2021高三英语人教版一轮教师用书：板块2第3讲　构词法


第3讲　构词法
[全国卷考情分析]
题型
典题试做
命题解读
语
法
填
空
1． (2019·全国卷Ⅲ) When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to strengthen (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic(energy)．
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ) A taste for meat is actually (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
1．给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；
2．给出动词提示词，填写名词或形容词；
3．给出名词提示词，填写形容词或动词。
短
文
改
错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved.happily→happy
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Immediate, I raised my hand.Immediate→Immediately
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.suddenly→sudden
1．形容词和副词的互相错用；
2．形容词和名词的互相错用；
3．­ed与­ing形容词的互相错用。

合成法和转化法

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·湖北七市联考)Flowering in May, peonies' large petals and strong colors are linked to prosperity and (rich) in traditional Chinese culture.
richness　[考查名词。空前and一词决定其前后单词词性相同，and前prosperity(繁荣)是名词，所以空处应该也是名词，形容词rich的名词是richness。]
2．(2019·武汉武昌区调研)In fact, it must have a hard struggle to get its
(free) from the cocoon.
freedom　[考查名词。空处前面是形容词性物主代词its，形容词性物主代词后面要接名词，所以填名词freedom。]
3．(2019·合肥第一次教学质量检测)Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect biological system, and creative
(combine) of nature and humanism.
combination　[考查名词。由前面的形容词creative和后面的of可知，此处应用combine的名词形式。]
4．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)The United Nations agency reported this week the 12 superbugs are a threat to human (healthy)．
health　[考查名词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词­ing形式作宾语。human health意为“人类健康”，作介词to的宾语。]
5．(2019·河南豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhou beef noodle has a history of 102 years and is known for its (taste) beef, soup and noodles.
tasty　[考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作定语，修饰名词beef，故应填形容词tasty“美味的，可口的”。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
6．(2019·昆明检测)We shared a moment of cosplay and happy. I even danced with the crowd.
happy→happiness　[考查名词。由“happy”前的“and”可知，此处与cosplay(动漫角色扮演，名词)为并列结构，词性应相同，所以把happy改为happiness。]
7．(2019·湖北八校第一次联考)First, we can visit our relatives and friends or spend a happily time with our family.
happily→happy　[考查形容词。根据该句中的名词time可知，修饰该名词，应用形容词。句意：首先，我们能拜访我们的亲朋好友，或者和家人一起度过快乐的时光。]
8．(2019·山东潍坊一模)After all, doing exercise is a good way to keep health.

health→healthy　[句意：毕竟，锻炼是保持健康的好办法。错误处应该用形容词而非名词作keep的表语，故将health改为healthy。]

(一)合成法
合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词中间需加连字符)。合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断。构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词也可以是词性不同的词。高中阶段常见的合成形式有：
合成名词
notebook笔记本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork配合；spaceship宇宙飞船；woodcut木刻
合成
形容词
lifelong毕生的；second­hand二手的；
man­made人工的；widespread广泛的
合成动词
underline画底线标出；whitewash粉饰；broadcast广播；download下载
(二)转化法
不增加任何成分，不改变词形，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性的构词法叫转化法。高中阶段常见的转化形式有：
名词→动词
button纽扣→button扣上纽扣
形容词→动词
correct正确的→correct改正
动词→名词
feed喂养→feed一餐，一顿
形容词→名词
native本地的→native本地人
副词→动词
up在上面→up提高
(三)派生法
考点一
形容词加ly变为副词的规律

单句语法填空
1．The boy ran quickly(quick)to school.
2．“What's that？” Father shouted angrily(angry)．
3．The little girl is extremely(extreme)eager to know the result of the exam.
4．Your composition is badly(bad)organized.Please do your writing exercise more attentively(attend)next time.

1．一般情况加ly。如：real→really；careful→carefully；polite→politely；quick→quickly
2．“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，将y改为ily。如：angry→angrily；busy→busily；heavy→heavily
3．以ble结尾的，将ble改为bly。如：probable→probably；possible→possibly
4．个别单词，去掉e再加ly。如：true→truly
5．以ic结尾的，加ally。如：basic→basically；energetic→energetically
[注意]　有的名词＋ly→形容词，如：friend→friendly；day→daily

考点二
动词/名词变形容词的常见后缀

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He is rather selfish(self) so that nobody prefers to have a talk with him.
2．The good working condition in the factory is attractive(attract)．
3．He is reliable(rely) so you can depend on him.
4．They are nervous(nerve) about their first trip abroad.
5．The flower is harmful(harm) to our health.
Ⅱ.单句改错
6．Most people nowadays are so busy with their lives that they do not have time to enjoy a healthy and balance diet.balance→balanced
7．I don't think it a reason practice for them to behave that way in our society.reason→reasonable

后缀
例　词
­able
accept→acceptable可接受的
comfort→comfortable舒适的
fashion→fashionable时髦的
suit→suitable合适的
reason→reasonable有道理的
­al
music→musical音乐的
origin→original最初的
person→personal个人的；私人的
center→central中央的；中心的
nature→natural自然的；天生的
­ful
doubt→doubtful怀疑的
forget→forgetful健忘的
harm→harmful有害的
hope→hopeful有希望的
peace→peaceful和平的
­ible
access→accessible容易取得的
horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的
terror→terrible可怕的
­ive
act→active积极的；活跃的
effect→effective有效的；生效的
attract→attractive有吸引力的
impress→impressive给人深刻印象的
­ous
continue→continuous不断的；持续的
anxiety→anxious忧虑的
caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的
curiosity→curious好奇的
humor→humorous幽默的
­some
tire→tiresome令人厌倦的
trouble→troublesome麻烦的
­y
taste→tasty美味的；可口的
health→healthy健康的
wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的
­ern
east→eastern东方的；向东的
­ish
child→childish孩子气的
fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的
self→selfish自私的
­ic
science→scientific科学的
economy→economic经济的
history→historic历史上著名的
­ary
imagine→imaginary想象中的

考点三
动词变名词的后缀

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Annan will be remembered for his ability and his warmth(warm)．
2．Without hesitation(hesitate)，I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.
Ⅱ.单句改错
3．It is a very effective way to learn the language and improve your pronounce.pronounce→pronunciation

后缀
例　词
­al
approve→approval赞成；批准
arrive→arrival到来；到达
survive→survival幸存
propose→proposal提议；建议
­ance
­ence
appear→appearance出现；外貌
guide→guidance指引；指导
perform→performance表演；节目
exist→existence存在；生存
prefer→preference偏爱
refer→reference参考；查阅
­ion
­tion
­ation
attract→attraction吸引
compete→competition比赛；竞争
invite→invitation邀请；请柬
graduate→graduation毕业
expect→expectation期待；期望
explain→explanation解释
­(s)sion
discuss→discussion讨论；辩论
decide→decision决定
admit→admission接纳；准许入学
­ing
hear→hearing听力；听觉
begin→beginning开始
­ment
achieve→achievement功绩；成就
argue→argument辩论；论据
treat→treatment对待；治疗
­ure
­ture
fail→failure失败；故障
depart→departure离开；出发
press→pressure压力
mix→mixture混合；混合物
­y
recover→recovery恢复；痊愈
discover→discovery发现
其他
choose→choice选择
vary→variety多样化；种类
tend→tendency趋向；趋势

考点四
形容词变名词的后缀

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I'm doing Tom's job in his absence(absent)．
2．He has the ability(able)to do the job.
Ⅱ.单句改错
3．We fear that we do not have the strong and courage to face the truth of our situation.strong→strength

后缀
例　词
­age
short→shortage不足；短缺
­cy
efficient→efficiency效率；功效
fluent→fluency流利；流畅
accurate→accuracy准确性
private→privacy隐私；私密
­dom
free→freedom自由；自在
wise→wisdom明智；智慧
­ce
different→difference差异
silent→silence沉默
­ness
weak→weakness虚弱；弱点
kind→kindness仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness粗心大意
­th
grow→growth成长；发展
strong→strength力气；强项
warm→warmth温暖；热情
­y
­ty
­ity
difficult→difficulty困难
cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴
safe→safety安全
disable→disability无能；伤残
responsible→responsibility责任

考点五
表示人的后缀

单句语法填空
1．The famous actress(act)is dancing with her fans.
2．We should respect everyone，even a beggar(beg)．
3．My boss is not here.Do you like to speak to one of his assistants(assist)?

后缀
例　词
­er
teach→teacher老师
village→villager村民
strange→stranger陌生人
(注：cook→cooker炉灶，炉具)
­ar
lie→liar说谎者
­ee
employ→employee受雇者；雇员
interview→interviewee被面试者
train→trainee受训练的人；学员
­or
invent→inventor发明家
act→actor男演员
educate→educator教育家；教师
­ess
act→actress女演员
god→goddess女神
host→hostess女主人；女主持人
­ese
China→Chinese中国人
Japan→Japanese日本人
­n
America→American美国人
Australia→Australian澳洲人
­ian
music→musician音乐家
history→historian历史学家
politics→politician政治家；政客
­ist
novel→novelist小说家
special→specialist专家
tour→tourist旅行者；观光者
­ant
serve→servant仆人
participate→participant参加者
assist→assistant助手；图书管理员

考点六
表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．As they couldn't play outdoors，they were unhappy(happy)，and some even got into fights from time to time.
2．People on welfare are wrongly seen as lazy or dishonest(honest)．
3．Informal(formal) clothes are suitable for wearing at home or in ordinary situations.
Ⅱ.单句改错
4．I know as an excellent guide I should make your journey interesting and meaningless.meaningless→meaningful

前/后缀
例　词
前
缀
dis­
agree→disagree不同意
advantage→disadvantage缺点
il­
legal→illegal不合法的
logical→illogical不合逻辑的
im­
polite→impolite无礼的
patient→impatient不耐烦的
in­
formal→informal非正式的
convenient→inconvenient不方便的
ir­
regular→irregular不规则的
responsible→irresponsible不负责任的
mis­
lead→mislead误导
understand→misunderstand误解
non­
non­smoker不吸烟者
non­stop直达的
un­
usual→unusual不寻常的
willing→unwilling不愿意的
后缀
­less
hope→hopeless绝望的
end→endless没完没了的

考点七
变动词的前缀和后缀

单句语法填空
1．Travelling abroad can broaden(broad)our horizons.
2．The clever boy has the ability to simplify(simple) that dull story.
3．He eventually realized(real)his ambition to become a scientist.

前/后缀
例　词
前
缀
en­
able→enable使能够
large→enlarge扩大
rich→enrich使充实
后
缀
­en
broad→broaden(使)变宽
ripe→ripen(使)成熟
sharp→sharpen使尖锐
wide→widen加宽
­ify
class→classify把……分类
just→justify证明……正确
simple→simplify简化
­ize
apology→apologize道歉
emphasis→emphasize强调

考点八
­ed形容词和­ing形容词

单句语法填空
1．The frightening shout frightened the boys.＝The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened．(frighten)
2．His surprised(surprise) look suggested that he knew nothing about it.
3．The story sounds interesting and we are interested in the story.(interest)

一些动词，如excite，disappoint，encourage，puzzle，surprise，confuse，interest，satisfy，please，shock，astonish，disturb，bore等，其现在分词(ing)和过去分词(ed)都能转化为形容词。
The story was very moving and we were deeply moved.
这个故事非常感人，我们都被深深地感动了。
[易错提醒]　　　此类形容词作定语修饰表情和声音时，动词的­ing形式和动词的­ed的区别：
动词的­ing形式用来说明主语的特性，表示该表情或声音令人怎么样，因此译作“令人……的”；动词的­ed形式用来说明发出该表情或声音的人所处的一种状态。


Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·武汉武昌区调研)Driven by the (curious) in my heart, I decided to go to the cinema to see the cartoon film Ne Zha.
curiosity　[考查名词。curious为形容词，由前面的冠词the可知，此处应用名词；driven by the curiosity意为“受好奇心驱使”。]
2．(2019·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)Nothing I did seemed to make any
(different). “It can't be the fuel，” I thought.
difference　[考查名词。make any difference为固定搭配，意为“有任何影响”。]
3．(2019·昆明质量检测)Erica Kenney，a (science) at Harvard T．H.Chan School of Public Health，originally planned to look into the amount of sugary drinks that kids were consuming in schools.
scientist　[考查名词。根据该句中的不定冠词a可知，该处用名词，表示“一位科学家”。]
4．(2019·赣州联考)She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world：a world of smiles，love and (warm)．
warmth　[考查词性转换。根据空前的内容可知，空处与smiles和love构成并列关系，故此处用名词形式，故填warmth。]
5．(2019·成都第二次诊断)When you do go for hot pot, you will often be asked to make a (choose) of broth in which you cook your raw ingredients(食材)．
choice　[考查词性转换。根据空前的a和空后的of可知空处应填名词的单数形式。]
6．(2019·福建六校联考)Staying (health) while traveling can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one.
healthy　[考查词性转换。句意：在旅行的过程中保持健康有助于确保你的旅途开心、愉快。stay为系动词，意为“保持”，其后常接形容词作表语。故填healthy。]
7．(2019·河南信阳高中第二次大考)At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very (anger) about it.
angry　[考查词性转换。句意：起初，许多人不喜欢这种绘画风格，并对此感到很生气。系动词became后面应用形容词作表语，故填angry。be angry about sth.意为“对某事感到生气”，为固定短语。]
8．(2019·郑州第二次质量检测)On New Year's Day, we visited every neighbor in the village and were greeted (warm) at each house.
warmly　[考查副词。根据空前的were greeted可知，空处修饰动词，故用副词形式。]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2019·成都模拟)As we know, challenge as it was, it was very benefit to us.

benefit→beneficial　[考查形容词。be beneficial to对……有益。]
2．(2019·海口调研测试)I am so luck to have some friends who share the same interest with me.
luck→lucky　[系动词be后应用形容词，故将luck改为lucky。]
3．(2019·淮北模拟)We're living in a world where we can never stress the important of sharing too much.
important→importance　[stress the importance of sharing意为“强调共享的重要性”。]
4．(2019·成都模拟)I am confidence to take care of myself, wash the clothes, and clean the rooms, which I never did when at home.
confidence→confident　[系动词be后用形容词作表语。]
5．(2019·西安模拟)It was the first time I had lived away from my home, so I found it difficulty to fit in.
difficulty→difficult　[此题考查find it＋adj.＋to do结构。]

Ⅰ.语法填空
(2019·安徽省示范高中试题)Proper exercise is beneficial to our health.As the experts say，swimming is an excellent way to work your entire body.An hour of swimming 1． (burn) almost as many calories as running.There are a host of benefits you may gain from swimming 2. (regular)．
One of 3. biggest benefits of swimming is that it truly works well from head to toe.It can not only increase your heart rate without 4. (stress) your body，but also build up your muscles and 5. (strong)．Besides，swimming makes your heart and lung strong.It is so good for you that researchers say it may even reduce your risk of death. 6． (compare) with inactive people，7． (swim) have about half the risk of death.Some other studies have shown that swimming may help lower blood pressure and control blood sugar.
The number of persons 8. experience some level of insomnia(失眠症) is increasing，so this is excellent news—the researchers conclude that swimming is a potentially powerful way to relieve stress quickly and promote deeper sleep.
Swimming is safe for most people.As with any work out there are certain risks associated with swimming.If you 9. (injure) or have certain medical conditions，be sure to check with your doctor before swimming.10.
general，it's a good idea to check with your doctor whenever you start a new exercise program.
1．burns　[考查时态和主谓一致。句意：游泳一小时几乎和跑步一小时燃烧的卡路里一样多。根据句意可知，该句陈述的是一般事实，故用一般现在时；且该句主语为“An hour of swimming”，属于第三人称单数，故谓语动词用burns。]
2．regularly　[考查副词。句意：经常游泳你将获益良多。空处修饰动名词“swimming”，故用其副词形式。]
3．the　[考查冠词。根据空后的“biggest”可知，空处应用定冠词the。]
4．stressing　[考查非谓语动词。根据空前的介词“without”可知，空处应用动名词形式。该处是说，游泳可以让身体在不紧张的情况下提高心率。]
5．strength　[考查名词。该处是说，游泳还可以增强肌肉和力量。根据空前的“your muscles”可知，空处用名词形式。]
6．Compared　[考查非谓语动词。该句的主语和动词compare之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示“与不活跃的人相比”，故用其过去分词形式。]
7．swimmers　[考查名词的单复数。句意：与不活跃的人相比，游泳者只有大约一半的死亡风险。分析句子结构可知，空处为该句的主语，表示“游泳者”，故用其名词形式；且swimmer为可数名词，而该处表示群体，故用其复数形式。]
8．who/that　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，空处应为引导词，在从句中作主语，先行词为persons，故用who/that引导该定语从句。]
9．are injured　[考查被动语态。句意：如果你受伤或患某种疾病，在游泳前一定要咨询医生。分析句子结构可知，该句主语和动词injure之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。]
10．In　[考查固定搭配。in general为固定搭配，意为“总的来说，通常”。句意：通常，无论何时在开始新的锻炼项目之前，向医生核实一下是一个好方法。]
Ⅱ.短文改错
Born in America, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and an inventor. He was once thought to be a boy whom was not worth educating. In fact, he was a man full of imaginations.
I admire Edison a lot because his great contributions to the world. He is said to having more than 1，000 inventions. In his lifetime, he were always eager to know how things worked. He was also very diligent and work day and night. And this explained why he had so much great inventions.
Success can never be easy achieved. Probably I can't be another Edison himself, but I will work hard to be a worthy person.
【答案】　
Born in America, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and inventor. He was once thought to be a boy was not worth educating. In fact, he was a man full of .
I admire Edison a lot because his great contributions to the world. He is said to more than 1，000 inventions. In his lifetime, he always eager to know how things worked. He was also very diligent and day and night. And this explained why he had so great inventions.
Success can never be achieved. Probably I can't be another Edison ， but I will work hard to be a worthy person.
1．去掉inventor前的an　[考查冠词。前后两个名词同指一个人，所以去掉 inventor前面的an。]
2．whom→who　[考查关系代词。定语从句部分缺主语，所以应用who。]
3．imaginations→imagination　[考查名词的数。imagination是不可数名词。]
4．because后加of　[考查固定搭配。because后面为名词短语，所以加介词of。]
5．having→have　[考查非谓语动词。be said to do sth. “据说做某事”，固定搭配。]
6．were→was　[考查主谓一致。主语是he，谓语应用单数was。]
7．work→worked　[考查动词的时态。由本句前面的was可知，work应使用一般过去时。]
8．much→many　[考查形容词。inventions是可数名词，其前应用many修饰。]
9．easy→easily　[考查副词。此处easily用来修饰谓语动词be achieved。]
10．himself→myself　[考查反身代词。由句子的主语I可知，句意为“我本人无法成为另一个爱迪生”。]