或but改为yet。考查连词。although引导的状语从句后不能重复出现表转折的but, 但是可以出现yet。故删除but或将but改为yet。
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语法精讲强化系列
六、并列句和状语从句
(一)并列句
考纲解读
考纲要求理解并列句的结构, 掌握并列连词的基本意义, 根据句子之间的相互关系能正确运用连词。掌握构成并列句的并列连词如: and, or, but, yet, so, while, when和either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also. . . 等。
命题趋势:
1. 着重考查对句子间意义关系的理解, 判断连词的误用并予以纠正。
2. 考查句子间的逻辑关系, 填入适当的连词。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·天津3月高考)Immediately, I contacted agencies that support those children and they said the stuffed animals would certainly lift children’s spirits.
2. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
3. When I studied chemistry at high school, I reconsidered my goal but decided to be a doctor.
(but改为and)
4. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed.
(but改为and)
5. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud. (and改为or)
解题思路
1. 解题两步走
第一步, 先分析是并列句还是主从复合句。第二步, 若是并列句, 分析并列句之间的关系, 然后选用正确的连词。
2. 常考的并列连词包括but, and, so等, 有时when和while也可用作并列连词。
3. 解题时, 要分清两个分句之间是并列关系、转折关系还是因果关系等, 从而得出正确答案。
考点清单
1. 并列连词
(1)并列连词按照在句中的作用可分为: 表并列关系的连词(and, as well as, both. . . and. . . , not only. . . but also. . . , neither. . . nor. . . 等)、表转折关系的连词(but, yet, while等)、表选择关系的连词(or, either. . . or. . . 等)、表因果关系的连词(for, so等)。
*People can either give them as gifts to friends or hang them in their houses.
(2)when和while可作并列连词。when表示“在那时, 此时突然”; while表示“然而, 而”, 表对比或转折关系。并列连词when常用于以下句型中:
①. . . was/were doing. . . when. . . (……正在做……这时(突然)……)
②. . . was/were about to do. . . when. . . (……刚要做……这时(突然)……)
③. . . was/were on the point of doing. . . when. . . (……刚要做……这时(突然)……)
④. . . had just done. . . when. . . (……刚/一……就……)
*The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motorbike.
2. 祈使句+and/or/otherwise句式
(1)祈使句+and+陈述句=if. . . , +主句。
*Find ways to praise your children often, and you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.
=If you find ways to praise your children often, you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.
(2)祈使句+or/otherwise+陈述句=if. . . not. . . , +主句。
*Hurry up or we will be late.
=If you don’t hurry up, we will be late.
用适当的连词填空
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) I work not because I have to, ______because I want to.
解题关键: 根据句意逻辑可知, 此处为转折关系, 构成“not. . . but. . . ”结构, 表示“不是……而是……”。
答案判定: but
Ⅰ. 用适当的词填空
1. We all have at least one TV memory that will last a lifetime. But there is undoubtedly a bad side to TV.
2. Construction on Carnegie Hall began in 1890 and the official opening night was on May 5, 1891.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
3. At eleven o ’clock we felt tired but we put out the fire and got into our tent.
(but改为so)
4. They give us lots of love and care, and we only care a little for them.
(第二个and改为but或while)
5. However, some feel that animals should not be kept in cages, and should rather be let out in the wild.
(and改为but)
6. Some young people dream of becoming scientists when others wish to become astronauts.
(when改为while)
(二)状语从句
考纲解读
1. 状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较和让步状语从句等9种, 是每年必考的语法项目。
2. 高考主要考查连词的判断选用, 主句与从句谓语动词的时态运用。其中, 以对时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和结果状语从句的考查最为频繁。
3. 近几年, 重点考查的连词有: when, while, as, before, unless, however等。
4. 近三年, 高考有考查状语从句、宾语从句、名词性从句交叉运用的题型出现。
考题链接
单句语法填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice.
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Then, when I was in the fifth grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much.
3. (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, as the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解题思路
1. 确定主句从句。一般而言, 主从复合句中, 由连词引导的句子为从句, 没有连词的句子为主句。
2. 确定从句修饰主句的哪一部分。状语在句子中可修饰谓语(或其他动词)、形容词、副词或是整个句子, 它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句可以这样理解: 即以一个句子充当状语, 换言之, 是把状语从句作为一个整体, 而这个整体来充当句子的状语这一成分。
3. 根据从句与主句逻辑关系确定连接词。引导状语从句的连词各种各样, 种类繁多, 不同的连词, 根据其意义和功能, 可以引导不同的状语从句, 根据具体情况确定连词。
考点清单
考点1 让步状语从句
1. though/although: 在句子中一般用了“虽然(though/although)”就不能再用“但是(but)”, 但可以与yet或still连用; though与although意义相同, 用法基本一样, 前者通俗, 口语化, 后者正式, 多放在主句的前面。
*Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty in waking him up.
2. even if和even though的意思为“即使, 纵使”, 有退一步设想的意味, 多用于书面语中。
*Even if the connections were visible, they would remain beyond the understanding of most people.
3. as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语, 从句常放在句首, 语序部分倒装。被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形。若表语是单数可数名词, 则该名词提前时, 省去其前的冠词。
*Tired as they were, they walked on without any rest.
4. no matter(who, what, when, where, which, how. . . ): no matter. . . 与wh-ever/however引导的让步状语从句意义基本一样, no matter. . . 引导的从句可位于主句前或主句后。
*No matter how dry a desert may be, it is not necessarily lifeless.
5. wh-ever(whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/ whichever); however。
①wh-ever/however从句中的动词有时可以和may连用;
②wh-ever/however可引导让步状语从句也可引导名词性从句, no matter. . . 只能引导让步状语从句。
*To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.
6. while也可以引导让步状语从句, 意为“尽管”, 一般放在句首。
*While volleyball is her main focus, she’s also good at basketball.
单句语法填空
(2019·江苏高考)______ the traditional Chinese dress may look more beautiful and stylish, it is a little bit strange to walk around in it.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为让步状语, 应用Although或Though。
答案判定: Although/Though
考点2 时间状语从句
1. when指的是“某一具体的时间”, 从句中谓语是延续性动词或非延续性动词。
*When we handed him the bag of food, he lit up and thanked us with watery eyes.
2. whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。
*You can ask for help whenever you need it.
3. while指“在某一段时间里”, “在……期间”, while引导从句中的动作必须是持续性的。
*While he was watching Nirvana in Fire, his deskmate was learning all the new words by heart.
4. as(一边……一边)引导持续性动作, 强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。
*He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
5. before意为“在……之前, 在……之后才, 不等……就”。
*The girl had hardly rung the bell before the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.
6. after意为“在……之后”。
*Several years after they’d split up they met again by chance in Beijing.
7. till/until: 如果主句动词是延续性动词, 常用肯定式, 表示“直到……为止”; 如果主句动词是瞬间性动词, 要用否定式, 表示“直到……才”, “在……以前不”, 从句放在句首表示强调, 一般用until。
*I enjoyed the long summer evenings until school began in the fall.
8. since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时, 谓语通常是短暂性动词, 主句用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
*I have been teaching here since I left college.
9. as soon as/hardly. . . when/no sooner. . . than/the moment/the instant/the second/immediately/directly/ instantly: hardly. . . when和no sooner. . . than的意义相当于as soon as, 但只表示过去发生的事情, 主句为过去完成时, 从句为过去时, 如果hardly或no sooner位于句首时, 语气较强, 而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。
*Just use this room for the time being, and we’ll offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.
10. every time/each time/last time/next time/by the time: 在时间状语从句中, 不能用一般将来时或过去将来时, 而要用一般现在时或一般过去时代替将来时。
*Next time you come here, I will tell you.
【点津】时间状语从句的3个重点句型
(1)It will be/was. . . before. . . 过多久才……
*It will be long before they come back.
(2)It won’t be/wasn’t. . . before. . . 不久就……
*John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.
(3)It is/has been. . . since. . . 自从……以来……
注意: since引导的从句如果用瞬间性动词, 表示的时间是从谓语动作开始算起; 如果用延续性动词, 表示的时间是从动作或状态的结束算起。
*It has been a decade since he joined the club.
他加入这个俱乐部已10年了。(从加入俱乐部后算起)
*It is two years and a half since he was an ambassador to France.
他不担任驻法大使已两年半了。(从不再担任驻法大使算起)
单句语法填空
(2019·北京高考)______ I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为时间状语从句, 表示“当我回到家的时候”, 且为短暂性动作, 应用When。
答案判定: When
考点3 地点状语从句和条件状语从句
1. 地点状语从句常考查
(1)where与wherever意义基本相同, 但后者语气较强, 多用于书面语。
*Today, we will begin where we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.
(2)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。
*Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
【点津】where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别
where引导地点状语从句直接修饰主句的谓语动词, 而在定语从句中where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面, 即此时有明显的地点名词。
*When solving the problem a second time, you’d better be more careful where you made a mistake.
=When solving the problem a second time, you’d better be more careful in the place where you made a mistake.
2. 条件状语从句常用引导词
if/unless/as long as/so long as/in case/so far as/as far as。
(1)unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式; unless和if. . . not同义, unless是书面语, if. . . not是口语, 二者通常可以换用。
*I think you won’t pass the coming English exam unless you work hard from now on.
(2)条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。
*As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
用适当的连词填空
(2019·天津6月高考)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents’ opinion ______he wants their support.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为条件状语从句, 表示“除非, 如果不”, 应用unless。
答案判定: unless
考点4 其他状语从句
1. 目的状语从句
(1)so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中需用情态动词can, could等。
*The police officers in our city work hard in order that the rest of us can live a safe life.
(2)for fear that(唯恐, 以防)与in case所引导的目的状语从句中, 谓语动词有时也用should/might/could+动词原形。
*The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father might see him.
*Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
【点津】
in case当“万一, 如果”讲时, 引导条件状语从句。
*In case he leaves, please inform me.
(3)目的状语从句可以用so as to, in order to等代替, 但主句和从句的主语必须一致。
*He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus.
=He got up early so as to/in order to catch the early bus.
2. 结果状语从句
(1)so that前有逗号, 引导结果状语从句。
*We turned up the radio, so that everyone could hear the news.
(2)so. . . that中so后面跟形容词或副词。
*He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
(3)such. . . that中such后面跟名词, 如果名词是单数就要用such a/an. . . that, 还可以转换为so+adj. +a/an+n. +. . . that, 语气较强。
*Jack is so honest a worker that we all believe him.
=Jack is such an honest worker that we all believe him.
3. 原因状语从句
(1)because用来回答why的提问, 语气最强, 一般放在主句之后。
*The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.
(2)since表示既然或已知的理由, 稍加分析即可表明的原因, 多放在句首。
*Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.
(3)as引导的从句常放在句首, 说明次要的原因, 主句说明结果, 常用于口语中(注意比较: for连接的是并列句)。
*As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary.
considering that, seeing that, now that和since意义相似, 都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思, that可以省去。
*He finished the task very well, considering (that) it was quite different.
鉴于这项任务相当特殊, 他完成得很不错。
4. 方式状语从句
(1)as引导状语从句, 意为“按照”。
*Do as you are told to.
(2)as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样; 从句中可以用陈述语气表示极可能符合事实, 也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反。
*Jack wasn’t saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.
5. 比较状语从句
(1)as. . . as; not so/as. . . as; the same. . . as表示同程度的比较, 肯定句用as. . . as, 否定句可用not as. . . as或not so. . . as。
*He doesn’t run so/as fast as Jack (does).
(2)than表示不同程度的比较, 主句中用形容词或副词的比较级。
*He runs less fast than me. 他跑得不如我快。
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)These kids are so absorbed in their studies ______I just sit back.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处表示“如此……以至于……”, 应用so. . . that. . . 结构。
答案判定: that
用适当的词填空/单句改错
1. “While/Though/Although it’s more possible for the chimpanzees to leave to the faster music, they did not show an actual preference for the slower classical music, ” said Wallace.
2. Human is such a strange animal that we mostly ignore something until/before/unless we lose it.
3. I believe the tale of Mulan appeals to Westerners mainly because it’s about a daughter’s respect for her family, especially her father.
4. She advanced dementia and could be violent, and she frequently screamed, although / because she was unable to speak.
5. Though he is busy with his work, but Lei seizes any available moment to read books related to ancient poems. (改错)
(去掉but)
学生用书P150
基础题组
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. He was so busy that he cannot afford enough time with his son even if/even though/although/though he wants to.
2. It’s not easy to change habits, but with awareness and self-control, it is possible.
3. Whenever I have to give a speech, I get extremely nervous before I start.
4. The dish has a special flavor(风味). You can hardly imagine how it tastes until you really taste it.
5. It is so cold that you can’t go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes.
6. Though it has been one year since he came to the city, he knows every street here like the back of his hand.
7. —What did he think of the trip to Beijing last month?
—He had such a good time when he visited the Great Wall.
8. Little as/though he knew about classical music, he pretended to be an expert on it.
9. People in Dali are very friendly and honest to you whether you are a foreigner or just a local.
10. Stick to what you think is right, and you will gain a surprising happy ending.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. But no sooner had I left when the bus arrived. (when改为than)
2. The people’s life here has become rich or colorful. ( or改为and)
3. I called my parents, so I did not tell them what had happened. (so改为but)
4. It isn’t very cold, but you needn’t bring many clothes with you. (but改为so)
5. It may be popular, and you may also get others confused. (and改为but)
6. I’m sure that until we keep on practising, it will be easy for us to learn spoken English well. (until改为if)
7. One day, I was cooking in the kitchen as the telephone rang. ( as改为when)
8. Charles Rolls, a car maker, was very interested in Royce’s car, but soon Rolls and Royce went into business together. (but改为and)
9. Work hard, you will make much progress and realize your dream. (you前加and)
10. I couldn’t wait to tell my parents the moment when I heard the news. (去掉when)
语篇题组
Ⅰ. 语法填空
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I can well remember that I was once asked to deliver a speech titled “A Real Test in My Life” before the whole class at the age of 9! You can imagine how
1. __________(terrible)shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes
2. __________(fix)upon me. I had no 3. __________(choose)but to prepare for it, though. First of all, I was to draft the speech, which was just a piece of cake for me, a good writer. But the hard part 4. ________(lie)in my oral presentation from my memory—for to read from the paper was not allowed. The real moment began
5. __________I stood on the platform with my legs trembling and my mind blank. But my 6. __________(listen)were still waiting patiently without any signs of rushing me. Gradually I found myself back, giving out my speech with difficulty. After what seemed to be a hundred years, I found my audience applauding—I made
7. ________! From then on, my fear of talking before an audience
8. __________(appear). Actually with my confidence built up, I now turn out to be a great speaker. Looking back, I know the greatest 9. __________(difficult) on our way to success is our fear. Overcome it, 10. __________we will be able to achieve our goals.
【文章大意】本文为一篇记叙文。“我”九岁那年第一次当众演讲, 虽然十分恐惧和害羞, 但是“我”最终成功了。从此, “我”明白了一个道理: 人生路上, 只有克服恐惧, 才能实现目标。
1. 【解析】terribly。考查词性转换。句意: 你能想象, 我一想到要在好多双眼睛的注视下演讲, 是多么害羞。形容词shy需要用副词来修饰, 此处terribly意为“很; 非常; 极度地”, 故填terribly。
2. 【解析】fixed。考查非谓语动词。句意见上一题解析。由短语fix one’s eyes upon. . . 可知fix和eyes之间为动宾关系, 故用fix的过去分词fixed。
3. 【解析】choice。考查词性转换。句意: 然而, 我没有别的选择, 只能准备演讲。no后加名词, 故填choice。
4. 【解析】lay。考查动词的时态。句意: 但是困难的部分在于我凭记忆进行口头陈述……由语境可知这是对过去事情的回忆, 故用一般过去时。
5. 【解析】when。考查状语从句。句意: 当我站在讲台上双腿哆嗦, 大脑一片空白时, 真正(考验我)的时刻到了。根据句意可知此处需要填时间状语从句的引导词when, 意为“当……的时候”。
6. 【解析】listeners。考查词性转换和名词单复数。句意: 但是我的听众们还在耐心地等我, 没有催促我的迹象。形容词性物主代词后要加名词, 故用名词listener, 意为“听众”; 又由后面的谓语动词were可知此处应填复数形式, 故填listeners。
7. 【解析】it。考查固定短语。句意: ……我成功了! make it意为“获得成功; 准时到达”, 为固定短语。
8. 【解析】disappeared。考查词形转换和动词的时态。句意: 从那时起, 我当众演讲的恐惧消失了。根据上下文可知作者在第一次演讲中克服了恐惧, 故填appear的反义词disappear, 意为“消失”; 因为该动作发生在过去, 故填disappeared。
9. 【解析】difficulty。考查词性转换。由形容词最高级greatest可知应当用difficult的名词形式, 形容词修饰名词。且在从句中作主语。
10. 【解析】and。考查连词。句意: 克服了它, 我们就能实现我们的目标。这里运用了“祈使句+and+陈述句”的句型, 祈使句相当于if引导的条件状语从句, 故填and。
Ⅱ. 短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处; 每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除: 把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改: 在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。
I like traveling and my dream of paying a visit for Beijing, the capital city of our country, come true during the National Day holidays this year. On October 1st, I went to Tian’anmen Square with my parents, there we watched the flag-raising ceremony. As I watched the flag rising slowly, I sang a national anthem, feel extremely excited. Then we went to some other famous tourist attraction, like the Great Wall. Standing on the Great Wall, I felt very proudly. I thought of the old saying that“One who fail to reach the Great Wall is a hero. ”Although I was tired, but I really had a good time.
答案:
1. 【解析】第一句for改为to。考查固定搭配。pay a visit to为固定搭配, 意为“拜访; 参观”。故将介词for改为to。
2. 【解析】第一句come改为came。考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知, 此处在句中作谓语。根据全文时态提示可知, 事情发生在过去, 要用一般过去时。故将come改为came。
3. 【解析】第二句there改为where。考查定语从句。句意: 10月1日, 我和父母一起去了天安门广场, 在那里我们观看了升旗仪式。分析句子结构可知, where在此处引导定语从句, 修饰先行词Tian’anmen Square, 并在从句中作地点状语。there是副词, 不能引导从句。故将there改为where。
4. 【解析】第三句a改为the。考查冠词。国歌是特指。故将不定冠词a改为定冠词the, 表特指。
5. 【解析】第三句feel改为feeling。考查非谓语动词。句中的谓语是sang, 动词feel与谓语动词之间没有并列连词, 因此要用非谓语动词形式; 动词feel与其逻辑主语I之间为主动关系, 故将feel改为feeling。
6. 【解析】第四句attraction改为attractions。考查名词单复数。不定代词some other修饰可数名词的复数形式。故将attraction改为attractions。
7. 【解析】第五句proudly改为proud。考查形容词。系动词feel之后应接形容词作表语。故将副词proudly改为形容词proud。
8. 【解析】第六句fail改为fails。考查主谓一致。关系代词who引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词One, 且who在定语从句中作主语, 此时从句中的谓语动词单复数应跟所修饰的先行词保持一致。故将fail改为fails。
9. 【解析】第六句is后加not。考查逻辑关系。句意: ……“不到长城非好汉。”根据句意可知, 此处表否定意义。故在is后加not。
10. 【解析】第七句删除but或but改为yet。考查连词。although引导的状语从句后不能重复出现表转折的but, 但是可以出现yet。故删除but或将but改为yet。
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