2021版英语全能大一轮复习人教版讲义：语法精讲强化系列四名词、冠词和主谓一致　

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语法精讲强化系列
四、名词、冠词和主谓一致　


(一)名词
考纲解读
名词除了考查其词义辨析外, 还常结合其他项目一起考查, 题型以语法填空、短文改错、完形填空等形式出现, 考查要点主要包括:
1. 考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。
2. 考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
3. 考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象, 这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如: shelter n. 庇护, 避难所→vt. 保护, 躲避, 避难; shoulder n. 肩, 肩膀→肩负, 承担。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. (2019·北京高考) No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities (activity) on Earth Day.
2. (2019·江苏高考)Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness (willing) to help.
3. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m a scientist(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
4. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her education(educate).
Ⅱ. 单句改错
5. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
(chicken改为 chickens)
6. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.
(sort改为sorts)
7. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well. ” (mistake改为mistakes)
解题思路
1. 要牢记可数名词单数复数的不规则变化形式。
对于名词的考查多以词性转换的形式出现, 要根据句意及上下文判断其词性, 同时兼顾其单复数及所有格形式。因此要牢记名词变复数的各种不规则变化形式, 如passer-by的复数形式为passers-by, ox的复数形式为oxen, child的复数形式为children。
2. 掌握名词与动词及形容词之间的转换。
在解题时要结合提示词来分析句意及前后逻辑关系, 有时也可能会考查与提示词的词根意义相反的派生词, 这就需要在词根前加un-, im-, dis-等。
考点清单
考点1 名词单复数
1. 单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则。
(1)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时, 常在词尾加-s, 如pianos, radios, photos等。但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 即Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes。
但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es, 也可以加-s, 它们是: zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes)火山。
(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时, 一般直接加-s, 但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉, 加-ves, 即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。
下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves, 也可以直接加-s, 如handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕, scarfs (scarves) 围巾。
(3)合成名词变成复数时, 通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数, 如果没有主体名词, 则将最后一部分变为复数。例如: sons-in-law女婿; passers-by过路人; story-tellers讲故事的人; grown-ups成年人; breakfasts早餐; housewives家庭主妇。
2. 只有复数形式的可数名词。
一些食物名词或表示一些成双成对的物品名称的名词通常用复数形式, 如noodles, snacks, jeans, earphones, trousers, clothes, pants, glasses, shoes, sunglasses, scissors, compasses(圆规)等。这些名词可单独作主语, 此时谓语动词用复数形式; 也可用a pair of或pairs of修饰作主语, 此时谓语动词取决于pair的形式。
3. 有些名词在形式上虽是单数, 但常表示复数含义, 如people, police, cattle, staff, “the+adj. ”(表示一类人)。
4. 对于集合名词, 当它表示一个整体时, 视作单数; 当它侧重各个成员时, 视作复数, 如family, class等。
5. 有些名词单复数同形, 如fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, series等。
6. 有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等, 如congratulations祝贺, regards问候, respects敬意, thanks谢谢, wishes祝愿, manners礼貌等。
7. 表示一类事物总称的名词, 常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”, 如furniture, equipment, luggage, baggage, homework, information, progress, weather, wealth等。
8. 有些抽象名词或物质名词可以转化为可数名词, 即抽象名词具体化。常见的有:
抽象名词
具体意义
surprise惊讶　
a surprise让人吃惊的人或事
success成功
a success成功的人或事
pleasure高兴
a pleasure令人高兴的事
pity同情
a pity令人遗憾的事
failure失败
a failure失败的人或事
单句语法填空
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your ______(strength), your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc.  
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处strength为可数名词, 应用名词的复数形式。
答案判定: strengths
考点2 名词的构词法
常见的名词后缀:
1. 具有某种职业或动作的人:
(1)-an/-ian, 表示“……地方的人, 精通……的人”。例如: American美国人, historian历史学家, politician政治家, 政客, Asian亚洲人, African非洲人, Italian意大利人, physician内科医生。
(2)-ant, 表示“……的人”。例如: servant佣人, applicant应征者, assistant助手。
(3)-ar, 表示“……者”。例如: scholar学者, liar说谎者。
(4)-ee, 表示“动作承受者”。例如: employee雇员, interviewee被面试者, trainee受训者。
(5)-eer, 表示“从事……的人”。例如: engineer工程师, volunteer志愿者。
(6)-er, 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区、地方的人”。例如: observer观察者, villager村民, banker银行家, Londoner伦敦人, worker工人, performer表演者, manager经理, teacher老师。
(7)-ese, 表示“……国人 ……地方的人”。例如: Chinese中国人, Japanese日本人, Cantonese广东人。
(8)-ess, 表示“女称名词”。例如: actress女演员, hostess女主人。
(9)-ist, 表示“从事……研究者, 信仰……主义者”。例如: pianist钢琴家, communist共产主义者, dentist牙医, artist艺术家。
(10)-or, 表示“……者”。例如: author作者, doctor医生, operator操作员, 电话接线员, director导演, survivor幸存者, instructor教练, 讲师。
2. 具有抽象含义的名词:
(1)-acy, 表示“性质, 状态”。例如: accuracy精确, privacy隐私, literacy读写能力, adequacy足够。
(2)-age, 表示“状态, 行为, 身份及其结果”。例如: shortage短缺, storage储存, marriage婚姻, courage勇气。
(3)-al, 表示“事物的动作, 过程”。例如: refusal拒绝, arrival到达, survival存活, approval批准, proposal提议。
(4)-ance/-ence, 表示“性质, 状况, 行为, 过程, 总量, 程度”。例如: importance重要, diligence勤奋, difference区别, convenience方便。
(5)-ancy/-ency, 表示“性质, 状态, 行为, 过程”。例如: frequency频率, urgency迫切, efficiency效率, tendency趋势。
(6)-bility, 表示“性质, 状态”。例如: ability能力, disability残疾, possibility可能性, probability可能性。
(7)-dom, 表示“等级, 领域, 状态”。例如: freedom自由, kingdom王国, wisdom智慧。
(8)-ion/-sion/-tion, 表示“行为的过程, 结果, 状况”。例如: action行动, solution解决方案, conclusion结论, destruction毁坏, expression表达, correction改正, impression印象。
(9)-ment, 表示“行为, 状态, 过程, 手段及其结果等”。例如: treatment对待, 治疗, movement运动, judgement判断。
(10)-ness, 表示“性质, 状态, 程度”。例如: goodness善良, kindness仁慈, tiredness乏味, friendliness友好。
(11)-ship, 表示“情况, 性质, 技巧, 技能及身份, 职业”。例如: hardship困苦, membership成员, friendship友谊, leadership领导。
(12)-th, 表示“动作, 性质, 过程, 状态”。例如: depth深度, wealth财富, truth真理, length长度, growth成长, strength力气, 长处。
(13)-ure, 表示“行为, 结果”。例如: exposure暴露, pressure压力, failure失败。
用所给词的适当形式填空
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ______(compete)to watch, together with the story behind it.  
解题关键: 根据空格前的interesting可知此处填名词形式, 结合前面的an 可知应用名词的单数形式。
答案判定: competition。

Ⅰ. 用所给词的正确形式填空
1. TV is one of the greatest inventions(invent)of the 20th century.
2. After the “Beginning of Summer”, trees put out leaves(leaf), crops grow fast, the heat of summer approaches and farmers are very busy.
3. These results suggested that music appreciation(appreciate)may be something that is unique to humans, according to Wallace.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
4. It is not easy for our parent to bring us up. (parent改为parents)
5. “Reciting poems not only enriches my knowledges, but also makes my job less boring, ” the delivery man said. (knowledges改为knowledge)
6. We shouldn’t leave the tap running for a long time while we brush our tooth. (tooth改为 teeth)
(二)冠词
考纲解读
冠词几乎每年都有考查, 考查点主要包括: 1. 考查定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法。2. 考查定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法。抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前冠词的使用情况。3. 考查冠词的泛指、特指、类指和专指用法。4. 考查零冠词的运用。另外, 还涉及很多冠词与名词的固定搭配。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
2. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at the top of her lungs.
3. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
4. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6, 500 a day as a model in New York.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
5. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and unique style. (unique前加a)
6. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. (hour前a改为an)
7. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. (picture前加the)
解题思路
1. 找出其中的名词。
2. 判断名词的可数与不可数: (1)单数可数名词前加不定冠词, 表示一类或一个, 表泛指; 加定冠词表示特指或一类。(2)复数名词前加定冠词表示特指; 不加冠词表示泛指。(3)不可数名词前加定冠词表示特指; 不加冠词表示泛指。
3. 注意含有冠词或不含冠词的固定短语。
考点清单
考点1 冠词的基本用法
1. 定冠词的常考必备:
(1)上文已出现过或说话双方都熟知的事物前; (2)表示世界上独一无二的事物、自然现象、方位或者发明物的名词前; (3)序数词和形容词或副词最高级前;
(4)表示年代、朝代、时代的名词或由普通名词组成的专有名词前; (5)形容词或形容词化的过去分词前, 表示一类人或物, 或用于姓氏复数前表示一家人等。
2. 不定冠词的常考必备:
(1)单数可数名词前, 表泛指的数量“一”; (2)a certain修饰专有名词(=some+名词单数)表示“某一个”; (3)序数词前, 表示“又一, 再一”; (4)物质名词前, 表示“一份, 一阵, 一场, 一类”等或用于抽象名词具体化; (5)有修饰词的三餐和四季前; (6)a, an与比较级连用, 在否定句中表示最高级意义, 而a+most+形容词+名词, 表示“一个非常……的……”。
3. 零冠词的常考必备:
(1)表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词前;
(2)表示头衔、职位名称的名词作表语、补语、同位语和as的宾语时; (3)as/though引导的让步状语从句中, 作表语的单数可数名词置于句首时。
用所给词的适当形式填空
(2019•全国卷Ⅰ)Of ______nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.  
解题关键: 根据句意可知, 此处为特指“在已知的19个北极熊子群种中”, 应用定冠词。
答案判定: the
考点2 冠词的固定搭配
1. 用在表示计量单位的名词前by the day, by the dozen, by the hour, by the yard等。
2. 固定结构“动词+sb. +介词+the+身体部位名词”。
3. 固定短语: a knowledge of, a collection of, a better understanding of, have a look, play a trick on, in a hurry, make the best of, in the end, on the phone等。
4. the+比较级. . . the+比较级. . . 表示“越……越……”。
用适当的冠词填空
(2019·浙江6月高考)As ______matter of fact, the quality of praise is more significant, which focuses on the kids’ effort rather than the outcome.  

解题关键: 根据句意可知, 此处为固定短语“实际上”as a matter of fact。
答案判定: a

Ⅰ. 用适当的冠词填空
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me and almost hit me.
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
3. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Besides, having a good knowledge of Chinese paintings because of my familiarity with Chinese painting culture, I can get foreigners and the locals to know more about it.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Chris, you’re an experienced player, with a wonderful talent for volleyball.  
克里斯, 你是一个有经验的球员, 有很棒的排球天赋。
2. (2019·江苏高考)It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions.  
如果这些误判仅仅是人们观点的问题, 这不要紧。
3. (2019·浙江6月高考) We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal. 我们应该特别认识到我们的孩子们努力地自我激励, 努力工作, 以实现一个目标。 
4. (2019·天津3月高考)Edward, do you mind giving me a ride to the railway station?  
爱德华, 你介意让我搭便车去火车站吗?
(三)主谓一致
考纲解读
主谓一致是历年高考试题中的主要测试点之一, 考题主要测试语法一致的原则, 意义一致的原则, 就近一致的原则, 同时还涉及动词时态、语态和修饰等。由于汉语中没有主谓一致现象, 所以有时很难把握这一语法现象。在注意掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时, 要特别注意语言内容上一致的原则。分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、主语从句等用作主语的主谓一致问题仍会是今后高考命题的热点。
考题链接
用所给词的适当形式填空
1. (2019·天津6月高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, was given (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.  
2. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Fast food is(be)full of fat and salt.
解题思路
1. 首先考虑语法一致原则。做题时, 先找出句子的主语, 根据主语的具体情况来确定谓语单复数形式。特别注意, 主语后面跟由with, along with, as well as等引起的短语时, 谓语需与前面的主语保持一致。
2. 考虑是否符合就近原则。由or, either. . . or, not only. . . but also等连接的并列主语, 常采用就近原则。
3. 牢记意义一致原则的一些特殊情况。
考点清单
主谓一致
原则
主　　　语
谓　语
语法
一致
原则
单　数
单　数
复　数
复　数
由and连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念
复数
people, police, cattle等有生命的集体名词
一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词, 如goods, stairs, arms等
山脉、群岛、瀑布等以-s结尾的专有名词
集体名词class, family, army, team, club, company, population, minority, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, committee, government, majority, group等强调整体时谓语用单数, 指个体成员时谓语用复数
单复数视情况而定
单复数同形的名词, 如means, deer, fish, sheep等
all, none, some, any等不定代词
“half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语, 谓语要和of之后的名词单复数保持一致
就近
一致
原则
由or, either. . . or. . . ,
neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but (also). . . 等连接
与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致
由there, here引起的主语不止一个时
和最邻近的主语一致
意
义
一
致
原
则
由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念, 兼具身份或匹配出现
单数
no/each/every/many a+单数名词+and(+no/each/every/many a)+单数名词
one/every one/each/either/the
number of/the variety of+复数名词
clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage等无生命的集体名词
以-s结尾的表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称的词
表示时间、重量、距离、价格、金钱、体积等复数名词表达一个整体概念
由every-, any-, some-, no-和-one, -thing, -body等构成的不定代词
动词-ing形式、动词不定式和名词性从句
【点津】
(1)在定语从句中, 关系代词作主语, 其谓语动词的数和先行词保持一致, 但“one of+复数名词”后面的定语从句的谓语动词用复数, 而在“the(only/very)one of+复数名词”后面所接的定语从句中, 谓语动词却用单数。
(2)当主语后有介词(短语)with, together/along with, including, like, but, except, other than, rather than和as well as等时, 谓语动词应和前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
(3)a quantity of/quantities of后既可接可数名词, 也可接不可数名词, 其谓语动词一般视quantity的单复数形式而定。
(4)a(large)number of后接可数名词复数, 其作主语时谓语动词用复数形式; a great/good deal of后接不可数名词, 其作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数形式。
(5)many a, more than one后加可数名词的单数形式, 谓语动词常用单数。
(6)从句、不定式或动名词作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数形式。但what引导的主语从句中, 谓语动词的形式要根据主语从句表示的意义是单数概念还是复数概念而定。

(2019·江苏高考)The musician along with his band members ______(give) ten performances in the last three months.  
解题关键: 根据时间状语“in the last three months”可知, 时态应为现在完成时; 根据along with his band members可知本句主语为the musician, 所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
答案判定: has given

单句改错
1. Now the city wants larger lorries that cause more pollution to use bio-fuel, which are produced from waste.
(are改为is)
2. What are friends? We often talks about the topic with others.
(talks改为talk)
3. Beside the list were my effective schedule.
(were改为was)
4. A good learner often have a lifelong habit of teaching himself.
(have改为has)

学生用书P140
基础题组
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. But it will only affect a small number of children, as the majority(major)of French families already choose to send their children to school at three.
2. There is(be)much debate about when children should begin formal education.
3. Baishuijiang staff members also found rare wildlife, including golden monkeys(monkey).
4. In December 2013, I had to spend Christmas in the countryside of Nigeria with my husband’s family, who never had the tradition to celebrate this holiday.
5. It was my first Christmas away from America in many years, and there was a feeling of loss(lose)in this rural village.
6. China has once again proved its ability(able)to change the world with the“new four great inventions”: high-speed railways, electronic payments, shared bicycles and online shopping.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. In my opinion, using social networking apps too much bring some negative effects. (bring改为brings)
2. Worse still, there is some unhealthy informations on social networking sites. (informations改为 information)
3. One afternoon in February, my classmates and I was on the way to the cinema. (was改为were)
4. We were singing together while one of my friends were playing the guitar. (第二个were改为was)
5. We brought to our classroom worn-out clothes, pieces of cardboard and empty plastic bottle. (bottle改为bottles)
语篇题组
Ⅰ. 语法填空
　　阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Kids who use media in unhealthy ways may have problems 1. __________ relationships, conduct and other emotional symptoms, lead author of a US new study warned.  
A study of the University of Michigan(UM) 2. __________(release)recently on its website found that how children use the devices, rather than how much time they spend on them, 3. __________(be)the strongest predictor of emotional or social problems connected with screen 4. __________(addict).  
The study revealed that what 5. __________(matter)most is whether screen use causes problems in other areas of life or has become 6. __________ all-consuming activity.  
Some of the warning 7. __________(sign)include: if screen time interferes with daily activities, causes conflict for the child or in the family, or is the only activity 8. __________ brings the child joy. Though much research 9. __________(exist)on adolescents and screen use, this is considered as the first tool to measure how addicted children are to screen media. It will be a 10. __________(value)tool for parents, clinicians and researchers.  
【文章大意】本篇为说明文。文章讲述了当今孩子用不健康方式使用媒体的现状。
1. 【解析】with/in。考查介词的基本用法。此处表示在人际关系、行为和其他情感症状方面有问题。指“在……方面”用介词with/in, 故填with/in。
2. 【解析】released。考查非谓语动词。句中主语study和动词release是被动关系, 此处是过去分词作定语, 指被发布的研究结果, 故填released。
3. 【解析】is。考查主谓一致。宾语从句中的主语how children use the devices是句子, 谓语动词与之一致用单数, 故填is。
4. 【解析】addiction。考查词性转换(名词)。此处指屏幕成瘾, 在句中作宾语用名词。故填addiction。句意: 密歇根大学网站上最近发布的一项研究发现是孩子们如何使用这些设备, 而不是花在设备上的时间, 是与屏幕成瘾息息相关的情绪或问题的最强预警。
5. 【解析】matters。主谓一致。此处what引导宾语从句中的主语从句, 为单数第三人称, 故用matters。
6. 【解析】an。考查冠词的泛指。句中名词activity是可数名词, 此处表示“一种全消费的活动”, all是以元音音素开头, 表示“一”用an, 故填an。句意: 这项研究揭示了最重要的是屏幕使用是否会导致生活中其他领域的问题或者已经成为全身心投入的活动。
7. 【解析】signs。考查词形转换(名词复数)。sign是可数名词, 此处由some修饰用复数, 指一些警告标志, 故填signs。
8. 【解析】that。考查定语从句。句中包含定语从句, 先行词是activity指物, 由the only修饰用关系代词that引导, 故填that。句意: 其中一些警告标志包括: 屏幕时间是否干扰了日常活动, 是否引起孩子或家庭中的冲突, 或者就只是给孩子们带来快乐的唯一活动。
9. 【解析】exists。考查动词的时态和主谓一致。主语much research是不可数名词, 谓语与之一致用第三人称单数, 故填exists。根据上下文的时态该用一般现在时。句意: 尽管对青少年和屏幕使用存在很多研究, 但这却被认为是测量儿童对屏幕媒体上瘾的第一个工具。
10. 【解析】valuable。考查词性转换(形容词)。此处修饰名词tool用形容词, 指一种宝贵的工具。故填valuable。句意: 这将是家长, 临床医生和研究人员的一个宝贵的工具。
Ⅱ. 短文改错
It was on a warm autumn day that my father and I walk into my new high school. After registered in the classroom, the volunteer took me to my dormitory. Altogether I had five roommates, two of which arrived later. I got to know my new roommate immediately. Although I was quite unwilling to say “Goodbye” to my father, but he had to leave to home. I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after me and live independently. Not until then I know my senior high school life had real begun.
答案:

1. 【解析】第一句walk改为walked。考查动词时态。根据“It was on a warm autumn day”可知, 事情发生在过去, 故用一般过去时。
2. 【解析】第二句registered改为registering。考查动名词。after是介词, 后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语, 故用动名词形式。
3. 【解析】第二句第二个the改为a。考查冠词。volunteer是可数名词, 且第一次在文中出现, 故用不定冠词修饰。
4. 【解析】第三句which改为whom。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知, 应用whom引导非限定性定语从句, 在从句中作介词of的宾语, 指代先行词five roommates。
5. 【解析】第四句roommate改为roommates。考查名词复数形式。由上文的“I had five roommates”可知, 室友不止一个, 故用复数形式。
6. 【解析】第五句删除but或将but改为yet。考查连词。在英语中, although和but不能同时出现在一个句子中, 故删除but。也可将but改为yet。
7. 【解析】第五句leave后的to改为for。考查介词。leave for意为“前往”, 为固定词组, 符合语境。
8. 【解析】第六句me改为myself。考查代词。与句子主语I呼应, 应用反身代词, 意为“照顾好我自己”。
9. 【解析】第七句then后加did。考查倒装句。not until置于句首时, 常采用部分倒装, 即把助动词放在主语之前。由时间状语then和下文的时态可知, 此处用一般过去时, 故用did。
10. 【解析】第七句real改为really。考查副词。修饰动词应用副词, 故将real改为really。
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