2020新课标高考英语二轮教师用书：专题4　语法填空


专题四　语法填空
[三年考情分析]


[命题规律]
1．一般给出一篇200词左右的说明文或记叙文，10个空中有7个有提示词，提示词为实词，每空不超过三个词；另外3个不给提示词，每个空只能填一个单词，主要填虚词。
2．有提示词的考查有三个必考点，分别是谓语动词(主要为时态、语态和主谓一致)、非谓语动词和词类转化；还有两个常考点，分别是比较等级和名词的数。
3．无提示词有三个常考点，分别为连词(包括并列连词和从句引导词)、冠词和介词。
4．若考查代词，可分为有提示词和无提示词两种类型；另外，有时也可以直接填副词。
[命题趋势]
1．预计2020年高考语法填空仍为说明文或记叙文，难易度保持稳定，话题符合学生的认知水平，贴近学生的日常生活，文章寓意深刻，对学生具有一定的教育意义。
2．从考查点看，动词的时态和语态及非谓语动词仍是考查的重点，其次是词类转换，其中以动词转换为名词、名词转换为形容词、形容词转换为副词为主；无提示词类填空以考查介词、连词、冠词为主。
[语法填空解题三步骤]
第一步　通读全文，理解大意
快速通读全文，掌握文章的主旨大意。浏览全文的目的是把握其大意，为下一步“填空”做好“语意”上的准备。因为“语意”决定着空白处应填一个什么意思的词语以及应该采用什么样的语法形式。
第二步　尝试填空，先易后难
在通读全文、基本了解文章大意之后，就可以填空了。答题之前，首先要检查题目中是否有提示词，如果有提示词，应该判断所填词语在句子中充当的成分，根据其所充当的成分和所处句子的时态等，填写出单词的正确形式。如果句中没有提示词，则要根据空格所在位置判断所填词语的性质，如连词、冠词、代词和介词等。
第三步　验证复查，修正错误
在答题时间充足的情况下，进行复查是必要的。复查的方法是：将所有答案“填进”短文中并进行通读，最后确定答案。通读时要注意上下文之间的逻辑关系，如果前后句子之间有矛盾或者句子不通顺，证明有可能出现错误，这时候就要重新予以考虑，适当修正错误。

A篇 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence 1.________ they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 2.________(poor) studied；however，biologists calculate that there are about 20，000­25，000 polar bears worldwide.
Modern methods 3.________ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid­1980s，and are expensive 4.________(perform) consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 5.________(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a 6.________(believe) that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by 7.________(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements，leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are 8.________(high) than they actually are.Of 9.________ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six 10.________(be) stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北极熊种群数量越来越少、亟须保护的现状。
1．that　[考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that引导。]
2．poorly　[考查词性转换(形容词变副词)。修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。]
3．of/for　[考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.做某事的方法。]
4．to perform　[考查非谓语动词。此处是“主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式”结构，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。]
5．have reported　[考查时态。根据句中的时间状语in recent years可判断用现在完成时。]
6．belief　[考查词性转换(动词变名词)。根据空格前的不定冠词a可知，此处应填believe的名词形式belief(看法，信念)。]
7．noting　[考查非谓语动词。介词后接动词时，应用其动名词形式。respond by doing sth.通过做某事回应。]
8．higher　[考查形容词比较级。根据空格后的than可知，此处应用high的比较级形式higher。]
9．the　[考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群，故用定冠词the。]
10．are　[考查时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；six指代six polar bear subpopulations，谓语动词应用复数。]
B篇 (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
A 90­year­old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year”for 11.________(be)Britain's oldest full­time employee—still working 40 hours a week.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，12.________she opened with her late husband Les.Her years of hard work have 13.________(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.
Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award，proud Irene 14.________(declare)she had no plans 15.________(retire)from her 36­year­old business.Irene said，“I don't see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 16.________(make)over the years.I work not because I have to，17.________because I want to.”
Granddaughter Gayle Parks，31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award.She said，“We don't have any idea who put grandma forward.When we got a call 18.________(say)she was short­listed，we thought it was 19.________joke.But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.It's 20.________(wonder)．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了一位90岁的英国女性仍然坚持每周工作40个小时而获得“年度女性奖”的事迹。语篇以积极工作为切入点，宣扬劳动精神，引导学生培养劳动意识。
11．being　[考查非谓语动词。介词for后跟动词时，要用其动名词形式。]
12．which　[考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。]
13．finally　[考查副词。副词修饰动词acknowledge。]
14．declared　[考查时态。分析句子结构可知，主句中缺少谓语动词；结合后面的had可知，此处应使用一般过去时。]
15．to retire　[考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式短语作plans的后置定语，表示“她没有退休的计划”。]
16．have made　[考查时态。根据空格后的时间状语over the years可知，句子要用现在完成时。]
17．but　[考查连词。not...but...不是……而是……。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。]
18．saying　[考查非谓语动词。say与前面的a call之间是主动关系，故填saying，现在分词短语saying...作后置定语，修饰a call。]
19．a　[考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。]
20．wonderful　[考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。wonder对应的形容词是wonderful。]
C篇 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal，runners live three years 21.________(long)than non­runners.You don't have to run fast or for long 22.________(see)the benefit.You may drink，smoke，be overweight and still reduce your risk of 23.________(die)early by running.
While running regularly can't make you live forever，the review says it 24.________(be)more effective at lengthening life 25.________ walking，cycling or swimming.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 26.________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 27.________(cause)．
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do.But otherwise...it's probably running.To avoid knee pain，you can run on soft surfaces，do exercises to 28.________(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉)，avoid hills and get good running shoes.Running is cheap，easy and it's always 29.________(energy)．If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give 30.________ a try.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。介绍了跑步的益处。一本医学杂志上的评论及研究表明，跑步不仅使人长寿，而且可以降低死亡的风险。
21．longer　[考查副词的比较级。句中有than，故用long的比较级longer。]
22．to see　[考查非谓语动词。本句有谓语，因此此处应用非谓语动词；分析句子结构及句意可知，此处应用动词不定式to see作目的状语。]
23．dying　[考查非谓语动词。短语reduce one's risk of...“降低某人……的风险”，此处介词of后用动名词作宾语。有许多学生错填成death，是因为没注意后有early，此处early是副词，要修饰动词，而不能修饰名词。]
24．is　[考查时态和主谓一致。本文介绍了跑步的好处，通篇以一般现在时为主。本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故用一般现在时；且宾语从句中的主语为it，故用is。]
25．than　[考查介词。根据句中的more可知，此处应用介词than引出比较对象。此处表示跑步比散步、骑行或游泳更能有效地延长寿命。故填than。]
26．that/which　[考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为a study，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。]
27．causes　[考查名词复数。此处cause是可数名词，意为“原因”，句中的all表示“所有”，后应用可数名词的复数形式，故填causes。]
28．strengthen　[考查词性转换之名词变动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为动词不定式作目的状语，故填strength的动词形式strengthen。]
29．energetic　[考查词性转换之名词变形容词。and连接两个并列分句，两个分句都表示跑步的特征，and前面的cheap和easy均为形容词，故此处应用形容词energetic作表语，意为“需要能量的，剧烈的”。]
30．it/running　[考查固定搭配。give it a try为固定搭配，意为“试一试”，根据语境可知，it指代running，故可填it或running。注：填it为最佳答案，因为填running时需要文中给出提示词(run)。]
D篇 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
I'm not sure 31.________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at 32.________ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400­pound male appears. He screams the 33.________(loud) of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 34.________(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel 35.________(challenge)．
My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a 36.________(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching 37.________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 38.________(they) alive. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal 39.________(mean) me no real harm. He was just saying: “I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder！” Once his message was delivered, he allowed me 40.________(stay) and watch.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。叙述了我在中非共和国森林里偶遇大猩猩家庭以及由此引发的人猩交流。
31．who　[考查从属连词。句意：我不确定谁更害怕，是我还是那只雌猩猩……]
32．the　[考查冠词。at the top of“在……顶端”，此处at the top of her lungs表示“大声地”。]
33．loudest　[考查副词的比较等级。根据语境和空后的of all的修饰可知，空格处应用副词的最高级。]
34．looking　[考查非谓语动词之动名词。avoid后需接动名词作宾语，故填looking。]
35．challenged　[考查词性转换之动词变为形容词。主语he和challenge之间为被动关系，故用过去分词challenged作表语。]
36．scientist　[考查名词。根据空前的a可知，空处应填名词，且意为“科学家”，故填scientist。]
37．for　[考查介词。search for意为“寻找”，为固定搭配。]
38．them　[考查代词。此处作find 的宾语，应用宾格them。]
39．meant　[考查时态。由于此处描述的动作是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。]
40．to stay　[考查非谓语动词之动词不定式。allow sb.to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，为固定用法，故填to stay。]


题型一　有提示词
[命题角度]
时态和语态
非谓语动词
比较等级
名词、代词
词汇派生
考查动词八种时态和语态的基本构成形式。
考查动词的­ing，­ed形式和不定式形式。
考查形容词、副词变为比较等级的基本构成形式。
考查单数名词变成复数名词的基本构成形式；考查代词的数和格的变化以及反身代词。
考查加前缀或后缀转化而来的派生词。
[真题例释]
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house，it was raining 61.so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take 62.________(get)there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 63.of dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters 64.who had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 65.________(recommend)wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 66.________(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many 67.________(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were 68.________(huge)popular with tourists.On the last day of our week­long stay，we 69.________(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，70.________(listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.,62.提示词get是动词，空格所在句含it takes some time to do sth.的结构，由此可知，此处考查非谓语动词，故填to get。
65．提示词recommend是动词，且与空前的shared形成并列关系。由此可知，此处考查时态，故填recommend的过去式recommended。
66．提示词compete是动词，根据空格前的an interesting可知，此处考查compete的派生词competition。
67．提示词tradition是名词，根据空后的名词stories可知，此处考查tradition的派生词traditional。
68．提示词huge是形容词，由空后的形容词popular可知，此处考查huge的派生词hugely。
69．提示词invite是动词，空格所在句谈论的事情发生在过去，且主语we与动词invite之间是被动关系，由此可知，此处考查时态和语态，故填were invited。
70．提示词listen是动词，分析句子结构，所填词与and后面的现在分词meeting并列，且与主语we存在主动关系，由此可知，此处考查非谓语动词，故填现在分词listening。

1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most successful(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah has been told/was told(tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the new year.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But at the moment, school comes(come) first. I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)It is certainly(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
7．(2019·沈阳二中模拟)Every country shares things in common: we value family, cherish health, and celebrate large festivals(festival)．
8．(2019·合肥市模拟)Dog cloning has always been regarded as the most difficult, despite successes in cloning other animals, including sheep, mice(mouse), cows and pigs.
9．(2019·桂林市、崇左市联考)“I am ashamed of myself(me)，because this crack in my side causes water to leak out all the way back to your house.”
10．(2019·福建师大附中模拟)In our lives, many of us will find ourselves(we) caring for an elderly parent.
11．(2019·长春市实验中学模拟)Around the country, companies are making this change in order to make workers more productive and happier(happy).
12．(2019·银川六中模拟)The next 45 minutes was one of the most precious(precious) moments in my life.
13．(2019·吉林省“五地六校”合作体联考)In recent years, learning Chinese has become(become) popular among people around the world.
14．(2019·济南一中模拟)At university, you will be taught(teach) by lecturers and professors who are leading figures in their study.
15．(2019·江西省重点中学盟校联考)China's amazing(amaze) performance has greatly affected the world's economic output.
16．(2019·哈尔滨市三中模拟)After spending(spend) two years at Exeter College, he received a bachelor of literature.
17．(2019·广东实验中学模拟)Finally I refused to attend classes, shutting(shut) myself in my room for hours.
18．(2019·重庆一中模拟)Recently, a test performed(perform) by some American scientists gave us the answer.
19．(2019·天水市模拟)To help(help) the victims of the flooding, Li Bing, the region governor, together with his son, decided to find a solution.
20．(2019·江西省红色七校联考)We want to let you know that there are people who see and truly(true) appreciate all your hard work.
题型二　无提示词
[命题角度]
冠词
介词
代词
并列连词或从属连词
关系代词或副词
a, an, the的基本用法及特殊用法。
动词、名词、形容词与介词的搭配；固定短语中的介词。
人称代词的数、格；固定短语中的代词。
and, but, or, so；状语从句的引导词。
定语从句、名词性从句的引导词。
[真题例释]
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界) 61.________a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side 62.effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required 63.to process(process)the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.When fat and salt 64.are removed(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.As 65.________result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even 66.worse(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food 67.is(be)full of fat and salt；by 68.eating(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However，be 69.careful(care)not to go to extremes.Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both，70.________is not good for the health.
61.无提示词。句意是“用低脂肪和低盐饮食作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法是由医学界引发的流行趋势，但已经造成一些意外的副作用，如过度肥胖和心脏病。”as a method of...“作为……的方法”，是习惯搭配。此题考查介词as。
65．无提示词。上文When fat and salt 64.are removed(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something与下文people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing构成因果关系，as a result是固定搭配，意为“因此”。此题考查冠词a。
70．无提示词。根据句意“像任何事物一样，这两样东西吃太多是不可能的，这对健康也没有好处。”再结合句子的结构可判断出此题考查非限制性定语从句的引导词which。

1．(2019·唐山市模拟)Some people say China was an agricultural society and relied on vegetables.
2．(2019·新余市模拟)The “One Belt One Road” strategy has drawn public attention to the oldest and longest trade route—Silk Road.
3．(2019·山东省实验中学模拟)He's a good person, a great guy in so many ways — smart, creative, kind to animals, etc.
4．(2019·黄山市质检)It is time we showed less respect for this kind of destructive thinking and focused on positive thinking more.
5．(2019·宁大附中模拟)Later he patented several inventions. The three­way traffic signal was just one of them．
6．(2019·聊城市模拟)When it comes to Microsoft, the first person we think of is Bill Gates.
7．(2019·银川六中模拟)His energetic devotion to work always earns him respect and praise from both his colleagues and students.
8．(2019·湖南湖北八市十二校联考) We were told that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, but for the week after.
9．(2019·南昌十中模拟)However, the Chinese team succeeded in drilling fire ice for eight successive days, which is a big breakthrough.
10．(2019·汉中市质检)Our office wasn't far from Chinatown, where I found some very good Chinese restaurants.
11．(2019·烟台二中模拟)Important language points, grammar rules, useful expressions and key words are what we want to take down.
12．(2019·桂林市第十八中学模拟)And he speaks so slowly and strangely that it takes patience to understand what he is saying.


技法一　动词灵活多变，重点掌握其变化形式
一、提示词是动词时，若句子没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但与之是并列关系时，所填之词就是谓语动词，就需要考虑时态和语态。
[例1](2019·青岛市模拟)I smiled a big smile and it worked(work) a little, really.
[例2](2019·哈尔滨市模拟)A tea house is considered(consider) as a symbol of Chinese tea culture and people's leisure lives.
二、提示词是动词时，若句子中已有谓语动词，又不是并列关系时，所填之词就是非谓语动词，这时就需要确定是动词­ing形式，­ed形式，还是不定式形式。
1．作目的状语用不定式的一般式，可位于句首或句中。
[例1](2019·太原市模拟)To reach(reach)their conclusions, researchers studied many successful people from different career groups.
[例2](2019·济南外国语学校模拟)People use “Every dog has his day” to describe(describe) a period of good fortune.
2．作伴随状语用动词­ing形式。
[例3](2019·福建师大附中模拟)Sometimes this can create arguments and tensions, adding(add) to the stress of an already difficult situation.
[例4](2019·大连市模拟) “Look！” my son said, pointing(point) to a nearby rubbish bin.
3．作介词的宾语时，多用动词­ing形式。
[例5](2019·沈阳市模拟)However, as people grow older, friendships become more important than family relationships when it comes to predicting(predict) health and happiness.
[例6](2019·江西省高三联合考试)Great attention will keep on being paid(pay) to China's growth performance in 2019.
4．非谓语动词转化的形容词作定语或表语时，表示“令人……的”用动词­ing形式；表示“(感到)……的”用过去分词。
[例7](2019·华南师大附中模拟)What's more, with people's life getting better and better, more and more people are not satisfied(satisfy) by only material conditions.
[例8](2019·山东省实验中学诊断性测试)Barely had planned to walk to college because he couldn't afford a bus ticket, but it would be too tiring(tire)．
三、提示词是动词，并且所填的词在句中作主语或宾语时，通常考查该动词派生出来的名词。
[例1](2019·安庆市模拟)The Chinese New Year celebration(celebrate) is also known as the Spring Festival.
[例2](2019·吉林大学附中模拟)First, high­quality infrastructure could help stimulate potential global growth(grow), and raise the incomes of millions of people.
技法二　掌握名词、冠词、形容词、副词、代词的基本用法
一、提示词是名词，并且作主语或宾语时，通常考查其复数形式。若作定语，通常考查其形容词或所有格形式。
[例1](2019·武汉市联考)Since the 1950s, about 100 million copies(copy) of his works have been sold around the world.
[例2](2019·吉林大学附中模拟)For centuries, tea has brought cultures(culture), communities, and people closer together.
[例3](2019·湖南师大附中模拟)But, in spite of their economic(economy) importance, factories were often run in a very disordered manner.
二、提示词是形容词，并且所填的词在句中作状语，通常考查该形容词派生出的副词。提示词是形容词或副词，根据句意判断空白处是否该用比较级或最高级。
　[例1](2019·宁夏大学附中模拟)Besides, the order of the story and the plot are equally(equal) important.
[例2](2019·哈尔滨师大附中模拟)They also have seen higher(high) test scores and better graduation rates.
[例3](2019·安庆市模拟)Nowadays, not only does China have the fastest(fast) growing modern cities in the world, but the landscapes are also truly diverse.
三、提示词为人称代词，如作主语或宾语，通常考查人称代词的主格或宾格的单复数或名词性物主代词或反身代词。如作定语，则考查形容词性物主代词。
[例1](2019·华南师大附属中学模拟)As long as the talent show could entertain and inspire us(we), there is great sense to encourage them.
[例2](2019·兰州一中模拟)Scientists researching its(it) effect on our moods are beginning to understand that we can influence our feelings with what we eat.
四、在简单句和并列句中，若句子缺主语或宾语，空白处一定填代词。
[例1](2019·汉中市质检)When I learned more about the food, I began to understand why it has this special feature.
[例2](2019·吉林省“五地六校”合作体联考) He asked me to find him some books intended for Chinese beginners. I was very pleased to do him a favor.
五、名词前面若无限定词修饰，空白处很可能是填冠词或形容词性物主代词。
[例1](2019·佛山一中模拟)In Chinese tradition, people take giving children lucky money as a blessing.
[例2](2019·吉林省实验中学模拟)Several countries in Asia celebrate the Lunar New Year in their own way.
技法三　掌握介词的基本用法及各种搭配
一、名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面的空白处一定是填介词。
[例1](2019·兰州一中模拟) I have been obsessed with the city for years.
[例2](2019·华南师大附中模拟)They help some ordinary people with performance talent realize their dreams.
二、动词、名词、形容词后很可能填介词。
[例1](2019·江西省高三联合考试)It will be a year for China to reflect on its past and future direction.
[例2](2019·新余市模拟)This fascination led to an increasing demand for this product, and promoted the development of this trading route.
[例3](2019·佛山一中模拟)Many foreigners get more familiar with Chinese culture through “red packets”.
三、名词前如不填冠词、代词，很可能填介词。
[例1](2019·烟台二中检测)We often talk in English about different topics concerning friendship, sports, etc.
[例2](2019·惠州市调研)A study by experts from the London School of Economic and Political Science found that people who tend to go to bed later have higher IQs.
技法四　掌握连词和从句引导词的用法
一、若两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，空白处一定是填并列连词或从句引导词。
[例1](2019·吉林大学附中模拟)Delivering on this promise is not an easy task, but doing so could bring great benefits.
[例2](2019·江西师大附中模拟)I hated violin at that time, just because it was what they forced me to do.
二、逗号之后的句子如果不完整，空白处一定是填考查定语从句的引导词。
[例1](2019·广东实验中学模拟)No one had tried to understand what the real problem was except the headmaster, who helped me out simply by listening and hugging.
[例2](2019·山西大学附中模拟)In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down, which is the result of the competition from online bookstores.

(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China —and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country 61.________(grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 62.________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
A taste for meat is 63.________(actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 64.________(improve) water quality. Corn uses less water 65.________ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased 66.________(pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 67.________(globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government 68.________(start) a soil­testing program 69.________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while 70.________(feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
61.考查动词的时态。提示词grow是动词，根据句子结构可知空白处应填入谓语动词，再根据时间状语Since 2011可知，空白处应填入grow的现在完成时形式has grown。
62．考查冠词。空白处无提示词，名词years前没有限定词修饰，其前应填入一个冠词，再根据句意“在过去的25年里”可知是特指，故空白处应填入定冠词the。
63．考查副词。提示词actual是形容词，根据句意和语法规则可知，空白处要用其副词形式作状语来修饰动词is，故空白处应填入actually。
64．考查非谓语动词。提示词improve是动词，此句已有谓语动词，因此所填之词应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知空白处应用不定式的一般式来作目的状语，故空白处应填入to improve。
65．考查连词。空白处无提示词，根据句意和空白处前面的less可知此处是比较状语从句，故空白处应填入than。
66．考查派生词。提示词pollute是动词，根据句意“减少污染”可知，空白处要填入pollute的名词形式pollution，作动词decreased的宾语。
67．考查派生词。提示词globe是名词，根据句意和语法规则，空白处应填入globe的形容词形式global，作定语修饰consumption。
68．考查动词的时态。提示词start是动词，在when引导的定语从句中作谓语动词，由于when指代的是2005年，空白处应用一般过去时，故填started。
69．考查从句引导词。空白处无提示词，根据句意和句子结构可知空白处应填入关系代词that/which，引导定语从句修饰其前面的名词program。
70．考查非谓语动词。提示词feed是动词，while后常接动词的­ing形式作状语，意为“当在做某事的时候”，故空白处要填入feeding。

重点一　基础词类的用法
☞　名词　☜
[例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.

尝试解答：crowds


名词复数的变化规则
1．名词单数变复数，一般在名词词尾直接加­s。例如：friend→friends；member→members。
2．词尾是辅音字母＋y时，变y为i再加­es。例如：country→countries；difficulty→difficulties。注意：词尾是元音字母＋y时，直接加s，例如：key→keys。
3．词尾是s, x, ch, sh时一般加­es。例如：bus→buses；fox→foxes；coach→coaches；bush→bushes。
4．词尾是o的词，常见加­es的有hero→heroes；tomato→tomatoes；potato→potatoes。
5．词尾是f或fe时，多数将f或fe变为ves。shelf→shelves；knife→knives；wolf→wolves；少数直接加­s。roof→roofs；belief→beliefs。
6．名词复数的不规则变化：child→children；foot→feet；mouse→mice；phenomenon→phenomena；medium→media。

[例2]　(2019·湖南师大附中模拟)Chinese culture is one of the (world) oldest cultures, originating thousands of years ago.

尝试解答：world's

名词所有格的变化规则
1．一般情况下在名词词尾加­'s。例如：my uncle's new job；my sister's piano；children's books
2．以s或es结尾，直接在其后加­'。例如：my parents' hope；the factories' workers


1．(2019·济南一中模拟)For many young people, going to university is one of the most important stages(stage) of their lives.
2．(2019·宁夏大学附中模拟)As a teen he left his family's farm in search of better opportunities(opportunity)．
3．(2019·哈尔滨市三中模拟)A collection of short essays(essay), Writing in the Margins of Life, was published in 1941.
4．(2019·河南省六市联考)In the South­west you will find plenty of attractive and often deserted beaches(beach)．
5．(2019·聊城市模拟)The official Weibo keeps showing the palace's charm of four seasons by posting beautiful photos(photo) regularly.
6．(2019·武汉外国语学校质检)We always kept bamboo chopsticks along with our knives(knife), forks and spoons for dinner.
7．(2019·济南外国语学校模拟)Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural beliefs(belief)about dogs.
8．(2019·广州市模拟)The system reflects the seasonal characteristics of annual natural phenomena(phenomenon) and farming activities.
☞　冠词　☜
[例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning $ 6，500 a day as model in New York.

尝试解答：a

不定冠词的常考点
1．不定冠词有两种形式，在元音音素前(不是元音字母)用an，在辅音音素前(不是辅音字母)用a。例如：a university, an honest man。
2．不定冠词放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。
3．不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中，例如：as a result, for a while等。

[例2]　(2019·山西大学附中模拟)China launched these satellites with aim of providing navigation services for countries and regions which participate in the Belt and Road Proposal by the end of 2018.

尝试解答：the

定冠词的常考点
1．定冠词the特指某人或某物。
2．最高级、序数词、独一无二的词前面用定冠词the。
3．在年代或逢十的数词前用定冠词the。
4．定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中，例如：one ..., the other ...等。


1．(2019·河南省实验中学模拟)Nowadays, school violence is a hot issue.
2．(2019·宜宾市模拟)Making mistakes is an essential part of the process of understanding.
3．(2019·江西省重点中学盟校联考)Since the start of the financial crisis in 2008, China has accounted for 45% of the gain in world GDP.
4．(2019·沈阳市质检)Brooke Martin is an animal lover who missed her dog when she was away.
5．(2019·哈尔滨市第六中学模拟)The identity of the statues builders was in doubt until well into the twentieth century.
6．(2019·贵州省部分重点中学质检)My parents had moved to England from India during the 1970s.
7．(2019·宜宾市模拟)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
8．(2019·贵阳市模拟)Only time will tell whether these coastal communities will succeed in the end.
☞　代词　☜
[例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using every day.

尝试解答：it

it的常考点
1．指代前文或后文出现的事或物。
2．可作形式主语、形式宾语或构成某些固定结构。

[例2]　(2019·桂林市第十八中学模拟)He lives a very regular life, studying every day and never allowing (he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.

尝试解答：himself

人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的常考点
1．人称代词第三人称的主格与宾格常指代前文或后文出现的人或物。
2．形容词性物主代词在句中作定语，常表示物体的所属；而名词性物主代词在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，但不可以作定语。
3．反身代词表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者。

[例3]　(2019·银川一中模拟)Silk was not the only product to be transported along the Silk Road, with goods such as tea, medicinal herbs also being exported from China.

尝试解答：other

不定代词的常考点
1．不定代词both, either, neither表示两者；all, any, none表示三者或三者以上。
2．the other意为“(两者中的)另一个”；another表示“(三者以上中的)另一个，再一个”；“other＋复数名词”或others泛指其余的人或物。


1．(2019·昆明黄冈实验学校模拟)All of them complained about the stone but did not try to remove it.
2．(2019·南昌十中模拟)However, it is too early to say a new energy source has been found.
3．(2019·江西师大附中模拟)We need to face a lot of pains as we grow up. But these pains eventually bring us(we) gains.
4．(2019·湖南湖北八市十二校联考)We had made our(we) reservation six months earlier, but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.
5．(2019·广东实验中学模拟)At first she took my hands in hers and listened patiently as I mentioned my worries.
6．(2019·河南省实验中学模拟)All in all, every student should behave himself(he)and keep away from violence.
7．(2019·吉林省“五地六校”合作体联考)So I went from one bookstore to another, hoping to find something suitable for him.
8．(2019·大连二十四中学模拟)Ford says it plans to share the data with eleven other car makers, which should lead to a signaling system that is used in every driverless car.
☞　介词　☜
[例1]　(2018·浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.

尝试解答：for

掌握介词的基本用法
1．掌握介词的基本含义。例如近三年全国卷考到过的as表示“作为”；than表示对比等。
2．注意一词多义的介词，例如with可意为“和……一起；具有，带有；随着；用……；凭借……；由于，因为”等。
3．注意易混介词的对比，例如表示地点的in, on, at；表示时间的in, after；表示交通方式的by, on/in等。

[例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full­time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.

尝试解答：in

固定搭配中介词
1．注意介词与动词、名词以及形容词的搭配。例如近三年全国卷考到过的search for寻找；degree in 在……的学位等。
2．注意介词的固定搭配。例如近三年全国卷考到过的to and from等。


1．(2019·吉林市普通中学调研测试)One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.
2．(2019·河南省实验中学模拟)If I meet with school violence, I will not answer violence with violence, for it will result in more fighting.
3．(2019·安庆市模拟)Every year one sixth of the world's population travel home to celebrate the Spring Festival with their families.
4．(2019·厦门市模拟)Their research suggests that reading out loud to yourself can increase your recall skills by up to 15%.
5．(2019·烟台二中检测)To my delight, when my teacher raises a question, I know how to answer more often.
6．(2019·沈阳市模拟)According to the researchers, friendships can “make a world of difference”， and even influence how we respond to illness.
7．(2019·吉林省“五地六校”合作体联考)He said he was enthusiastic about Chinese, and asked me to find him some books intended for Chinese beginners.
8．(2019·桂林市第十八中学模拟)As a result, he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
☞　形容词、副词　☜
[例1]　(2018·浙江高考)There could be an even (high) cost on your health.

尝试解答：higher

比较级的考查
1．若空格后有than，空格处需填比较级。特别提示：要注意暗含的比较级。
2．在much, far, still, even, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal等后常需填比较级。

[例2]　(2019·银川市模拟)Of all these, Buddhism, which came from India, had the (great) influence on Chinese culture.

尝试解答：greatest

最高级的考查
1．表达在某个范围内“最……”用最高级，其标志词有in, of等。
2．最高级前可用the, one of the等修饰。若空格前有这些词，就很可能填最高级。

[例3]　(2019·合肥市质检)The make­up of British families has changed (rapid) over the last two hundred years.

尝试解答：rapidly

形容词变副词的规则
1．一般情况加­ly，例如immediate→immediately。
2．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，将y变为i然后加­ly，例如happy→happily。
3．以­le结尾，去掉e加­y，例如gentle→gently。
4．以­ic结尾，常需加­ally。例如basic→basically。


1．(2019·葫芦岛市模拟)They are faster and more accurate(accurate) than human workers and never ask for a pay rise or take breaks.
2．(2019·牡丹江市模拟)As he approached the bridge, the sound got louder(loud) and then he saw a pitiful sight.
3．(2019·宜宾市模拟)Even worse(bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
4．(2019·沈阳市模拟)Tea is one of the most(much) popular drinks in the world.
5．(2019·佛山一中模拟)The rule in her family was that the person who grabbed the highest(high) amount sent the next.
6．(2019·天水市模拟)Once the system was finished, no more floods occurred and the people were able to live peacefully(peaceful)．
7．(2019·桂林市第十八中学模拟)Unable to express himself easily(easy) in conversation, he uses a special typewriter to write letters to his friends, and beautiful poems.
8．(2019·华南师大附中模拟)Though talent show programs truly(true) bring us lots of pleasure, they have caused many negative effects, especially on the youth.
9．(2019·成都市诊断性检测)Before this book came out, time was basically(basic) viewed as a one­way street.
重点二　动词的用法
☞　动词的时态和语态　☜
[例1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.

尝试解答：managed

常见的八大时态
1．一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态；在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
2．一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；或过去习惯性、经常性的动作或行为。
3．一般将来时表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或状况。will do还可以表示临时的决定。
4．现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响，也可表示动作或状态持续到现在并有可能进行下去。
5．过去完成时表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即“过去的过去”。
6．现在进行时表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作。
7．过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
8．现在完成进行时表示从过去的某一时刻到现在一直进行的动作。

[例2]　(2019·长沙市模拟)Each year, over 4 million people (kill) as a result of breathing smoke from cooking over wood­powered or coal­powered stoves.

尝试解答：are killed

常见被动语态的构成形式
1．一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are＋过去分词
2．一般过去时的被动语态：was/were＋过去分词
3．一般将来时被动语态：will/shall be＋过去分词
4．现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are being＋过去分词
5．过去进行时的被动语态：was/were being＋过去分词
6．现在完成时的被动语态：have/has been ＋过去分词
7．过去完成时的被动语态：had been＋过去分词
8．情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be＋过去分词


1．(2019·吉林大学附中模拟)As the Chinese proverb goes(go), “To become rich, one must first build roads.”
2．(2019·云南师大附中模拟)Owing to seven hundred thousand traffic accidents last year, thousands of people lost(lose) their lives in China.
3．(2019·合肥市模拟)And the company says it will promote(promote) commercial dog cloning services worldwide soon.
4．(2019·佛山市模拟)Attracted by the unique way of communicating, many foreigners have joined(join) in sending and grabbing red packets so far.
5．(2019·广东实验中学模拟)She said she had noticed(notice) a big change in me and wondered why.
6．(2019·长沙市模拟)When we read a poem, we often imagine what the poets were thinking(think) when they wrote at the time.
7．(2019·深圳市模拟)Perhaps nowadays for people around the world, music is meant(mean) mainly for amusement.
8．(2019·皖南八校联考)Once every 4 years the World Cup has always deeply attracted millions of fans around the world since it was held(hold).
9．(2019·西宁市模拟)He really wants to study law, and his grades are excellent. I'm sure he will be accepted(accept) there.
10．(2019·宁夏大学附中模拟)Since then the term Silk Road has been accepted(accept) globally.
11．(2019·云南师大附中模拟)His motivation started to change after he witnessed poor patients, whose families had been pushed/were pushed(push) into poverty by costly cancer treatments.
12．(2019·成都外国语学校模拟)Hotpot restaurants can be found(find) on pretty much every street in Chengdu, but the quality and taste can vary hugely.
☞　非谓语动词　☜
Ⅰ.非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语
[例1]　(2019·烟台市模拟) (chat) with my teachers and classmates is also one of my ways to learn English.

尝试解答：Chatting

非谓语动词作主语
1．非谓语动词作主语表示一般行为时用动名词。
2．不定式作主语时，常考查it作形式主语，而真正作主语的不定式后置。

[例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.

尝试解答：to prove

非谓语动词作宾语
1．有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，例如agree，decide等。
2．有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，例如enjoy，finish等。
3．有些动词后跟不定式与动名词作宾语有明显的区别，例如try, forget，remember，regret，mean等。
4．介词后一般用动名词作宾语。

[例3]　(2019·济南外国语学校模拟)Have you ever been (embarrass) because of forgetting something important?

尝试解答：embarrassed

非谓语动词作表语
1．不定式作表语时趋向于表示将来。
2．现在分词作表语表示“令人……的”；过去分词作表语时表示“感到……的”。


1．(2019·吉林省实验中学模拟)It is not necessary to bargain(bargain) on this small amount.
2．(2019·惠州市调研考试)Staying(stay) awake into the night was a new idea that was attractive to curious minds.
3．(2019·兰州一中模拟)This mode of travel provided protection from robbers who might attempt to rob(rob) the valuable goods being transported.
4．(2019·沈阳市质检)In an effort to help teens better protect their hearing, we suggest setting(set) volume limits on personal audio devices.
5．(2019·贵阳市模拟)Years ago, a woman named Rosie Ruiz tried to steal(steal) a victory in the New York Marathon by taking subway to the finish line.
6．(2019·武汉外国语学校质检)I won't call myself the most accomplished person when it comes to holding(hold) chopsticks.
7．(2019·绵阳市模拟)Its goal is to make(make) all children have a chance for education.
8．(2019·湖北省八校联考)Of the legends about the Great Wall, the story of Lady Meng Jiang is the most moving(move)．
Ⅱ.非谓语动词作定语、状语和补语
[例1]　(2019·湖南省长郡中学模拟)The food prepared(prepare) in this way kept its fresh flavor.

尝试解答：prepared

非谓语动词作定语
1．非谓语动词作定语时，表示将来时要用不定式。
2．非谓语动词作定语时，表示主动和进行要用现在分词；表示被动和完成要用过去分词。

[例2]　(2017·浙江高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring (cook) a meal.

尝试解答：to cook

非谓语动词作状语
1．非谓语动词作目的状语、表示意料之外的结果状语或原因状语(后置)时，需考虑用动词不定式。
2．非谓语动词作时间、原因(句首)、结果(意料之中)或伴随状语时，需考虑分词。如果动词与逻辑主语是主动关系，要考虑用现在分词；若是被动关系要用过去分词。
3．关注­ed在一些固定搭配中的用法。如(be) faced with, (be) lost in, (be) devoted to等。

[例3]　(2019·济南一中模拟)Apart from the academic benefit, life at university also can allow students to develop(develop) their interests in many fields.

尝试解答：to develop

非谓语动词作补语
1．应熟知跟不定式作补语的动词，如invite, allow等。
2．感官动词和使役动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾补，但变成被动语态后需带to。
3．分词作补语时，若动词与宾语是主动关系用现在分词；若是被动关系用过去分词。


1．(2019·长春市实验中学模拟)Health experts say, that after six hours of focused work, people still have enough energy to do(do) things at home.
2．(2019·佛山市模拟)However, the popularity of virtual red packets doesn't stop people sending paper red packets containing(contain) real cash during the Spring Festival.
3．(2019·太原五中模拟)However, standing for long periods of time might not be good for you either, according to a new study published(publish) last year.
4．(2019·长沙一中模拟)The mirrors direct the light at a cooking pan, thus heating(heat) the pan with solar energy.
5．(2019·哈尔滨师大附中模拟)To help(help) teens get enough sleep, some schools have already made school start later.
6．(2019·海口市模拟)Scots are music lovers, enjoying(enjoy) all types of music from folk to rock and pop.
7．(2019·吉林省实验中学模拟)According to the study, when faced(face) with the new challenges, fast walkers are more likely to be active while quiet people tend to walk more slowly.
8．(2019·宁夏大学附中模拟)The website asks everyone to celebrate(celebrate) the day by taking a book, finding an audience, and reading out aloud.
9．(2019·长沙市模拟)Facebook has a new idea to keep users engaged(engage) in its social network.
10．(2019·云南师大附中模拟)Last but not least, every driver is advised to obey(obey) the speed limit and drive cautiously.
重点三　并列连词和从句引导词的用法
☞　并列连词　☜
[例1]　(2019·成都外国语学校模拟)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.

尝试解答：and

并列连词的基本类型
1．表示并列或递进关系时要考虑and, both ... and ..., not only ... but (also) ...等。
2．表示转折或对比关系时要考虑but, while等。
3．表示选择关系时要考虑or, either ... or ...等。
4．表示因果关系时要考虑so, for等。

[例2]　(2019·牡丹江市一中模拟)One day a young man was walking along the road he heard a cry.

尝试解答：when

并列连词的常用句式
1．be doing sth. when ... /be about to do sth. when .../had just done sth. when ...。
2．祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句。


1．(2019·广州市模拟)It helps farmers a lot and has influenced greatly on people's basic necessities of life.
2．(2019·牡丹江市一中模拟)The young man wanted to help the dog, but as he approached, the dog started to bark.
3．(2019·哈尔滨师大附中模拟)Sleeping less than eight hours or more than ten can make teenagers feel worse the next day.
4．(2019·吉林省实验中学模拟)Unfortunately we sometimes treat the sea like a giant garbage pool and we're not only harming the watery wildlife in it but harming ourselves.
5．(2019·青岛58中模拟)Smile at life, and it will shine on you.
6．Everything was cheap there, so we did a lot of shopping.
7．Some of us let these dreams die, while others protect them and take care of them through bad days.
8．The other day I was doing some grocery shopping when a man walked toward a group of us at the checkout stand.
☞　定语从句的引导词　☜
[例1]　(2018·浙江高考)Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.

尝试解答：who/that

定语从句的关系代词
1．当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，要考虑用that(指人和物)，which(指物)，who/whom(指人)。
2．非限制性定语从句中不能用that引导，应考虑用which或who(m)。
3．当定语从句中缺少定语时，一般用whose(指人和物)。
4．定语从句的关系代词若在介词后要考虑用whom(指人)或which(指物)。
5．当定语从句置于句首时，要用as。as常指整个句子，表示“正如……”。

[例2]　(2017·浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.

尝试解答：where

定语从句的关系副词
当定语从句中缺少时间状语、地点状语或原因状语时，要考虑用when, where或why。


1．(2019·山东师大附中模拟)Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who/that has ever lived.
2．(2019·葫芦岛市模拟)Researchers at a Massachusetts' university are creating the first robot that can constantly change its shape according to the task it has to do.
3．(2019·沈阳市模拟)Most teas have caffeine in them, which makes you feel more active.
4．(2019·武汉市联考)As almost every Chinese person knows, the novel was written by Louis Cha, better known by his pen name, Jin Yong.
5．(2019·济南一中模拟)Therefore, university is a place where you attain knowledge, develop your values and accept those who may be different.
6．(2019·长春市实验中学模拟)The change comes at a time when many employees around the world work 50 to 60 hours and more a week.
7．(2019·牡丹江市模拟)There, lying in the muddy riverbed was a little dog about two months old, whose front legs were tightly tied with ropes.
8．(2019·吉林省实验中学模拟)Many Chinese people have moved abroad since 1978, many of whom are far richer than earlier waves of immigrants.
9．We first attended the opening parade, for which our class had made a lot of preparations.
10．The reason why he refused to attend the meeting was that they didn't give him an invitation earlier.
☞　名词性从句的引导词　☜
[例1]　(2019·济南外国语学校模拟)They are unaware of a simple but important fact memory can be developed.

尝试解答：that

名词性从句的连接词
名词性从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句。当名词性从句中缺少连接词，但引导词不作任何成分时，要考虑用that或whether。

[例2]　(2019·银川一中模拟) marks Britain out on the world stage is the large number of hats of different shapes and colors.

尝试解答：What

名词性从句的连接代词
当名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分时，就要考虑连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, who(m)ever, whatever, whichever等。

[例3]　(2019·济南市质检)Do you wonder the color red is so popular in China, especially during the Chinese New Year?

尝试解答：why

名词性从句的连接副词
当名词性从句中缺少时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，要考虑用连接副词when, where, why, how等。


1．(2019·长沙市模拟)Facebook will show information on whether you live in the same city or want to go to the same school.
2．(2019·贵阳市模拟)Obviously, it was just an excuse he made to cover the fact that he hadn't done his homework.
3．(2019·湖北省四校联考)What matters to a museum is not how many visitors they have, but how close they are to people's daily lives.
4．(2019·宁夏大学附中模拟)It's time to start by reading aloud to whoever might like it.
5．(2019·西宁市模拟)I forgot how complicated these decisions can be!
6．I have no idea who will be in charge of the company when the manager is away.
7．If we want to truly understand why animals are eating plastic in the ocean, we have to think about how animals find food.
8．The best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.
☞　状语从句的引导词　☜
[例1]　(2019·深圳市模拟) God created the first two people, Adam and his wife Eve, they lived in a beautiful garden­like paradise called Eden.

尝试解答：When

时间、地点、条件状语从句
1．时间状语从句的引导词主要有when, while, as, before, after, since, till/until, once等。
2．地点状语从句通常由where引导。
3．条件状语从句的引导词主要有if或unless。

[例2]　(2019·大连二十四中学模拟) it can be enjoyed at home, the best way to experience afternoon tea is at a smart hotel or cafe.

尝试解答：Though/Although/While

原因、让步、结果状语从句
1．原因状语从句中的引导词主要有because, as或since。
2．让步状语从句的引导词主要有although, though, while, no matter＋疑问词或疑问词＋­ever。
3．结果状语从句主要是so/such ...that ...中that的考查。


1．(2019·合肥九中模拟)Students start preparing for graduation a long time before it happens.
2．(2019·沈阳市模拟)In a recent report, hearing professionals worry teenagers will soon outnumber aging adults when it comes to living with hearing loss.
3．(2019·太原五中检测)Where there's a corner, there's a weak spot.
4．(2019·宁夏大学附中模拟)You may like reading novels for fun. But you need to get organized if you are reading a novel for school.
5．(2019·济南外国语学校模拟)Water is so important that you need to get a certain amount each day.
6．(2019·江西省重点中学盟校联考)Although/Though/While America remains the only superpower, China is responsible for an important share of global change.
7．(2019·江西省红色七校联考)Yesterday was a crazy day. I felt very tired because I had a ton of work stuff going on.
8．No matter what others think you should be like, it's always best to be your true self.

A篇 (2019·武汉市武昌区调研考试)
Whether they are playing on our TV screens or printed in newspapers，advertisements are everywhere.
They 1.________(appear) since the 18th and 19th century when advances in printing techniques allowed more detailed images 2.________(produce) in newspapers and magazines.Advertising often serves as an indicator for 3.________ society considers to be socially acceptable and desirable at the time.
In spite of being designed to sell 4.________ advertise something，some ads can even have a 5.________(tend) to become part of a society's dialect.For example，in the UK，if someone describes themselves 6.________ a “Marmite Person”，this means that you may either love them or hate them，7.________(base) on the British food Marmite's slogan，“Love it or hate it.”
The average person living in a city sees thousands of ads every single day.It seems that ads are a 8.________(big) part of everyday life than we think they are.Instead of finding them 9.________(trouble)，however，at least we can be assured that future generations will have an interesting way to see how we lived—no matter how 10.________(great) today's world may change to them.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。广告在我们生活中无处不在，主要讲述了广告的历史及其特点。
1．have appeared　[考查动词的时态。根据句中的since... the century可判定用现在完成时。]
2．to be produced　[考查非谓语动词和语态。allow sb. /sth....“允许某人/某物做某事”为固定用法；又动词produce和其主语images为被动关系，应用被动语态，故填to be produced。]
3．what　[考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，作介词for的宾语，表示“……的事物”，故用what。]
4．or　[考查连词。根据语境可知，此处前后两部分是选择关系，故用连词or。]
5．tendency　[考查名词。根据空前的冠词a可知，此处应用名词形式。]
6．as　[考查介词。describe ... as ...“把……描述成……”为固定用法。]
7．based　[考查非谓语动词。be based on“以……为基础”为固定用法，应用动词的过去分词形式。]
8．bigger　[考查形容词比较级。根据该句中的than可知，此处应用形容词的比较级。]
9．troublesome　[考查形容词。find sb./sth. ＋adj.“发现某人/物处于某状态”为固定用法，故用trouble的形容词形式作宾语补足语。]
10．greatly　[考查副词。修饰动词应用副词，故用greatly修饰动词change。]
B篇 (2019·长春外国语学校模拟)
It's common to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes in a hurry through big cities in China. Some of them even risk 11.________(run) red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such careless behavior often causes serious problems.
The reason for the rise of such a careless behavior is that there is 12.________ large demand for food delivery workers, and many companies offer high salaries 13.________(attract) new workers.
In fact, food delivery workers are often under high 14.________(press) from their employers. They face company fines for delivering food late. Moreover, the more orders they take, the more money they can earn, 15.________ leads to some workers checking 16.________(they) mobile phones for new orders while they are riding their bikes.
While most companies require delivery workers to follow traffic rules, it remains a problem whether these requirements and rules are 17.________(strict) obeyed.
To solve the problem, some cities 18.________(take) action since last year. Shanghai required the delivery workers 19.________(train) on traffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned 20.________ driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了外卖小哥由于赶时间与交通安全之间形成的矛盾。
11．running　[考查非谓语动词。risk后需跟动词­ing形式作宾语，表示“冒险做某事”，故用running。]
12．a　[考查冠词。此处demand为可数名词，其前需加不定冠词，表示一种需求，空格处应用不定冠词。]
13．to attract　[考查非谓语动词。此处应用不定式短语表示目的。]
14．pressure　[考查词形转换。根据前面的介词under及形容词high可判定此处应用名词形式。]
15．which　[考查从句引导词。逗号后面应为非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指代前面的整个句子，故填which。]
16．their　[考查代词。空格在mobile phones的前面，应为形容词性物主代词作定语。]
17．strictly　[考查词形转换。空格处修饰动词，应用副词形式。]
18．have taken　[考查时态。根据句中的since last year可判定用现在完成时。]
19．(should) be trained/to be trained　[考查动词的形式。此处可理解为required 后省略了引导词that，这样that从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式用“(should) be＋过去分词”；也可理解为是require sb. to do sth.要求某人做某事。]
20．from　[考查介词。此处应为ban sb. from doing sth.禁止某人做某事，故填介词from。]
C篇 (2019·湖北省四地七校考试联盟联考)
Do you Douyin?
Got a moment—or, perhaps, 15 seconds? In the age of fragmented(碎片化的) time, Douyin, which is a massive hit in China right now, can perfectly fill in the gaps when people have nothing 21.________(good) to do between two events; its daily plays 22.________(spread) over one billion in the past few years. The Vine­like app allows users to produce creative short videos that combine music with mouth shapes or body moves. They can dance, sing, cook or do 23.________ their hearts desire.
24．________(launch) in September 2016, Douyin is owned by Zhang Yiming, one of China's top tech leaders; he chairs ByteDance. Similar to how Vine worked 25.________ a time­limited video platform, Douyin is a 26.________(collect) of brief 15­second music videos, mainly focused on young people, 27.________ it's certainly suitable for all ages.
On the platform, childish and strange behaviours are 28.________(total) acceptable. In high­pressure world, it is no surprise that Douyin has become so successful—all you need to do is pick up your phone and open the app to relieve some stress and have a laugh. The app pushes related 29.________(video) and products based on users' preferences and consequently, Douyin can be quite addictive—many people just want to enjoy a few minutes at first, but end up 30.________(consume) several hours' video time.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。当今抖音已经成为很多人生活中的一部分，本文介绍了抖音的产生及发展过程。
21．better　[考查比较级。此处表示“没有更好的事情可做的时候”。]
22．have spread　[考查时态。根据后面的in the past few years可判定用现在完成时。]
23．whatever/what/anything　[do的后面缺宾语，空格内可填宾语从句的引导词，并在从句中作desire的宾语，故填what/whatever；也可用anything作宾语，后面 their hearts desire为省略了引导词that的定语从句。]
24．Launched　[考查非谓语动词。launch与句中的主语Douyin为动宾关系，故用过去分词作状语。]
25．as　[考查动词短语中的介词。work as充当，为固定短语。]
26．collection　[考查词形转换。在冠词a的后面应用名词。]
27．but　[考查连词。空格前后为转折关系，故填but。]
28．totally　[考查副词。此处应用副词修饰其后的形容词。]
29．videos　[考查名词。由后面的products可知用video的复数形式videos。]
30．consuming　[考查非谓语动词。end up doing表示“以……方式结束”。]
D篇 (2019·河南省名校联考)
People are always complaining that the flavor of the Spring Festival is disappearing.
People used to get busy preparing for the Lunar New Year celebrations at the beginning of the last month of the lunar year. 31.________ the Lunar New Year's Eve, most Chinese enjoyed 32.________(gather) around the dinner table to welcome the New Year. When the bells rang at midnight, people would begin setting off fireworks. In the following day, people visited friends and relatives and enjoyed the festival atmosphere at Spring Festival 33.________(fair)．
However, the situation 34.________(change) greatly nowadays. Thanks to the rapid 35.________(develop) of economy people can now purchase 36.________ they want, whenever they want to in an easy and convenient way. They don't need to spare many time in shopping. Realizing how 37.________(harm) setting off fireworks 38.________(be) to the air quality, more and more people choose not to set off fireworks.
I understand the sad feeling that many people, especially 39.________ elderly, have towards the changing character of Spring Festival. But social customs are not 40.________(fix) rules. Instead they evolve over time in tune with the changes in society. But despite the great changes, the most important part of Spring Festival is still the family. That's something that hasn't changed.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。很多人抱怨年味越来越淡，本文给出了其原因之所在。
31．On　[考查介词。表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等，用介词on。]
32．gathering　[考查非谓语动词。enjoy后需跟动词­ing形式作宾语，故填gathering。]
33．fairly　[考查词形转换。此处应用副词修饰动词enjoyed。]
34．has changed　[考查时态和主谓一致。根据后面的nowadays可知，现在已经发生了很大的变化，应用现在完成时；主语the situation为单数形式。]
35．development　[考查词形转换。根据前面的冠词the以及形容词rapid可判定此处用名词形式。]
36．what　[考查从句引导词。purchase后为宾语从句，空格内的词引导宾语从句且在从句中作want的宾语，表示“想要的东西”，故填what。]
37．harmful　[考查形容词。根据后面应填be的适当形式以及前面的how可判定应填形容词。]
38．is　[考查时态和主谓一致。根据主句中的动词choose可判定用一般现在时，空格内所在的句子主语是setting off fireworks，为单数形式。]
39．the　[考查冠词。“the＋某些形容词”表示一类人，此处the elderly表示“上了年纪的人”。]
40．fixed　[考查非谓语动词。空格内的词作定语修饰rules，表示“已经固定的”，故填过去分词fixed。]
E篇 (2019·湖南省六校联考)
Twenty­five years ago，most young British people wanted a career in law，to be a doctor，or to take up singing.But today，things stand 41.________(different)．
According to a recent survey，the“dream job” of young people 42.________(age) between 16 and 25 in the UK is a video blogger，or“vlogger(视频博主)”．The survey，carried out among 1，002 people，found that over 40% of them put vlogger as their number one choice on a list of dream 43.________(career)．
The change is largely due to the rapid development of information technology(IT)．The Internet and social media have made it 44.________(easy) and more convenient to reach a global audience，without having to enter a career in show business in the traditional way.
“In the past，the biggest stars 45.________(make) by the Hollywood studios；now，anyone with a computer camera may become a star，”said Phil Samuels，46.________ expert from UK.“From fashion to comedy，these self­made stars interact online with their fans about everyday life.”
However，what people see 47.________(be) only the bright side of being a vlogger and they ignore the fact 48.________ only those who are successful can gain fame and fortune.Actually，49.________ every success there are a hundred others who never get off the starting block.This is why some young people still show 50.________(prefer) for traditional jobs.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。如今，随着信息技术的发展，年轻人最理想的职业是“网红”。其实，他们忽视了这样一个事实：在“网红”成功的背后，更多的是没有成功的人。
41．differently　[考查副词。空处修饰动词“stand”，故用副词形式。]
42．aged　[考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，动词age和其逻辑主语young people之间为动宾关系，故用其过去分词形式作后置定语。]
43．careers　[考查名词的单复数。career为可数名词，且结合该句中的a list of可知，此处表示多种职业，故用career的复数形式careers。]
44．easier　[考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的and more convenient可知，空处与之并列，也用比较级。]
45．were made　[考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语In the past可知，此处描述发生在过去的事，故用一般过去时；根据该句中的by the Hollywood studios可知，该句主语the biggest stars和动词make之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；且主语stars为复数形式，故用were made。]
46．an　[考查冠词。根据语境可知，该处泛指“一位来自英国的专家”，故用不定冠词；且expert的发音以元音音素开头，故用an。]
47．is　[考查主谓一致和时态。分析句子结构可知，该句主语为what people see，故谓语动词用单数；再根据句意可知，该句陈述的是一般事实，应用一般现在时。故填is。]
48．that　[考查同位语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，说明fact的具体内容，故用that引导同位语从句。]
49．for　[考查介词。实际上，对于每个成功而言，有上百名其他人还没有起步。根据语境可知，此处应用介词for表示“对……来说”。]
50．preference　[考查词形转换。分析该句结构可知，空处作及物动词show的宾语，故用名词形式。]
F篇 (2019·湖南省湘东六校联考)
Recently 51.________ Internet slang word Foxi has become popular，encouraging young people to remain calm and peaceful and avoid conflict as much as possible，52.________ other words，to live with an“I don't care” attitude.
The word 53.________(create) in Japan in 2014 to describe young men who no longer bother to start relationships with women or follow someone else's life path.They prefer to stay in their own world without 54.________(disturb) and care little about passion and success.
Now，Chinese Internet users 55.________(pair) the word with other words to describe a similar mindset.For example，“Foxi students” are those 56.________ study just the right amount—they don't cut class，but they don't burn the midnight oil，either.However，some are worried about it，for they say that Foxi actually reflects the 57.________(real) that young people are losing their will 58.________(fight)．They are pretending to keep a healthy and wise attitude toward failure 59.________(simple) because they're incapable of succeeding.
But no matter what，there is one thing that“Foxi youngsters” should keep in mind：you may want to keep a calm mindset regarding failure，60.________ you should also be passionate and positive about school，work and life.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了“佛系”这一网络流行用语的来历及含义，告诫我们：对失败可以保持“佛系”的心态，但是对学习、工作和生活应当充满激情。
51．an　[考查冠词。根据语境可知，该处泛指“一个网络俚语”，故用不定冠词；且Internet的发音以元音音素开头，故用an。]
52．in　[考查介词。根据固定搭配in other words“换句话说”可知，此处应用介词in。]
53．was created　[考查动词的语态、时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，该句主语The word和create之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；根据句中的in 2014可知，此处应用一般过去时；且该句主语为单数，故应填was created。]
54．being disturbed　[考查without的复合结构。根据语境可知，该句主语They和disturb之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；再分析该句结构可知，空处作介词without的宾语，故用动名词的被动语态。]
55．are pairing　[考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语Now可知，该句陈述的是正在发生的事情，故用现在进行时；且该句主语为Chinese Internet users，是复数形式，故填are pairing。]
56．who　[考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为those“那些人”，空处在从句中作主语，故用who引导该定语从句。]
57．reality　[考查词形转换。根据空前的reflects the可推知，空处应用其名词形式。]
58．to fight　[考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作名词will的后置定语，故用动词不定式。]
59．simply　[考查副词。空处修饰because，故用其副词形式simply“只不过，仅仅”。]
60．but　[考查连词。空处前后为转折关系，故用but。]
G篇 (2019·江西省三名校联考)
Vegetarianism(素食主义) is becoming one rising trend in the UK，as more people are deciding not 61.________(eat) meat and animal products.Vegetarians are people who don't eat meat，while vegans are people who don't eat or use any animal products at all.These lifestyles 62.________(become) more well­known in the UK.63.________ are Britons cutting out meat？Many are unhappy about the poor treatment of animals and the effects of meat and fish production 64.________ the environment.65.________(worry) about food safety and foodborne illnesses，such as mad cow disease，have also played a part.Others choose to change their eating habits in order to become 66.________(healthy)．According to the Vegetarian Society，a meat­free diet can help reduce 67.________ risk of certain cancers，as well as heart disease and high blood pressure.
Organic farming is 68.________ rising trend that is appearing in the UK.Many people are rejecting genetically modified(转基因的) food and want their food to be 69.________(organic) produced.Organic farmers use very few or no chemicals.Organic meat 70.________(produce) without the use of drugs.
【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍了英国正在流行的两大趋势，即素食主义和有机农业。
61．to eat　[考查非谓语动词。此处考查固定搭配decide not to do sth.“决定不做某事”，故用不定式作宾语。]
62．are becoming　[考查动词的时态和主谓一致。与上文Vegetarianism(素食主义) is becoming one rising trend in the UK呼应可知，此处用现在进行时，表示现在的一种趋势，且与句子主语的复数形式保持一致，故用are becoming。]
63．Why　[考查副词。与语境中的问号呼应，并结合下文的内容可推知，此处表示对原因的疑问，故用特殊疑问词Why。]
64．on　[考查介词。effect on sb./sth. 意为“对……有影响”，为固定搭配，故用介词on。]
65．Worries　[考查名词的单复数。worry为可数名词时，意为“令人担忧的事”，且根据语境及该句中的谓语动词have可知，此处用名词的复数形式作主语。]
66．healthier　[考查形容词的比较级。为了变得更健康，其他一些人选择改变他们的饮食习惯。此处包含一个比较的概念，故用形容词比较级形式作become的表语。]
67．the　[考查冠词。risk被介词短语of certain cancers修饰，表示特指，故用定冠词the修饰。]
68．another　[考查限定词。与上文Vegetarianism(素食主义) is becoming one rising trend in the UK呼应可知，此处表示另外一种兴起的趋势，故用限定词another修饰名词trend，表示“再一，另一”。]
69．organically　[考查副词。修饰动词用副词，故用副词organically修饰动词produced。]
70．is produced　[考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，produce与句子主语organic meat是被动关系，且表示客观叙述，故用其一般现在时的被动语态形式。]
H篇 (2019·江西省五校协作体模拟)
A new social robot has been introduced to the public at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.The robot，71.________(call) Nadine，was built by a research team at the university.
Nadine has brown hair and human­like skin.She can talk and act like a human and she even has her own personality.The robot can show emotions，like anger and 72.________(sad) and change into different moods，73.________(depend) on the topics she is talking about.
Nadine is the most advanced and human­like robot so far.She has built in software that is similar to Apple's Siri，which works on 74.________ iPhone.The new social robot has capabilities that have never been implemented in other robots so far.Nadine can not only remember people she 75.________(meet) before，but she can recall things that she said at 76.________(early) conversations as well.
Up to now，robots have been used widely in the manufacturing industry.However，more and more robots are being 77.________(equip) with social functions.This could be important 78.________ our population becoming older.Working robots could be the solution to a decreasing workforce.On the other hand，such social robots could care for children or older people.They could play and talk with them or keep them company.
Currently，Nadine 79.________(have) a job as a receptionist at the university，80.________ she answers questions asked by students and other visitors.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。类人机器人Nadine是由新加坡南洋理工大学研究团队制作的机器人，她有着棕色的头发和像人一样的皮肤，能表达愤怒、悲伤等情感。有一定的社交能力，能记住曾经遇到的人、曾经说过的话。
71．called　[考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，动词call和其逻辑主语The robot之间为动宾关系，故用其过去分词作后置定语。]
72．sadness　[考查名词。根据该句中的anger and可知，空处与名词anger对应，也应当用名词形式。]
73．depending　[考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，动词depend和其逻辑主语The robot之间为主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式。]
74．an/the　[考查冠词。iPhone为可数名词，且该处可以表示泛指，也可以表示特指。]
75．has met　[考查动词的时态。根据语境以及该句中的时间状语before可知，该句应用现在完成时。]
76．earlier　[考查形容词的比较级。该处应指“更早的交谈”，故用形容词的比较级。]
77．equipped　[考查被动语态。该句主语为robots，和动词equip之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。]
78．with　[考查with复合结构。分析该句结构可知，该句使用了with的复合结构，with的宾语是our population，现在分词短语becoming older作宾补。]
79．has　[考查主谓一致和时态。该句主语为Nadine，是单数形式，故谓语动词用单数；根据该句中的currently可知，该句陈述的是现在的情况，应用一般现在时。]
80．where　[考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the university，在从句中作地点状语，故用where来引导该从句。]