2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第七讲　非谓语动词


第七讲　非谓语动词
[考纲解读·定方向]
非谓语动词是历年高考的必考点，是考生做好英语语法填空题必须要掌握的知识。
语篇型语法填空对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在非谓语动词作定语、宾语、此外非谓语动词作主语、表语、状语、补语也是高考语篇型语法填空的重点。

　　　如何确定填非谓语动词
[思考趋向]
若句中找到了谓语动词，而又找不到连词(并列连词或从句连词)时，则所给动词一定用非谓语动词形式。
非谓语动词需确定是v.­ing形式、v.­ed形式还是不定式。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)I still remember ________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
解析：visiting　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，remember作谓语，且空处不作并列谓语，故应填非谓语动词，此处考查remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”，故填visiting。]
[典例2](2018·天津卷)It took him a long time ________ (acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
解析：to acquire　[句意：获得他成为一名好舞者所需要的各项技能花了很长时间。考查非谓语动词作主语。在It takes/took sb....to do sth.句型中，It 作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语。]
[典例3](2018·北京卷)Ordinary soap，________ (use) correctly，can deal with bacteria effectively.
解析：used　[句意：普通的香皂，只要使用正确，就可以有效除菌。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。use与其逻辑主语为被动关系，故填过去分词used。]
[典例4](2018·天津卷)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________ (take)．
解析：taken　[句意：我需要一个新护照，因此我得照张相片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。宾语my photograph与take为被动关系，且表示让他人去做这件事，因此用过去分词作宾补，即have sth.done结构，意为“让某事被做”。]
[典例5](2017·北京卷)Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend)with his students.
解析：spent　[句意：吉姆已经退休，但是他仍然记得和学生度过的那些快乐时光。题干中，被修饰词the happy time 与spend为被动关系，且设空处表示完成，故用动词的过去分词形式spent。]
　　　　　非谓语动词解题技法
　　　　　了解句法功能，判断非谓语形式
分析句子所缺少的成分，以便选择恰当的形式。非谓语动词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语，理解非谓语动词的句法功能是判断非谓语形式的关键。
(一)作伴随状语和结果状语时用现在分词
[实例体验]
1．(2018·江苏卷) Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period，________(exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.
解析：exceeding　[句意：这段时期约13 500个新工作被创造出来。超过了市场分析者预测的12 000个。考查非谓语动词。设空处是非谓语动词作状语，与Around 13,500 new jobs是主动关系，且没有动作发生前后的关系，要用现在分词。]
2．(天津卷)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，________ (make) air conditioning unnecessary.
解析：making　[句意：凉风通过我们卧室的窗户吹进来，使得空气调节系统没有必要了。根据句意可知，此处应用现在分词短语作结果状语，表示必然的结果。不定式虽然也可作结果状语，但往往表示出乎意料的结果，故不可填to make。]
3．(湖南卷)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile，she stood rooted to the ground，________ (wonder) whether to stay or leave.
解析：wondering　[句意：当那个职员看到一张善良而又因愧疚的微笑而出现皱纹的脸时，她纹丝不动地站着，不知道是去还是留。主语she与wonder间为逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作伴随状语，故答案为wondering。]
4．(湖南卷)There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，________ (stare) at the night sky.
解析：staring　[句意：没有比仰面躺在草地中央凝视着夜空更惬意的事情了。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。lying on my back in the middle of the grassland的逻辑主语与stare之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故答案为staring。]
[重点强化]
非谓语动词作伴随状语、结果状语、要想到用现在分词。
The students rushed out of the classroom，laughing and talking.学生们又说又笑地冲出教室。(表伴随)
More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了更多的高速公路，这使人们从一处到另一处的出行变得更容易了。(表结果)
[名师指津]　源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语，表示句子主语所处的一种状态，常见的有：seated(坐着的)，devoted(专注的)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn't notice me enter the room.他专注读书，没注意到我进入房间。
(二)作目的状语时用不定式，且只能用不定式的一般式
[实例体验]
1．(2018·北京卷)During the Mid­Autumn Festival，family members often gather together ________ (share) a meal，admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
解析：to share　[句意：过中秋节的时候，家人们通常会团聚在一起吃饭、赏月和品尝月饼。本题考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知家人们团聚在一起的目的是吃饭、赏月和品尝月饼，因此用不定式to share作目的状语。]
2．(2017·北京卷)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ________ (save) their valuable time.
解析：to save　[句意：现在很多航空公司允许乘客在网上打印登机证来节省他们宝贵的时间。考查非谓语动词作状语。设空处表示目的，故用不定式形式。]
3．(北京卷)________ (make)it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
解析：To make　[句意：要想更容易地联系到我们，你最好把这张卡片放在手边。根据句意可知这里应用动词不定式作目的状语，故答案为To make。]
4．(北京卷)________ (catch)the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
解析：To catch　[句意：为了赶上早班航班，我们提前预订了出租车，并且起得很早。根据句意可知设空处为目的状语，故用不定式形式。]
[重点强化]
1．非谓语动词作目的状语，要想到用不定式
(2017·浙江卷6月)Sixteen years earlier，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.早在十六年前，Pahlsson就摘掉她的钻戒做饭。
2．非谓语动词作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果要想到用不定式，表示必然的结果要想到用现在分词
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.他匆匆赶到车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。(表出乎意料的结果)
3．非谓语动词作原因状语，表示“喜怒哀乐”的形容词要想到用不定式；非谓语动词作时间状语、条件状语和原因状语等想到用分词
I am only too glad to see everything settled.
看到一切问题都解决了，我很高兴。
Being tired，he went to bed early.
因为很累，他很早就睡了。
(三)作介词的宾语时用动名词
[实例体验]
1．(陕西卷)It's quite hot today.Do you feel like ________ (go) for a swim?
解析：going　[句意：今天天气好热。你想去游泳吗？考查非谓语动词。feel like doing sth.想要做某事。非谓语动词表示的动作并未在谓语动词的动作之前发生，所以不能填having gone。]
2．(2019·沈阳质量监测一)You could easily pay with your smartphone by ________ (scan) the seller's QR code.
解析：scanning　[考查非谓语动词。介词by后面的宾语应用动名词形式。]
3．(2019·淮南二中模拟)I know he is good at ________ (work)out the difficult questions.
解析：working　[be good at“擅长”，at为介词，故用v.­ing作宾语。]
[重点强化]
介词和带介词to的固定搭配一定跟v.­ing作宾语。We can get along well by communicating with each other.通过相互交流我们彼此之间能够相处得很好。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you as soon as early.我希望尽快收到你的来信。
(四)缺少主语常用v.­ing形式
1．(2018·北京卷)________ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.
解析：Traveling　[句意：沿古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次有趣和有益的经历。本题考查非谓语动词作主语。根据题干可知，________ along the old Silk Road是主语部分，应该用动名词形式作主语。]
2．(安徽卷)________ (ignore)the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
解析：Ignoring/To ignore　[句意：忽视那两个调查结果的不同将会是你犯的最严重的错误之一。本题考查非谓语动词作主语。设空处在句中作主语，故用不定式或动名词形式。]
3．(湖南卷) ________ (understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
解析：Understanding　[句意：对你自己的交流需求及交流风格加以理解和学会表达你的爱和情感一样重要。本题考查非谓语动词作主语。逻辑主语与understand之间为主动关系，设空处需用非谓语动词的主动形式。]
[重点强化]
分析句子成分，如果句中缺少主语，常用v.­ing形式作主语。
Knowing basic first­aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.掌握基本的急救技能将有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速做出反应。
(五)非谓语动词作表语指物时用v.­ing，指人时用v.­ed形式
[实例体验]
1．(2019·河南八市重点高中第二次质检)I felt hopeless and alone，and more ________ (depress) than I knew was possible.
解析：depressed　[主语为人，且felt之后应该跟形容词形式来说明主语的状态，故填depressed]
2．(2019·江西红色七校一联)It is ________ (shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates by whether they wear brown shoes.
解析：shocking　[it作形式主语，来代替真正的主语从句，此主语从句表述的为事情，故应填shocking意为“令人震惊的”。]
[重点强化]
牢记v.­ing作表语或定语时常指物，v.­ed作表语或定语时常指人。
He was very shocked to learn the shocking news that his wife was killed in a traffic accident.得知他的妻子在交通事故中死亡这一令人震惊的消息时，他非常震惊。
　　　　　　　　利用固定搭配或用法，判定非谓语
动词的运用
[实例体验]
1．(2018·天津卷)I didn't mean ________ (eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help trying it.
解析：to eat　[考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：我当时什么都不想吃，但是那款冰激凌看上去太诱人了以至于我禁不住品尝了它。mean to do sth.打算做某事；mean doing sth.意味着做某事。此处表示打算做某事，mean后需加不定式作宾语。]
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends,16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term ________ (rest)．
解析：resting　[spend time (in) doing sth.“花费时间做某事”，为固定用法。]
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants ________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：to prove　[want to do sth.“想要做某事”，是固定用法。]
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include ________ (introduce) British visitors to the 120­plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析：introducing　[include为及物动词，后面应用动名词形式作宾语。]
5．(2020·郑州第一次质量预测)In my mind，they help us to become calm and consider ________ (win) and solving real problems as well.
解析：winning　[考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：在“我”看来，它们有助于我们变得镇静，也帮助我们考虑赢得辩论比赛和解决真正的问题。动词consider“考虑”后跟动词­ing形式作宾语。]
6．(2020·石家庄检测一)The other day，I set out ________ (see) how far a phone would get me in the country's capital.Admittedly，I was surprised to discover how convenient it was.
解析：to see　[考查非谓语动词。set out to do“打算/计划做”为固定用法。]
7．(2020·福州四校联考)This newfound appreciation is thanks to the kindness that I have been allowed ________ (develop) here on Kindspring and from all of you KindSpringers.
解析：to develop　[考查固定搭配。allow sb.to do sth.“允许某人做某事”为固定用法，此处是其被动语态形式。]
8．(2019·山东烟台期中) ________ (judge)from the name，it is easy to guess that players can only join if they are fat.
解析：Judging　[考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：从名称判断，很容易猜出如果选手肥胖，他们就可报名参加。“Judging from...”为独立成分，是一种固定用法，故填Judging。]
9．(2019·江西宜春中学一次诊断)________ (compare) with the western medicine's high fees，TCM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.
解析：Compared　[句意：与西药的高额费用相比，传统中药的价格合理，普通人能够承担得起。Compared with...为固定结构，在句中作状语，意为“与……相比”。]
10．(2019·山西重点中学协作体一模)With all the porridge ________ (eat) up，he picked out a shoe and boiled it to eat.
解析：eaten　[句意：将粥全部喝光，他挑出了一只鞋将其煮了吃。With后的宾语porridge与eat为逻辑上的被动关系，且设空处表示完成，故在设空处填eaten。]
[重点强化]
1．牢记用v.­ing/to do形式作宾语的词(短语)
(1)接v.­ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：suggest，risk，imagine，mind，admit，practice，allow，avoid，delay，include，deny，escape，advise，finish，miss，forgive，consider，recommend，forbid，give up，insist on，look forward to，feel like，get down to，object to，devote one's time to，pay attention to等。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。
(2)接to do形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：decide，refuse，promise，pretend，hesitate，manage，plan，fail，choose，desire，hope，afford，agree，learn，determine，demand，offer，make up one's mind，would like等。
(2019·湖南益阳箴言中学模拟)Nervous and anxious，Jill failed to make a good impression at the job interview.又紧张又焦虑，吉尔没有在面试中给人留下好印象。
(3)有些动词或动词短语既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但表示的含义不同。
mean
forget
regret
try
go on
remember
can't help
I regret to tell you that he didn't take your application into consideration.
我很遗憾地告诉你他没有考虑你的申请。
I regret making rude comments on your appearance.
我很后悔对你的外表做了粗鲁的评论。
2．掌握非谓语动词的几种句型公式
(1)不定式作宾语补足语：
tell/order/persuade/force/warn/encourage/ask/invite＋sb.to do sth.
I'd like to invite you to take part in the activity.
我想邀请你参加这项活动。
(2)后用省略“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词：“五看；三使；二听；一感觉”。
五看：look at/watch/notice/see/observe sb.do sth；
三使；make/have/let sb.do sth.；二听：listen to/hear sb.do sth.；一感觉；feel sb.do sth。
The boss made the workers do the work all day.
老板迫使工人们整天干活。
(3)用于it形式主语结构中：
It ＋be＋名词或形容词(no good/no use/a pleasure/worthwhile/useless)＋动词­ing；
It＋be＋形容词(difficult/kind/clever等)＋for/of sb.to do sth.；
It＋takes＋sb.＋some time＋to do sth.
As is known to us，it's no use complaining without taking action.众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。
3．with复合结构中补足语的比较
with
With so many people looking at him，he felt very nervous.
那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。
With the problem solved，the quality has been improved.问题解决了，质量也提高了。
4．清楚某些非谓语动词形式的固定结构
considering that 　　鉴于，考虑到
judging by/from 从……来看
supposing/providing/provided/assuming that...
假定，假设
compared with/to 与……相比
Michael's new house is like a huge palace，compared with his old one.
与迈克尔的旧房子比起来，他的新房子像个大宫殿。
　　　　　　辨清逻辑关系，选用恰当的非谓语动词
解答非谓语动词题目的关键是能辨清非谓语动词与主句主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，主动关系考虑v.­ing 形式，被动关系考虑v.­ed形式。
(一)非谓语动词作定语
[实例体验]
1．(全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter ________ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析：permitted　[此处动词permit与所修饰的名词reporter构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故应该使用其过去分词形式permitted 作后置定语。]
2．(2015·北京卷)The park was full of people，________ (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.
解析：enjoying　[句意：公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。被修饰词people与enjoy间为逻辑上的主动关系且表示正在进行，故用现在分词形式作定语。]
3．(全国卷)Today there are more airplanes ________ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies.
解析：carrying　[句意：和过去相比，现在空中的飞机更多了，飞机的载容量也更大了。There be sb./sth.doing sth.为固定句式，其中的现在分词短语作后置定语。]
[重点强化]
若非谓语动词作定语，与其逻辑主语为主动关系时用现在分词时，为被动关系时用过去分词。
“Things lost never come again！”I couldn't help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自语：“覆水难收啊！”
The man talking to Tom is his uncle.
和汤姆说话的那个男的是他的叔叔。
(二)非谓语动词作状语/补语
[实例体验]
1．(2017·天津卷)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
解析：allowing　[句意：这家医院近期获得了新的医疗设备，这让更多的病人可以接受治疗。考查非谓语动词作状语。设空处动作与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所以要用v.­ing形式。]
2．(北京卷)________ (order) over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.
解析：Ordered　[句意：这些书一个多星期前就被下订单了，预计现在随时会到。order与逻辑主语the books 之间为被动关系，且动作已经完成，故答案为Ordered。]
3．(2015·天津卷)________ (absorb) in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
解析：Absorbed　[句意：由于在全神贯注地画画，约翰没有察觉到夜幕降临了。考查非谓语动词作原因状语。设空处动作与句子主语John之间为被动关系，再结合固定搭配be absorbed in可知答案为Absorbed。]
4．(陕西卷)Back from his two­year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother ________ (take) good care of at home.
解析：taken　[句意：在非洲提供了两年的医疗服务，李医生回来后十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。宾语his mother 与动词短语take good care of之间为逻辑上的被动关系且表示完成，故用过去分词形式。]
5．(2019·湖南长郡中学月考)The robot is powered by a battery on its back，which can keep it________ (operate) for an hour.
解析：operating　[句意：该机器人靠其背部的电池驱动，这块电池可使其持续工作一小时。operate作“机器运转”讲为不及物动词；keep sth.doing sth.表示“使某物持续做某事”，故用operating作宾补。]
[重点强化]
1．若非谓语动词作状语，则其逻辑主语是句子的主语。若句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，即主谓关系，则用现在分词形式；若句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，即动宾关系，则用过去分词。
Translated into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
这个句子被译成英语后，它被发现有一个完全不同的语序。
Hearing the good news，they were all excited.
听到这个消息，他们都非常激动。
2．若非谓语动词作宾语补足语，则其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。若宾语是分词动作的发出者，即主谓关系，且强调进行，则用现在分词形式；若宾语是分词动作的承受者，即动宾关系，则用过去分词。
I saw him climbing the fence just now.
我刚才看见他在爬栅栏。
A villager saw the little girl taken away by a middle­aged lady.
一位村民看见这个小女孩被一位中年妇女带走了。
　　　　　　根据谓语动词与非谓语动词发生顺序定时
态，根据其与逻辑主语的关系定语态
[实例体验]
1．(2018·浙江卷6月)While regularly eating out seems to ________ (become) common for many young people in recent years，it's not without a cost.
解析：have become　[考查非谓语动词。根据语境和时间状语in recent years 可知，此处需要用不定式的完成式，故填have become。]
2．(2017·江苏卷)Many Chinese brands，________ (develop) their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.
解析：having developed　[句意：很多中国的品牌，已经积攒了几百年的声誉，正在面临来自现代市场的新挑战。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。题干中两个逗号中间的部分为非谓语动词短语，develop的逻辑主语是Many Chinese brands，两者之间为主动关系，同时develop所表示的动作发生在facing所表示的动作之前，因此用having done的形式。]
3．(浙江卷)Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it ________ (perform) live is quite another.
解析：being performed　[句意：在家听音乐是一回事，去听现场演奏完全是另外一回事。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。宾语it与perform之间为逻辑上的被动关系且表示进行，故答案为being performed。]
4．(2019·湖北荆门调研，66)We didn't speak to each other after that，and I didn't get close to anyone for fear of ________ (hurt)again.
解析：being hurt　[句意：那次之后我们彼此没有说过话，因为害怕再次被伤害，我不再和任何人靠近。设空处作介词of的宾语，故用动名词形式；设空处表达被动意思，故填being hurt。]
5．________ (ask) to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.
解析：Having been asked　[句意：那天晚上我被要求加班，错过了一场精彩的电影，所给动词ask与其逻辑主语I之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，且ask表示的动作发生在谓语动词missed的动作之前，故用现在分词的完成被动式在句中作原因状语。]
[重点强化]
非谓语动词形式
意义
过去分词
表示被动、完成
不定式的被动式
表示被动但尚未发生
现在分词的被动式
表示被动、进行
动名词的被动式
表示被动
非谓语动词的完成式
非谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。
Having been told many times，he still couldn't understand it.
被告知了多次，他仍旧不明白。
[易混易错]
一、4个易混点
易混点一　现在分词和过去分词作状语
现在分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。
[典例1](北京卷)Newly­built wooden cottages line the street，________ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
解析：turning　[句意：新建的木制小屋沿着大街排成一排，把旧城镇变成了梦境。设空处作结果状语，其逻辑主语应是逗号前的整句话，两者之间是主动关系，故答案为turning。]
[典例2](2019·蚌埠二中模拟)Greatly ________ (encourage)，the team conducted another experiment，this time with water that contained bacteria.
解析：encouraged　[分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，encourage与主语the team之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填encouraged。]
易混点二　现在分词和过去分词作前置定语和表语
作前置定语和表语时，现在分词和过去分词都相当于形容词，前者意为“令人……的”，后者意为“感到……的”。
[典例1](全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and 43. ________ (disappoint)．
解析：disappointed　[looked后面为表语部分，此处指一些人看起来很焦急、很失望。故填disappointed。]
[典例2](2019·山西省实验中学质检)Dennis Williams，the new owner of the phone number，responded to the ________ (excite) baby news.
解析：exciting　[此处为非谓语动词作前置定语，表示“令人兴奋的有关孩子的消息”。故填exciting。]
[典例3](2019·山西长治二中等五校一联)With a ________ (puzzle) look on my face，I pointed to myself and said，“Me？”
解析：puzzled　[句意：脸上带着疑惑的表情，我指着自己说：“我吗？”a puzzled look疑惑的表情；a puzzling look令人疑惑的表情。]
易混点三　不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语
不定式作后置定语表示动作尚未进行；现在分词作后置定语表示主动、进行；过去分词作后置定语表示被动、完成。
[典例1](天津卷)I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train ________ (catch)．
解析：to catch　[句意：我在会议期间一直看表，因为我要赶火车。设空处作定语，修饰train，语境为“要赶火车”，要用不定式表将来。]
[典例2](浙江卷)To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study ________ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.
解析：conducted　[句意：回到水污染问题，我想让你们看一下澳大利亚在2012年进行的研究。study与conduct之间为被动关系，且设空处表示“完成”，故用过去分词作后置定语。]
[典例3](北京卷)Last night, there were millions of people________(watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
解析：watching　[句意：昨天夜里有数百万人在电视上观看了开幕式的现场直播。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。被修饰词people与watch之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故答案为watching。]
易混点四　不定式与动名词作宾语
有些动词后只限不定式作宾语，例如agree，decide，refuse，manage等；而有些动词只跟动名词作宾语，例如avoid，finish，mind，practise等。还有些动词既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，这些都要特别注意。
[典例1](2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.
解析：looking　[动词avoid后需要接动名词作宾语，表示“避免做某事”。]
[典例2](2019·江西二次联考)As we pulled away，I felt that I needed ________ (help) her.
解析：to help　[句意：当我们要离开时，我感觉我需要帮助她。need to do sth.需要做某事。]
二、比较6组易混示例，理清谓语动词和非谓语动词
[题组一]
示例
①He volunteered to help control traffic，________ (donate) an hour of his time every week.
②He volunteered to help control traffic，and ________ (donate) an hour of his time every week.
分析
两句的差别是连词and。分析句子结构可知，①中空格处为现在分词作伴随状语；②中空格处与volunteered并列作谓语。故①填donating；②填donated。
[题组二]
示例
①________ (call) me tomorrow and I'll let you know the lab result.
②________ (call) me tomorrow，I'll let you know the lab result.
分析
两句的差别是连词and。分析句子结构可知，①句为句式“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”；②句为分词短语作条件状语。故①填Call；②填Calling。
[题组三]
示例
①The guide ________ (lead) the way，we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
②The guide ________ (lead) the way，so we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
分析
两句的差别是连词so。分析句子结构可知，①句为独立主格结构作原因状语，②句so连接两个并列句，空格处所填词的时态应与第二个并列分句的谓语动词一致。故①填leading；②填led。
[题组四]
示例
①The party will be held in the garden，weather ________ (permit)．
②The party will be held in the garden，if weather ________ (permit)．
分析
两句的差别是连词if。分析句子结构可知，①句为独立主格结构作条件状语；②句为if引导的条件状语从句。故①填permitting；②填permits。
[题组五]
示例
①Jim was listening attentively to the lecture，and all his attention ________ (fix) on it.
②Jim was listening attentively to the lecture，(with) all his attention ________ (fix) on it.
③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, ________ (fix) all his attention on it.
分析
三句的差别是逗号后面的部分。分析句子结构可知，①句为and连接两个并列句，通过时态、语态的分析，应用一般过去时的被动语态；②句为独立主格结构(with复合结构)；③句为现在分词短语作伴随状语。故①填was fixed；②填fixed；③填fixing。
[题组六]
示例
①He went into the room，________ (sit) at the table and began to read newspapers.
②They walked along the stream together，________ (talk) and laughing.
分析
两句看似结构一致，但仔细分析却是大相径庭。①句为and连接三个并列谓语；②句为and连接两个伴随状语。故①填sat；②填talking。

[小题夯基练]
单句语法填空
1．Many buildings in our town need repairing，but the one ________ (repair) first is the library.
解析：to be repaired　[考查不定式的被动语态作定语。the one与repair之间为被动关系，且表示将来，故填to be repaired。]
2．I still remember ________ (take) to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.
解析：being taken　[remember 后接动名词作宾语表示记得已经发生的事，接不定式表示记得要做的事；根据句意“记得被带去过法门寺”判断应该用动名词的被动形式。]
3．Listen！Do you hear someone ______ (call) for help?
解析：calling　[宾语someone是动词call的执行者，故用现在分词作补足语。hear sb.doing sth.意为“听见某人正在做某事”。hear后跟不带to的不定式作补足语，侧重动作的过程，与listen提供的语境不符。]
4．So far nobody has claimed the money ________ (discover) in the library.
解析：discovered　[money与discover是被动关系，且由句意可知动作已经发生，故用过去分词作定语，表示被动与完成意义。]
5．—They are quiet，aren't they?
—Yes.They are accustomed to ________ (not talk) at meals.
解析：not talking　[be accustomed to意为“习惯于”，to是介词，后接名词、动名词等；由句意可知，此处应用否定式。]
6．Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars ________ (work) as a carpenter before.
解析：to have worked　[不定式短语在句中作定语修饰movie stars；根据后面的before可知，work发生在谓语动词之前，故用不定式的完成式。]
7．________ (expose) to sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin.
解析：Being exposed　[本空在句中作主语，expose是实义动词，意为“使暴露”，用系表结构be exposed to表示状态，这里用动名词而非不定式作主语表示一般性的描述，而不是针对具体的某次行为。]
8．We had no choice but ________ (do) what we were asked.
解析：to do　[介词but前没有do的任何形式，其后的不定式不能省略不定式符号to。]
9．Time ________ (permit)，we'll go to visit the Great Wall on National Day.
解析：permitting　[Time permitting是“名词＋现在分词”式独立主格结构，在句中充当条件状语。]
10．Eric went to his girlfriend's birthday party with a gift beautifully ________ (pack)．
解析：packed　[“with＋名词＋过去分词”为with复合结构，本题中a gift与动词pack构成被动关系，故用过去分词充当宾补。]
[大题提能练]
语法填空——非谓语动词专练
Let children learn 1.________ (judge) their own work.A child 2.________ (learn) to talk does not learn by 3.________ (correct) all the time；if 4.________ (correct) too much，he will stop 5.________ (talk)．He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others' language.Bit by bit，he makes the right changes 6.________ (make) his language like other people's.In the same way，children learn to do all the other things.They learn to talk，run，climb，ride a bicycle by 7. ________ (compare) their own behaviors with those of more 8.________ (skill) people，and slowly make the 9.________ (need) changes.But in school teachers never give a child a chance 10.________ (find) out his mistakes for himself，even fewer chances for him 11.________ (correct) himself.They do it all for him.Teachers act as if the student would fail 12.________ (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him.They act as if the student would never correct it unless he was made to.Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let the student do it himself.Let him work out with the help of other children if he wants 13.________ (know) what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
[语篇解读]　 本文讲了老师应该让学生自己改正错误而不是帮他们改正。
1．解析：to judge　[固定搭配learn to do sth.]
2．解析：learning　[动词­ing形式作后置定语，故填learning。]
3．解析：being corrected　[by doing表方式，此处表示“被改正错误”，故要用被动形式。]
4．解析：corrected　[correct与主句主语he为被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。]
5．解析：talking　[stop doing sth.停止正在做某事。]
6．解析：to make　[不定式表目的。]
7．解析：comparing　[by doing 表方式。]
8．解析：skilled　[过去分词作定语，意为“熟练的”。]
9．解析：needed　[过去分词作定语，表示“必要的”。]
10．解析：to find　[固定搭配give sb.a chance to do sth.。]
11．解析：to correct　[固定搭配chances for sb.to do sth.。]
12．解析：to notice　[fail to do 没能做到。]
13．解析：to know　[want to do sth.想要做某事。]