2021版新高考译林英语（江苏专版）一轮教师用书：板块2第3讲构词法
展开第3讲 构词法
[全国卷考情分析]
题型 | 典题试做 | 命题解读 |
语 法 填 空 | 1. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ) When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it. 2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to strengthen (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic(energy)． 3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ) A taste for meat is actually (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. | 1.给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词； 2．给出动词提示词，填写名词或形容词； 3．给出名词提示词，填写形容词或动词。 |
合成法和转化法
单句语法填空
1．(2019·湖北七市联考)Flowering in May, peonies' large petals and strong colors are linked to prosperity and ________ (rich) in traditional Chinese culture.
richness [考查名词。空前and一词决定其前后单词词性相同，and前prosperity(繁荣)是名词，所以空处应该也是名词，形容词rich的名词是richness。]
2．(2019·武汉武昌区调研)In fact, it must have a hard struggle to get its ________(free) from the cocoon.
freedom [考查名词。空处前面是形容词性物主代词its，形容词性物主代词后面要接名词，所以填名词freedom。]
3．(2019·合肥第一次教学质量检测)Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect biological system, and creative ________ (combine) of nature and humanism.
combination [考查名词。由前面的形容词creative和后面的of可知，此处应用combine的名词形式。]
4．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)The United Nations agency reported this week the 12 superbugs are a threat to human ________(healthy)．
health [考查名词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词ing形式作宾语。human health意为“人类健康”，作介词to的宾语。]
5．(2019·河南豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhou beef noodle has a history of 102 years and is known for its _______(taste) beef, soup and noodles.
tasty [考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作定语，修饰名词beef，故应填形容词tasty“美味的，可口的”。]
(一)合成法
合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词中间需加连字符)。合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断。构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词也可以是词性不同的词。高中阶段常见的合成形式有：
合成名词 | notebook笔记本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork配合；spaceship宇宙飞船；woodcut木刻 |
合成 形容词 | lifelong毕生的；secondhand二手的； manmade人工的；widespread广泛的 |
合成动词 | underline画底线标出；whitewash粉饰；broadcast广播；download下载 |
(二)转化法
不增加任何成分，不改变词形，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性的构词法叫转化法。高中阶段常见的转化形式有：
名词→动词 | button纽扣→button扣上纽扣 |
形容词→动词 | correct正确的→correct改正 |
动词→名词 | feed喂养→feed一餐，一顿 |
形容词→名词 | native本地的→native本地人 |
副词→动词 | up在上面→up提高 |
派生法
考点一 形容词加ly变为副词的规律
单句语法填空
1．The boy ran quickly(quick)to school.
2．“What's that？” Father shouted angrily(angry)．
3．The little girl is extremely(extreme)eager to know the result of the exam.
4．Your composition is badly(bad)organized.Please do your writing exercise more attentively(attend)next time.
1．一般情况加ly。如：real→really；careful→carefully；polite→politely；quick→quickly
2．“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，将y改为ily。如：angry→angrily；busy→busily；heavy→heavily
3．以ble结尾的，将ble改为bly。如：probable→probably；possible→possibly
4．个别单词，去掉e再加ly。如：true→truly
5．以ic结尾的，加ally。如：basic→basically；energetic→energetically
[注意] 有的名词＋ly→形容词，如：friend→friendly；day→daily
考点二 动词/名词变形容词的常见后缀
单句语法填空
1．He is rather selfish(self) so that nobody prefers to have a talk with him.
2．The good working condition in the factory is attractive(attract)．
3．He is reliable(rely) so you can depend on him.
4．They are nervous(nerve) about their first trip abroad.
5．The flower is harmful(harm) to our health.
后缀 | 例 词 |
able | accept→acceptable可接受的 comfort→comfortable舒适的 fashion→fashionable时髦的 suit→suitable合适的 reason→reasonable有道理的 |
al | music→musical音乐的 origin→original最初的 person→personal个人的；私人的 center→central中央的；中心的 nature→natural自然的；天生的 |
ful | doubt→doubtful怀疑的 forget→forgetful健忘的 harm→harmful有害的 hope→hopeful有希望的 peace→peaceful和平的 |
ible | access→accessible容易取得的 horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的 terror→terrible可怕的 |
ive | act→active积极的；活跃的 effect→effective有效的；生效的 attract→attractive有吸引力的 impress→impressive给人深刻印象的 |
ous | continue→continuous不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious忧虑的 caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious好奇的 humor→humorous幽默的 |
some | tire→tiresome令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome麻烦的 |
y | taste→tasty美味的；可口的 health→healthy健康的 wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的 |
ern | east→eastern东方的；向东的 |
ish | child→childish孩子气的 fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish自私的 |
ic | science→scientific科学的 economy→economic经济的 history→historic历史上著名的 |
ary | imagine→imaginary想象中的 |
考点三 动词变名词的后缀
单句语法填空
1．Annan will be remembered for his ability and his warmth(warm)．
2．Without hesitation(hesitate)，I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.
后缀 | 例 词 |
al | approve→approval赞成；批准 arrive→arrival到来；到达 survive→survival幸存 propose→proposal提议；建议 |
ance ence | appear→appearance出现；外貌 guide→guidance指引；指导 perform→performance表演；节目 exist→existence存在；生存 prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考；查阅 |
ion tion ation | attract→attraction吸引 compete→competition比赛；竞争 invite→invitation邀请；请柬 graduate→graduation毕业 expect→expectation期待；期望 explain→explanation解释 |
(s)sion | discuss→discussion讨论；辩论 decide→decision决定 admit→admission接纳；准许入学 |
ing | hear→hearing听力；听觉 begin→beginning开始 |
ment | achieve→achievement功绩；成就 argue→argument辩论；论据 treat→treatment对待；治疗 |
ure ture | fail→failure失败；故障 depart→departure离开；出发 press→pressure压力 mix→mixture混合；混合物 |
y | recover→recovery恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery发现 |
其他 | choose→choice选择 vary→variety多样化；种类 tend→tendency趋向；趋势 |
考点四 形容词变名词的后缀
单句语法填空
1．I'm doing Tom's job in his absence(absent)．
2．He has the ability(able)to do the job.
后缀 | 例 词 |
age | short→shortage不足；短缺 |
cy | efficient→efficiency效率；功效 fluent→fluency流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私；私密 |
dom | free→freedom自由；自在 wise→wisdom明智；智慧 |
ce | different→difference差异 silent→silence沉默 |
ness | weak→weakness虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness粗心大意 |
th | grow→growth成长；发展 strong→strength力气；强项 warm→warmth温暖；热情 |
y ty ity | difficult→difficulty困难 cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴 safe→safety安全 disable→disability无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility责任 |
考点五 表示人的后缀
单句语法填空
1．The famous actress(act)is dancing with her fans.
2．We should respect everyone，even a beggar(beg)．
3．My boss is not here.Do you like to speak to one of his assistants(assist)?
后缀 | 例 词 |
er | teach→teacher老师 village→villager村民 strange→stranger陌生人 (注：cook→cooker炉灶，炉具) |
ar | lie→liar说谎者 |
ee | employ→employee受雇者；雇员 interview→interviewee被面试者 train→trainee受训练的人；学员 |
or | invent→inventor发明家 act→actor男演员 educate→educator教育家；教师 |
ess | act→actress女演员 god→goddess女神 host→hostess女主人；女主持人 |
ese | China→Chinese中国人 Japan→Japanese日本人 |
n | America→American美国人 Australia→Australian澳洲人 |
ian | music→musician音乐家 history→historian历史学家 politics→politician政治家；政客 |
ist | novel→novelist小说家 special→specialist专家 tour→tourist旅行者；观光者 |
ant | serve→servant仆人 participate→participant参加者 assist→assistant助手；图书管理员 |
考点六 表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
单句语法填空
1．As they couldn't play outdoors，they were unhappy(happy)，and some even got into fights from time to time.
2．People on welfare are wrongly seen as lazy or dishonest(honest)．
3．Informal(formal) clothes are suitable for wearing at home or in ordinary situations.
前/后缀 | 例 词 | |
前 缀 | dis | agree→disagree不同意 advantage→disadvantage缺点 |
il | legal→illegal不合法的 logical→illogical不合逻辑的 | |
im | polite→impolite无礼的 patient→impatient不耐烦的 | |
in | formal→informal非正式的 convenient→inconvenient不方便的 | |
ir | regular→irregular不规则的 responsible→irresponsible不负责任的 | |
mis | lead→mislead误导 understand→misunderstand误解 | |
non | nonsmoker不吸烟者 nonstop直达的 | |
un | usual→unusual不寻常的 willing→unwilling不愿意的 | |
后缀 | less | hope→hopeless绝望的 end→endless没完没了的 |
考点七 变动词的前缀和后缀
单句语法填空
1．Travelling abroad can broaden(broad)our horizons.
2．The clever boy has the ability to simplify(simple) that dull story.
3．He eventually realized(real)his ambition to become a scientist.
前/后缀 | 例 词 | |
前 缀 | en | able→enable使能够 large→enlarge扩大 rich→enrich使充实 |
后 缀 | en | broad→broaden(使)变宽 ripe→ripen(使)成熟 sharp→sharpen使尖锐 wide→widen加宽 |
ify | class→classify把……分类 just→justify证明……正确 simple→simplify简化 | |
ize | apology→apologize道歉 emphasis→emphasize强调 | |
考点八 ed形容词和ing形容词
单句语法填空
1．The frightening shout frightened the boys.＝The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened.(frighten)
2．His surprised(surprise) look suggested that he knew nothing about it.
3．The story sounds interesting and we are interested in the story.(interest)
一些动词，如excite，disappoint，encourage，puzzle，surprise，confuse，interest，satisfy，please，shock，astonish，disturb，bore等，其现在分词(ing)和过去分词(ed)都能转化为形容词。
The story was very moving and we were deeply moved.
这个故事非常感人，我们都被深深地感动了。
[易错提醒] 此类形容词作定语修饰表情和声音时，动词的ing形式和动词的ed的区别： 动词的ing形式用来说明主语的特性，表示该表情或声音令人怎么样，因此译作“令人……的”；动词的ed形式用来说明发出该表情或声音的人所处的一种状态。 |
