2021版英语全能大一轮复习人教版讲义：语法精讲强化系列九情态动词和虚拟语气

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语法精讲强化系列

九、情态动词和虚拟语气

 (一)情态动词

考纲解读

情态动词主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等, 它是英语中最难把握的一个语法项目, 也是每年高考必考内容。从历年的高考试题, 主要从以下几个方面来考查情态动词:

1. 情态动词的基本用法和含义, 即说话人对所说的动作或状态的看法或主观设想;

2. 考查情态动词表示推测的用法区别;

3. 情态动词在虚拟语气中的运用;

4. “情态动词+have+过去分词”的其他用法。它们都要结合具体语境来考查灵活运用情态动词的能力。

考题链接

用适当的词填空

1. (2019·天津3月高考)Biological age is the number of candles we really should be blowing out.

2. (2018·浙江高考)And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at,  they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.

3. (2018·浙江高考)One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.

解题思路

1. 认真审题, 结合所给出的语境, 正确把握说话者的语气、情感、态度、观点等。

 2. 掌握情态动词的基本特征和用法, 并结合语境推敲答案。

3. 要注意把握时间概念。

考点清单

考点1 9大情态动词的基本用法

1. can/could

(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。

*The police still haven’t found the missing child,  but they’re doing all they can.

(2)表示理论上的可能性,  “有时候可能会”(用在肯定句中)。

*It can be quite windy there,  especially in spring.

(3)表示请求和允许,  口语中常用could代替can(could用来表示现在,  用以委婉地提出请求等,  但回答时必须用can)。

*Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station? 

(4)表示推测“可能”(用于否定句、疑问句中)。

*He can’t be at home for I just saw him in the classroom.

2. may/might

(1)表示请求、允许、许可,  might比may的语气更委婉。

*—May I take the book out? 

—I’m afraid not.

(2)表示推测“可能”,  可能性比can/could小。

*—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him? 

—Don’t worry. He might not come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.

3. must

(1)表示“必须;  应该”。

*—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? 

—I am afraid you must,  in case he comes late for the meeting.

(2)表示“偏要,  硬要”做某事。

*If you must go,  at least wait until the storm is over.

(3)表示推测,  “一定”。

*—Good morning. I’ve got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.

—Ah,  good morning. You must be Mrs Brown.

4. shall

(1)用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,  表示征求对方的意见。

*Shall we go to the theatre by bus? 

(2)用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,  表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁;  此外,  表示法律、条文中规定必须……时也用shall。

*—Will you read me a story,  Mummy? 

—OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.

5. should

(1)表示劝告和建议,  作“应该”讲。

*You should learn from each other.

(2)表示惊讶、意外等情绪,  意为“竟然”。

*It is surprising that you should not know it.

(3)用在if条件句中,  表示可能性很小,  但也不是完全不可能。

*If you should fail to come,  ask Mr Smith to work in your place.

6. will/would

(1)用于表示意志或意愿。

*—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night? 

—I wanted to,  but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.

(2)表示“请求;  建议”。用would比will委婉、客气些。

*Will/Would you please keep the door open? 

(3)表示习惯,  will可以表示现在的习惯,  意为“总是;  习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。

*He would get up early when he lived in the country.

(4)表示事物的某种性质和倾向,  或按规律“注定会”。

*Oil will float on water.

7. need

表示“需要;  必要”,  用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。

*I needn’t worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.

8. dare

表示“敢;  敢于”,  主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,  一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是习惯说法,  意为“我想,  大概”。

*I daren’t catch the mouse.

9. ought to

表示义务,  意为“应当”,  语气比should强,  表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测,  意为“应是,  应该”。

*You ought to work harder than before.

【点津】3组易混词(组)用法比较

单句语法填空

(2019·天津6月高考)If special clothes are used,  they ______truly represent a given period.  

解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处表示“它们应该真正代表一个特定的时期”, 应用should。

答案判定: should

考点2 5大表示推测的情态动词用法比较

续表

Ⅰ. 用适当的词填空

1. (2019·北京高考)She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile.

2. (2019·天津6月高考)The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.

3. (2019·天津6月高考)The prey species they directly attack will die out.

Ⅱ. 单句改错

4. Dare you to tell your parents about your school records?

(去掉to)

5. She told him he ought not do it.  (not后加to)

6. It is true that no one should live without money in modern society.  (should改为can)

(二)虚拟语气

考纲解读

高考中主要考查虚拟语气在条件状语从句、名词性从句中的使用, 还考查了在语境中用“情态动词+完成时”表达虚拟语气, 同时考生还应掌握虚拟语气在其他固定句式中的使用。

考题链接

1. (2019·江苏高考)What a pity!  You missed the sightseeing,  or we would have had (have) a good time together.  

2. (2019·天津高考)If I were in that situation,  I would want (want)someone to try to find me, ” she said.  

解题思路

1. 如果是含有if虚拟条件句, 可以直接套用主从句的不同形式。

2. 若是名词性从句, 要熟记和分析用虚拟语气的情况。特别是注意当suggest表示“暗示; 表明”、insist表示“坚持”说时, 其后的宾语从句要用陈述语气, 不用虚拟语气。

3. 若是一些应用虚拟语气的固定句式, 可灵活运用。例如“It is(high/about) time that. . . ”句型的虚拟语气: 用过去式(were或did)或“should+动词原形”。

4. 注意一些错综虚拟语气和含蓄虚拟语气, 要据实际情况正确运用。

考点清单

考点1 状语从句中虚拟语气的用法

1. 非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法

2. 目的状语从句中虚拟语气的用法

for fear that/in case+从句:  从句谓语用should+动词原形,  意为“以防,  万一”。

*We got up early for fear that we should miss the early bus.

3. 方式状语从句中虚拟语气的用法

as if/as though+从句:  (1)与现在事实相反,  从句用一般过去时;  (2)与过去事实相反,  从句用过去完成时;  (3)与将来事实相反,  从句谓语用would/could/might+动词原形。

*She speaks English as if/as though she were a native of New York.

4. 一些特殊结构的虚拟语气

(1)在条件句中的省略:  如果虚拟条件句中含有were,  should,  had三个词,  可将if省略,  把这三个词前置于主语之前,  形成部分倒装。

*Were I in your position,  I would do the same.

(2)错综时间虚拟句:  当条件状语从句所表示的行为和主句所表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,  这种虚拟条件句称为错综时间虚拟句。动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。

*If you had taken the doctor’s advice,  you would be better now.

(3)含蓄虚拟条件句:  有时假设的情况并不以条件句表示出来,  而是暗含在上下文中,  如通过介词(短语)with,  without,  but for等来表示。

*We would have put John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.

考点2 其他从句中虚拟语气的用法

1. 主语从句中的虚拟语气

It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/a pity+that从句,  从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。

*It’s strange that she (should) make so much trouble.

2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气

表示“坚持, 建议,  命令,  要求”等意义时,  宾语从句用“(should+)动词原形”。

①坚持:  动词insist;  ②命令:  动词order,  command;  ③建议:  动词advise,  suggest,  propose,  recommend;  ④要求:  动词request,  require,  demand,  desire。

*Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.

【点津】(1)①suggest意为“表明,  暗示”时,  宾语从句不用虚拟语气; 

②insist意为“坚持说”时,  宾语从句不用虚拟语气。

(2)I wish(that)+宾语从句(虚拟语气)。

①表示愿望与“现在事实相反”,  从句用一般过去时。

*How he wishes that he were a bird! 

②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”,  从句用过去完成时。

*We wish that we had visited the Great Wall last year.

③表示将来愿望实现的可能性很小,  从句常用could/would +动词原形。

*We wish we would live on the moon one day.

(3)would rather/prefer+ that从句(从句用虚拟语气)。

①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”,  从句用一般过去时。

*I would rather you were not here with me now.

②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”,  从句用过去完成时。

*I would rather you hadn’t done that.

3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气

(1)在suggestion,  proposal,  order,  plan,  idea,  request,  advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“(should+)动词原形”。

*He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.

(2)as if,  as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气,  与现在事实相反用一般过去时;  与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

*It looks as if he were 10 years younger today.

4. 定语从句中的虚拟语气

It’s (about/high/very) time+that从句(从句用虚拟语气,  谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形,  should不能省略),  意为“某人该做某事了”。

*It’s time that we should go/went home.

5. if only从句中的虚拟语气

if only引导的感叹句,  其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。

*If only the driver hadn’t driven so fast then! 

单句语法填空

(2019·天津3月高考)Mary’s description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I ______(be)there.   

解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处as if后为对过去情况的虚拟, 因此用过去完成时。

答案判定: had been

Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空

1. I wish that I had gone(go)with you to see the film last night.  

2. Without electricity, our life would be(be)quite different today.  

3. It is high time you took(take)the medicine,  sir.

Ⅱ. 单句改错

4. He feels as if he is floating on a cloud.

(is改为were)

5. He had telephoned to inform me of your birthday,  or I would have known nothing about it.

(去掉had)

6. I wish I can fly to the space station in a spaceship one day.

(can 改为could)

基础题组

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. It must have been Tom that parked the car,  as he is the only one with a car.

2. You may feel all the training is a waste of time,  but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll be grateful you did it.

3. I’m afraid Mr Harding can’t see you now.  He’s busy.

4.  I can’t leave.  She told me that I must stay here until she comes back.

5. How I wish every family had(have)a large house with a beautiful garden.

Ⅱ.  单句改错

1. The law says that drivers can’t drive after drinking.  (can’t改为mustn’t)

2. Our suggestion is that you are the first to go.  (are改为be)

3. The little boy could never able to see or hear again.  (could改为was)

4. You mustn’t do the exercise if you don’t want to.  (mustn’t改为needn’t)

5. A few years ago I might afford to bring my wife to this place for dinner.  (might改为could)

语篇题组

Ⅰ. 语法填空

　　阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Scientists are working hard to develop better aerials(天线)for mobile phones,  a spokesman for Phikia Phones said today.  “It really 1. __________(annoy)users when they lose the signal in the middle of a call,  2. __________we are developing new aerials that will enable users 3. __________(receive)stronger signals.  Many users reported that when they 4. __________(travel),  the signal was often lost”,  said the spokesman.  The new aerials are designed to avoid losing the signal

5. __________receiving the message on a wider range of radio frequencies.  “we have learnt that this is a major concern for phone users”,  said the spokesman.  The new phones have a 6. __________(flexibility)external aerial,  which users will have to get used to 7. __________(touch)their ear or head.  The aerials that make the phones able to pick up a wider range of signals.  The company spokesman insisted 8. __________this was not a potential danger. “Every safety regulation has been followed”,  he told our reporter.  “If I 9. __________(have)one of these phones this morning,  I wouldn’t have missed my train coming here”,  10. ________(joke)the spokesman.  

【文章大意】很多人在打电话的时候会中途失去信号, 现在研究人员正在研发外部的电话天线, 防止失去信号。

1. 【解析】annoys。考查动词的时态。句意: 通话过程中失去信号真让人生气。根据when引导的时间状语从句可知, 这里用一般现在时, 而且主语是第三人称单数, 故填annoys。

2. 【解析】so。考查副词。下文的“we are developing new aerials”是上文的结果。故填so。

3. 【解析】to receive。考查非谓语动词。句意: 我们开发新的天线, 能让用户收到更强的信号。使用enable sb. to do sth. 。故填 to receive。

4. 【解析】were traveling。考查动词时态。很多用户报告说: 当他们正在游泳的时候, 信号经常丢失。主句是“the signal was often lost”, 用一般过去式, 根据语境从句用过去进行时, 主语表示复数。故填were traveling。

5. 【解析】by。考查介词。新的天线被设计是为了通过接收更广泛的信息而避免失去信号。by doing sth. 通过做某事。故填by。

 6. 【解析】flexible。考查形容词。修饰名词external aerial用形容词形式。故填flexible。

 7. 【解析】touching。考查非谓语动词。get used to doing习惯于做某事。故填touching。

 8. 【解析】that。考查名词性从句。insisted后面接宾语从句, 从句的内容和结构都是完整的, 用that引导。故填that。

 9. 【解析】had had。考查虚拟语气。根据主句的“wouldn’t have missed”可知这句话使用表示和过去相反的虚拟语气, if条件句用过去完成时。故填had had。

 10. 【解析】joked。考查动词的时态。根据上文“he told our reporter. ”可知发言人的话是过去说的。故填joked。

Ⅱ.  短文改错

The summer holiday is coming.  My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.  We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.  If we stay at home,  it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.  But in that case,  we will learn little about world.  If we go on a trip abroad,  we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.  Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.  I thought that it is a good idea.  It does not cost many,  yet we can still learn a lot.

答案:

1. 【解析】第二句how 改为what。考查宾语从句。分析句子可知, are talking about后为疑问句+不定式结构, 主宾结构中do缺少宾语。故将how改为what。

2. 【解析】第三句chose 改为choose。考查情态动词的用法。情态动词后接动词原形。

3. 【解析】第三句take 改为taking。考查非谓语动词。因为and连接两个并列的成分, 且介词后接动名词形式。所以将take改为taking。

4. 【解析】第四句but改为and。考查连词。前后句之间为并列关系。故将but改为and。

5. 【解析】第五句在world前加the。考查冠词。根据语境可知, 此处表示特指, 故应用定冠词the。

6. 【解析】第六句your改为our。考查代词。因为句子的主语为“we”。故此处用our。

7. 【解析】第六句knowledges 改为knowledge。考查名词的数。knowledge为不可数名词, 只能用单数形式。

8. 【解析】第七句删除can或将can改为 should。考查虚拟语气。suggest 意为“建议”时, 其后的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用should+动词原形, should可以省略。

9. 【解析】第八句thought改为think。考查动词的时态。全文的时态均以一般现在时为主, 故此处应用一般现在时。

10. 【解析】第九句many改为much。考查代词。表示“钱”的多少时, 要用much而不是many。

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