2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第六讲　谓语动词


第六讲　谓语动词
语法项目(一)
谓语动词的时态　　　　　　　
[考纲解读·定方向]
动词的时态是考查谓语动词时的必考点，考生在答题时如果分析不到位或相关知识欠缺，则容易误填答案。解答时一定要注意句中的时间状语，并列谓语动词及隐含的语境，从而找到解题的突破口，同时要考虑动词过去式和完成式适当形式的变化。

如何确定填谓语动词
[思考趋向]
若句中找不到谓语，则所给动词应该作谓语。一个句子无论是主句还是从句，必须要有谓语。一般来讲，空格所在的句子中无其他动词，那么这个空就应填谓语动词。谓语动词需考虑时态、语态、主谓一致等。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2019·江苏卷)A few months after he had arrived in China，Mr.Smith________ (fall) in love with the people and culture there.
解析：fell　[句意：他到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。发生在had arrived之后的动作或状态应用一般过去时。]
[典例2](2018·江苏卷)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e­mailing each other，for we ________(develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
解析：will have developed　[句意：在2025年我们有望不再互相发电子邮件了，因为到那时我们就已经开发出更便捷的电子交流工具了。根据时间状语by then(相当于by 2025)可知，设空处需用将来完成时。]
[典例3](2017·北京卷)People ________ (have) better access to health care than they used to，and they're living longer as a result.
解析：have　[句意：相比以前，人们(现在)能得到更好的医疗服务，因此他们的寿命更长一些。本题考查动词的时态。根据题干中的than they used to可知，这是在比较过去和现在的医疗状况，所以设空处应用一般现在时。]
[典例4](2017·天津卷)I ________ (drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving　[句意：我正在开车前往伦敦的路上，就在那时我突然发现走错路了。根据句意可知此处是be doing...when...句型，表示“正在做……这/那时……”。根据语境可知用过去进行时。]
　　谓语动词的时态之解题技法
慧眼识标志词
[实例体验]
1．(2018·北京卷)China's high­speed railways ________ (grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
解析：have grown　[分析句子结构可知，该句中的主语为China's high­speed railways，故所给动词作谓语。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高铁已经从9 000千米发展到了25 000千米。根据题干中的时间状语in the past few years 可知，句中谓语动词的时态用现在完成时。]
2．(2017·北京卷)—________ (do) you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?
—Yes.They are happy with it.
解析：Did　[句意：——你昨天给那家公司打电话了解他们对我们的产品的看法了吗？——打了，他们很满意。考查一般疑问句。根据时间状语yesterday可知，谓语动词要用一般过去时，所以要用助动词do的过去式did。]
3．(福建卷)—Where is Peter？I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and ________ (write) his essay there ever since.
解析：has been writing　[句意：——彼得在哪里？我到处都找不到他。——他吃过早饭后去了图书馆，从那时起一直在那里写文章。根据时间状语ever since可知设空处表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在且还在进行，故用现在完成进行时。]
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school________ (come) first.
解析：comes　[由时间状语at the moment 可知，这里是指现在发生的事情，因此用一般现在时。]
5．(2019·重庆第一次调研)Now，I'd like to share what I ________ (learn) through Travelling Guide a few weeks ago.
解析：learned/learnt　[考查时态。根据本句中的时间状语“a few weeks ago”可知，该空应用一般过去时。]
6．(2019·合肥第一次质量检测)Since Zhangjiajie ________ (improve) its transportation and service for long，the city now can receive 36,200 tourists per day.
解析：has been improving　[考查时态。句意：由于张家界长久以来不断地改善它的交通和服务，这个城市现在每天可以接待36 200名游客。根据时间状语for long可知，此处应用现在完成进行时表示过去开始的动作持续到现在并将继续下去。]
[重点强化]
有些题目本身就带有明确的时间状语，要学会利用这些时间状语来解题。
1．看到always，every time，now and them，often，seldom，sometimes，usually 等表示频率的时间状语，要想到用一般现在时；
2．看到yesterday，last week，two days ago，the other day，in 1998，just now，once upon a time等时间状语，要想到用一般过去时；
3．看到tomorrow，next year，in a week等时间状语，要想到用一般将来时；
4．看到the next day/morning，the next/following week/month/year等时间状语，要想到用过去将来时；
5．看到all the time，now，at 4 o'clock，at this moment，at present等时间状语，要想到用现在进行时；
6．看到at that time，at this time yesterday，at five yesterday，the whole morning等时间状语，要想到用过去进行时；
7．看到at this time tomorrow，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow 等时间状语，要想到用将来进行时；
8．看到since，recently，lately，already，in/for/during the last/past few years，so far，up to now，during the past/last＋时间段等时间状语，要想到用现在完成时；
Progress has been very good so far and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
到目前为止，工作进展得很顺利，我们确信一定会按时完工。
9．看到by that time，by the end of＋过去时间，before 2000，by the time＋一般过去时的从句，要想到用过去完成时；
10．看到by the time＋一般现在时的从句，by the end of＋将来时间的名词，by＋将来时间名词等时间状语，要想到用将来完成时。
　　　　　瞻前顾后找并列
[实例体验]
1．(2017·浙江卷6月)Pahlsson and her husband ________ (search) the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing。
解析：searched　[根据句意和but turned up nothing可知，search的动作发生在过去，所以填searched。]
2．(重庆卷)I felt very tired when I got home，and I ________ (go) straight to bed.
解析：went　[and 连接的两个分句的时态应一致。前后分句都表示过去的情况，故都用一般过去时。]
3．(2019·福州四校联考)It always ________ (lift) my spirits，but now I know that it's because it is an act of gratitude(感激) to the musicians and the music.
解析：lifts　[考查动词时态。由but可知，此处是对一般情况的叙述，空处应用一般现在时，故填lifts。]
4．(2019·石家庄检测)My purchase cost 6 yuan and ________ (take) just a few seconds.At a nearby coffee shop，its owner scanned a QR code on my phone.
解析：took　[考查动词时态。根据句子的主语My purchase及谓语动词cost 可知，and连接的并列谓语应用过去时，所以填took。]
5．(2019·浙江湖州期末考试)One day，when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he ________(bathe) inside，the volcano erupted unexpectedly.
解析：was bathing　[由前面的“I was drawing diagrams”可知，本句应用过去进行时，而且and连接的并列句要保持时态一致。]
6．(2019·聊城检测)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also ________ (give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
解析：gives　[考查时态。not only...but also连接两个平行结构，因此所填动词的时态与makes一致，故填gives。]
[重点强化]
并列连词and，but，or，as well as，or else，both...and..，neither...nor...，either...or...，not only...but (also)．..，rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个平行的结构。平行的另外一个结构与所选谓语动词的先后关系，决定着所选动词的时态。
　　　　　主从时态须呼应
[实例体验]
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever，the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling，or swimming.
解析：is　[says后跟的是宾语从句，主句谓语动词为一般现在时，故从句也是叙述现在的情况，空格处应用一般现在时is。]
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later，engineers ________ (manage)to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道)，which became known as the Tube.
解析：managed　[考查动词时态。因为engineers与manage之间为主动关系，而且是发生在过去的事情，所以填managed。]
3．(2017·江苏卷)He's been informed that he ________ (do) not qualify for the scholarship because of his academic background.
解析：does　[句意：他被告知由于他的学术背景，他没有资格获得奖学金。本题考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，宾语从句中所陈述的是现在的情况，故用一般现在时态。]
4．(北京卷)Jack ________ (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
解析：was working 　[句意：杰克正在实验室工作这时停电了。本题考查“be doing sth.when...”句型。根据题干中的occurred(一般过去时)可知，设空处用过去进行时。]
5．(安徽卷)Just as I got to the school gate，I realized I ________ (leave)my book in the cafe.
解析：had left　[句意：就在我到达校门口的时候，我才意识到我把书落在咖啡馆里了。根据语境可知leave的动作发生在realized之前，所以用过去完成时态。]
6．(重庆卷)James has just arrived，but I didn't know he ________ (come) until yesterday.
解析：was coming/would come　[句意：詹姆斯刚到，但是直到昨天我才知道他会来。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的时态应用过去的某种时态，根据句意可知该空表示过去将要发生的动作，所以要用过去将来时。]
7．(2019·泰安检测)Mr.White ________ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
解析：had taught　[根据“for nearly forty years”可知用完成时，由时间状语从句“before he retired last month”可知用过去完成时。]
[重点强化]
解决从句涉及的时态题时，要通过考虑主句和从句的关系和动作发生的时间等确定时态。
　　　　　细心体会辨语境
[实例体验]
1．(2018·北京)Susan had quit her well­paid job and ________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
解析：was working　[句意：我去年去看望Susan的时候，她已经辞去了高薪工作，正在社区做志愿者。本题考查动词的时态。从题干when引导的时间状语从句可知整句话描述的都是过去发生的事情，看望Susan的时候她正从事志愿者服务工作，应用过去进行时表示。]
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food ________ (be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析：is　[此处表示客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填is。]
3．(北京卷)—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars.We ________ (wait) here for more than two hours.
解析：have been waiting　[句意：——打扰了，你们在等哪部电影？——新拍的《星球大战》。我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。本题考查动词的时态。设空处表示该动作从两个多小时前一直持续到说话时，而且还在进行，因此用现在完成进行时。]
4．(北京卷)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?
—Not really.She ________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
解析：had given　[句意：——你们找到Ann的家有困难吗？——没什么困难。她已经清楚地告诉我们怎么走了，我们很容易就找到她家了。动词give表示的动作发生在“were able to find”之前，表示“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。]
5．(北京卷)—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right.I ________ (call) him later.
解析：will call　[句意：——杰克逊博士现在不在办公室。——好的。我稍后给他打电话。本句表示“临时决定”，故用“will＋动词原形”。]
6．(重庆卷)—Is Peter coming?
—No，he ________ (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
解析：changed　[句意：——彼得要来吗？——不来了。在最后时刻接了一个电话后他改变了主意。考查动词时态。根据语境可知“改变主意”应该发生在对话前的某一时间，即在过去的某一时间，故用一般过去时。]
[重点强化]
高考对时态的考查更注重对语法知识的具体运用，即将语法知识置于一定的语境中，要求考生在实际语言环境中填写正确答案。考生做题时要树立全局观念，根据提供的语境，挖掘题中隐含的信息，从而找到解题的突破口。
　　　　　固定句式要牢记
[实例体验]
1．(2017·天津卷)I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving　[此处是be doing...when...结构，意为“正在做……这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。]
2．(2020·沈阳监测)This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
解析：had experienced 　[考查动词时态。根据“This was the first time”可知，从句用过去完成时。]
3．(2020·梧州一模)I say to him with a cheerful smile，“Go to exercise and you ________ (feel) better.”
解析：will feel　[考查动词时态。祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句用一般将来时。]
4．(2019·河北邯郸一模)It has been a long time since we ________ (meet)in China last time.
解析：met　[It has been＋一段时间＋since...句式中，时间状语从句用过去时。]
5．(2019·济宁模拟)Hardly had I got home when the rain ________ (pour) down.
解析：poured　[hardly...when...意为“刚……就……”，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。]
[重点强化]
1．看到no sooner...than...或hardly...when...，要想到主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
2．看到并列连词when，要想到was/were doing sth.when...；be about to do sth.when...等句式。
One day，I was about to do some shopping when he telephoned me.
一天，我正要去购物这时他给我打电话了。
3．看到It/This/That is＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用现在完成时。
This is the third time that you have been late this month.
这是本月你第三次迟到。
4．看到It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用过去完成时。
That was the first time that I had gone abroad.
那是我第一次出国。
5．在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来。
I will go to the cinema as soon as I finish my homework.
我一完成作业就去电影院了。
6．在由since引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句是现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时。
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从他来到我们学校，他学习就一直非常努力。
7．看到“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，要想到陈述句用一般将来时。
Keep on trying and you will succeed.
继续尝试，你会成功的。
语法项目(二)
谓语动词的语态　　　　　
[考纲解读·定方向]
谓语动词的语态已成为语法填空的必考内容之一。高考语法填空对语态的考查主要集中在一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态的考查，因此，结合语境理清时态，确定主谓关系是解决动词语态的关键。

　　　　如何确定所填谓语动词的语态
[思考趋向]
先判定句子是否缺少谓语，然后判断主语和谓语是构成主谓关系还是被动关系，如果确定是被动关系，则确定是考查谓语动词的语态。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)I still remember visiting a friend who'd lived here for five years and I ________(shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
解析：was shocked　[考查时态和语态。根据语境可知，此处表示“我感到很震惊”，shock与主语I 为被动关系，同时根据后面的learnt可知，时态为一般过去时，所以填was shocked。]
[典例2](2018·北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
解析：had been trapped　[句意：一位救援人员冒着生命危险营救了两名已经在山中被困两天的游客。根据句中主句的谓语动词risked可知事情发生在过去，而“被困”发生在risked之前，故用过去完成时。定语从句的先行词是two tourists，与从句的谓语动词trap之间是被动关系，因此设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态。]
[典例3](2018·天津卷)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
解析：is being repaired　[句意：本周我的洗衣机正在维修中，因此我不得不用手洗我的衣服。根据后面“用手洗我的衣服”可知这里表示“洗衣机正在维修中”，故用现在进行时；My washing machine与repair为被动关系，需用被动语态。因此，设空处需用现在进行时的被动语态。]
[典例4](2017·天津卷)Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，________ (regard)as one of the best all­round forms of exercise.
解析：is regarded　[三种锻炼形式与动词regard之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语后有along with连接的短语时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，即与cycling一致，此处谓语动词应用单数形式，故填is regarded。]
　　　　理清主谓关系，主谓动宾要分明
[实例体验]
1．(2018·江苏卷)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years.
解析：had been carried　[句意：上个月我被派到这个村子来检查那个发展计划在过去的两年中的实施情况。考查动词的时态和语态。设空处表示的动作应该发生在主句谓语动词was sent之前，属于“过去的过去”，且表示被动，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。]
2．(2017·北京卷)In the 1950s in the USA，most families had just one phone at home，and wireless phones ________ (invent) yet.
解析：hadn't been invented　[句意：在20世纪50年代的美国，大多数家庭家中只有一部电话，而且无线电话还没有被发明出来。设空处是句子的谓语动词，与主语之间是被动关系，且表示过去没有完成，故用过去完成时的被动语态。]
3．(2017·江苏卷)He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he ________ (follow)．
解析：was being followed　[句意：他匆忙往家赶，从未回头看看是否有人跟着他。本题考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致。根据句意可知，设空处需用被动语态，且表示当时正在被跟踪，从句中主语为he，故填was being followed。]
4．(北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ (reward) with success in the end.
解析：will be rewarded　[句意：学生们一直都很努力学习功课，最终回报他们努力的将是成功。根据语境可知设空处需用一般将来时；their efforts与reward 之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。综上所述，答案应为一般将来时的被动语态。]
5．(天津卷)Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement ________ (reach) so far by the two sides.
解析：has been reached　[句意：尽管之前进行了多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有取得一致意见。考查动词的时态和语态。根据题干中的时间状语so far 可知此处应该用现在完成时，而agreement 与谓语动词之间为被动关系，所以要用现在完成时的被动语态。]
6．(北京卷)—Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes.We ________ (treat) well by our hosts.
解析：were treated　[句意：——你们在聚会上玩得愉快吗？——是的，我们被主人们招待得很好。本题考查动词的时态和语态。根据对话内容可知所谈事情发生在过去，且主语We与动词treat之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时态的被动语态。]
7．(全国卷Ⅰ)Unless some extra money ________ (find)，the theatre will close.
解析：is found　[句意：除非找到一些额外资金，否则这家剧院就得关门。由主句中的will可知unless引导的从句应用一般现在时态表将来，且money和find之间是被动关系，故答案为is found。]
[重点强化]
有时做题时我们对于时态问题比较关注，但往往忽略了语态，因此我们可以采用“先语态、后时态”的方式，理清主谓/动宾关系是解决语态问题的关键。
1．被动语态在各种时态中的运用
时态
被动语态的构成
一般现在时
am/is/are done
一般过去时
was/were done
一般将来时
shall/will be done
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
过去进行时
was/were being done
现在完成时
have/has been done
过去完成时
had been done
将来完成时
shall/will have been done
To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.使我高兴的是，我从成百上千申请参加开幕仪式的人员中当选。
2．只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态，不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语有last，cost，spread，happen (to)，take place，belong to，break out，go out，run out，work out。
3．系动词不能用被动语态
这类词如look，seem，feel，taste，sound，smell，prove，appear等。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来很合理。

[小题夯基练]
单句语法填空
1．He ________ (learn) more than 6,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 17.
解析：had learned　[由when引导的状语从句可知，他在17岁以前就学会了6 000多个英语单词。强调过去的过去，用过去完成时。]
2．—Have you seen my e­mail about our TESL project?
—Yes.Luckily I checked my e­mails yesterday.Normally I ________ (not open)my e­mail box for days.
解析：don't open 　[open这一动作表示经常性、习惯性的动作，故用一般现在时。]
3．Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ________ (belong) to the well­educated.
解析：belongs　[belong to意为“属于”，没有进行和被动语态，故用一般现在时。]
4．It is the first time that he ________ (leave) his native land.
解析：has left　[在It is the first time that...句式中，that后的谓语动词用现在完成时。]
5．I'm tired out.I ________ (shop) all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
解析：have been shopping　[由时间状语all afternoon可知，此处表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在而且还有可能继续下去的动作，应用现在完成进行时。]
6．This morning，the computer crashed while I ________ (sort) the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
解析：was sorting　[根据while可知，电脑死机发生在“正在分类”之时，需用进行时，而crashed则暗示过去时，故用过去进行时。]
7．After being lost in a storm，a member of the navvy team ________ (rescue)two days later.
解析：was rescued　[a member与rescue之间为被动关系，且句中的two days later 也暗示是对过去事实的描述，故用一般过去时的被动语态。]
8．I haven't visited him since I ________ (come) here.
解析：came　[主句用现在完成时，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时表示，强调从过去某时开始的动作。]
9．—Hello，I ________(phone) to ask if I can book two tickets for tonight's film.
—Sorry，we've already sold out.
解析：am phoning　[表示说话时正在进行的动作用现在进行时。]
10．He said that he ________ (not go) with us if he ________ (be) too busy.
解析：wouldn't go；was　[由题干中的said可知，宾语从句中的主句用过去将来时，if从句用一般过去时表示过去将来时。]
[大题提能练]
语法填空——谓语动词的时态与语态专练
When he was a little boy，Christopher Cockerell once 1.________ (watch) his mother turning the wheel of her sewing­machine with her hand.
“Wouldn't it work quicker if a machine turned the wheel for you？”he asked.
“I suppose it would，”said his mother，without paying him any attention.
Christopher 2.________ (know) she always had a lot of work，and he wanted to help her.
Up in his bedroom there was a toy steam­engine which his father 3.________ (buy) him as a gift.“I 4.________ (make) better use of it，”little Christopher said to himself.So，when his mother 5.________ (not，use) her sewing­machine，he fixed the toy steam­engine onto it.When the job 6.________ (finish)，he was quite pleased，thinking his mother 7.________ (like) it.
“Very clever，”his mother said，when she 8.________ (see) it.Then she sat down and went on turning the wheel by hand.“I 9.________ (work) like this for too many years，”she explained.
This taught Christopher Cockerell the lesson that anyone who tries to improve anything 10. ________ (have) to learn：Many people don't like new ideas.
[语篇解读]　 文章讲述了Christopher Cockerell改进了妈妈的缝纫机，使其工作更快，但是妈妈却不想用的故事。该故事告诉我们一个道理；很多人不喜欢新的观点。
1．解析：watched　[由前面的时间状语 When he was a little boy可知，应用过去时。]
2．解析：knew　[文章整体是叙述的过去的事，应该用过去时。]
3．解析：had bought　[buy这个动作发生在there was 这个动作之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。]
4．解析：shall/will make　[句意为：我将要更好地利用它。表示一个将来的动作，应该用将来时。]
5．解析：was not using　[句意为：当他的妈妈不用缝纫机的时候，他将玩具蒸汽机固定在了上面。根据语境可知此处应用过去进行时。]
6．解析：was finished　[job与finish之间是被动关系，时态用过去时，故填was finished。]
7．解析：would like　[根据语境可知，此处表示过去的将来，故过去将来时。]
8．解析：saw　[由his mother said可知，应该用过去时。]
9．解析：have been working　[由for many years 可知，这个动作从过去持续到现在，有可能延续下去，故用现在完成进行时。]
10．解析：has　[此处表示一个客观的事实，用一般现在时。]