Unit 2 突破 语法大冲关 教材讲解 2021-2022学年 外研版（2019）高中英语必修第一册

构词法

一、 构词法的定义及分类

按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。英语构词法主要有转化法、合成法、派生法、首尾缩略法等。

二、 构词法讲解

(一)转化法

1．概念：英语中一个词由一种词类转到另一种或几种词类而不发生词形的变化，称为转化。

2．四种转化

[观察典例]

Let's go out for a walk.

我们出去散散步吧。

Women have an equal say in everything.

妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。

He backed his car into the garage.

他把车倒进车库。

Did you book a seat on the plane?

你订好飞机座位了吗？

The train slowed down to half its speed.

火车速度减慢了一半。

We will try our best to better our living conditions.

我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

She was dressed in blue.

她穿着蓝色衣服。

The old here are living a happy life.

这里的老年人过着幸福的生活。

[归纳用法]

四种转化：①动词转化为名词　②名词转化为动词

③形容词转化为动词　④形容词转化为名词

[即学即练1]　句型转换

①We had lunch together after the meeting.

→We lunched together after the meeting.

②Let's fill the water into this bottle.

→Let's bottle the water.

③You are so fat that you have to go on a diet.

→You are so fat that you have to diet．

④Snow often falls in my hometown in winter.

→It often snows in my hometown in winter.

(二)合成法

1．概念：由两个或多个单词合成一个新词，通常前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。

2．三种合成方式

(1)连成一个词：butterfly蝴蝶；rainbow彩虹

(2)用连字符：well­known著名的；good­for­nothing无用之人

(3)分开写：flower bed花坛；high and tight军人发型

3．四类合成词

(1)合成形容词

[观察典例]

noble­minded高尚的　  good­tempered脾气好的

good­looking好看的   fine­sounding动听的

hard­working勤劳的     far­reaching深远的

peace­loving热爱和平的 face­to­face面对面的

state­owned国营的     heartfelt由衷的

well mannered举止得体的 widespread广泛流传的

large­scale大规模的     high­class高级的

duty­free免税的     lifelong终身的，毕生的

[归纳用法]

合成形容词的构成方式：①形容词＋名词＋ed　②形容词＋现在分词　③副词＋现在分词　④名词＋现在分词　⑤名词＋过去分词　⑥副词＋过去分词　⑦形容词＋名词　⑧名词＋形容词　⑨名词＋介词＋名词

(2)合成名词

[观察典例]

silkworm蚕　　　 bloodtest验血

double­dealer两面派     shorthand速记

waiting room候车室     sleeping pill安眠药

pickpocket扒手     high school中学

handwriting书法     wedding dress婚纱

get­together联欢会     hide­and­seek捉迷藏游戏

downfall垮台     sit­down坐下休息

[归纳用法]

合成名词的构成方式 ：①名词＋名词　②形容词＋名词

③动名词＋名词　④动词＋名词　⑤名词＋动名词　⑥动词＋连词＋动词　⑦副词＋动词　⑧动词＋副词

(3)合成动词

[观察典例]

sleepwalk梦游overthrow推翻whitewash粉刷

[归纳用法]

合成动词的构成方式：①名词＋动词②副词＋动词

③形容词＋动词

(4)合成副词

everywhere到处however无论如何forever永远downstairs在楼下

[归纳用法]

合成副词的构成方式：①形容词＋副词　②副词＋副词

③介词＋副词　④介词＋名词

[即学即练2]　写出下列合成词的汉语意思。

①salesman　　　 售货员

②snow­white     雪白的

③blacklist      将……列入黑名单

④roommate     室友

⑤undergo      经历

(三)派生法

1．概念：在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。

2．前缀

(1)表示否定意义的前缀

[观察典例]

appear出现→disappear消失

correct正确的→incorrect不正确的

legal合法的→illegal非法的

lead带领→mislead错误引领

stop停下→non­stop不停

possible可能的→impossible不可能的

regular规则的→irregular不规则的

smoker吸烟的人→non­smoker不吸烟的人

usual寻常的→unusual不寻常的

[归纳用法]

表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis­，il­，im­，in­，ir­，mis­，non­，un­等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。

(2)其他意义的前缀

[观察典例]

alone单独的asleep睡着的forward向前foresee预见

international国际的interview会见microscope显微镜microfilm微型胶片

midnight午夜mid­autumn中秋的minibus微型汽车miniskirt超短裙

rewrite重写return返回review复习superman超人supermarket超级商场

telephone电话telescope望远镜television电视

[归纳用法]

表示其他意义的前缀常用的有：a­表状态；for­，fore­先，前，预；inter­间，相互；micro­微；mid­中；mini­微型的；re­重，再，复；super­上，超；tele­远距离的

(3)改变词性的前缀

[观察典例]

large(形容词，大的)→enlarge(动词，扩大)

courage(名词，勇气)→encourage(动词，鼓励)

value(名词，价值)→devalue(动词，降低……的价值)

friend(名词，朋友)→befriend(动词，与……交朋友)

little(形容词，小的)→belittle(动词，轻视)

board(名词，甲板)→aboard(副词，在船上)

side(名词，旁边)→aside(副词，在旁边)

sleep(动词，睡觉)→asleep(形容词，睡着的)

door(名词，门)→outdoor(形容词，户外的)

[归纳用法]

改变词性的前缀有：en­，de­，be­，a­，out­等。en­通常加在形容词或名词前构成动词；de­通常加在名词之前构成动词，其意义大多和原名词相反；be­前缀可加在名词或形容词前构成动词；a­常加在名词或描述性动词之前，构成形容词或副词；out­可加在名词之前构成形容词，加在动词之前构成名词。

3．后缀

(1)构成名词的后缀

[观察典例]

Chinese中国人，汉语

Japanese日本人，日语

foreigner外国人teacher老师

cleaner清洁工sailor水手

actor演员visitor来访者

artist艺术家pianist钢琴家

scientist科学家importance重要

performance执行absence缺勤

difference区别invention发明

protection保护agreement同意

arrangement安排illness生病kindness善良

[归纳用法]

构成名词的后缀常用的有­ence，­ese(表某地人或语言)，­er/­or/­ist(表人)，­ess(雌性)，­ian(精通……的人)，­ist(专业人员)，­ment(性质；状态)，­ness(性质；状态)，­tion(动作；过程)等。

(2)构成形容词的后缀

[观察典例]

nature自然→natural自然的

reason道理→reasonable有道理的

America美国→American美国的

China中国→Chinese中国人的

gold金子→golden金的

east东→eastern东方的

child孩子→childish孩子气的

snow雪→snowy雪的

[归纳用法]

构成形容词的后缀常用的有­al，­able (有能力的)，­(a)n(某国人的)，­en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，­ern (方向的)，­ese(某国人的)，­ful，­(ic)al，­ish，­ive，­less (表示否定)，­like (像……的)，­ly，­ous，­some，­y (表示天气)等。

(3)构成副词的后缀

[观察典例]

angry生气的→angrily生气地

to到→towards朝……，向……

east东方→eastward向东

[归纳用法]

构成副词的常用后缀有­ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，­ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。

(4)构成动词的后缀

[观察典例]

wide宽的→widen加宽

beauty美人，美好→beautify美化

pure纯的→purify提纯

real真的→realize意识到

organ器官→organize组织

[归纳用法]

构成动词的后缀常用的有­en (用于形容词之后)，­fy (使……化)，­ize (使……成为)。

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空

①Theme parks offer more educational things than amusement(amuse)parks do.　

②Smoke can blacken (black)the white walls.

③The weather in Britain is changeable (change).You can find that one minute it is rainy and the next minute the sun is shining brightly.

④Sometimes unknown things appear mysterious ( mystery)to us.

⑤If we human beings keep on killing the wildlife，some animals will disappear (appear)completely.

(四)缩略法

[观察典例]

Labour→Lab.(英国)工党

November→Nov.十一月

[归纳用法]

上述缩略词是靠截去词的尾部构成的。

[观察典例]

television→TV电视

postscript→PS附言，又及

[归纳用法]

上述缩略词是靠保留前缀及词根的首字母构成的。

[观察典例]

mister→Mr. 先生

doctor→ Dr. 医生；博士

[归纳用法]

上述缩略词是靠保留单词的首尾字母构成的。

[观察典例]

Member of Parliament→MP议员

Very Important Person→VIP要人；大人物

information technology→IT信息技术

Internet Service Provider→ISP 互联网服务供应商

[归纳用法]

上述缩略词是用单词的首字母构成的，并且按字母分别读音，虚词省略。

[观察典例]

Test of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL 托福考试

computer assisted learning→CAL 计算机辅助学习

United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization→UNESCO 联合国教科文组织

[归纳用法]

上述缩略词是用单词的首字母构成的，并且按单词读音。

[即学即练4]

写出下列词的缩略词

①the United States of America→USA 美国

②World Wide Web→WWW万维网

③the Voice of America→VOA美国之音

④central processing unit→CPU中央处理器

Ⅰ.写出下列句中加黑词的词性及含义

1．He emptied the bottle.                                 v.腾空，倒空

2．Each young person must shoulder his responsibility.         v.肩负，承担

3．I want a say in the management of the business.                 n.发言权

4．The officials have booked hotel rooms for the women and children.

v.预订

5．The government hopes to better the conditions of the peasants.

v.改善

6．Which country is to host the next Olympic Games？               v.主办

7．Open the windows to cool the room.                  v.使凉快，使冷却

8．If they are nursed properly，the plants will flower in early spring.

v.护理；v.开花

9．He fooled a lot of people into believing that he was noble­minded.

 v.欺骗；adj.品德高尚的

10．After work，the saleswoman didn't head straight home.

n.女售货员；v.前往

Ⅱ.单句语法填空

1．Take the medicine twice (two)a day after meals.

2．I can never find the difference (differ)between the twins.

3．We hope you children grow happily and healthily (healthy).

4．When he is slow，I often encourage (courage)him.

5．Wait and see—the problem won't just disappear(appear).

6．A foreigner(foreign)came to visit our school last Friday.

7．At the beginning (begin)of the class，Mr. Tang told us a funny story.

8．This is a new programme to enable(able)older people to study at college.

9．It's very dangerous (danger)to cross a busy street.

10．Jane's mother looked tired and worried (worry).

Ⅲ.选词填空

absent­minded，passer­by，face­to­face，dry­clean，fairy tale，peace­loving，color­blind，pickpocket，notebook，ready­made

1．Such expensive clothes need dry­cleaning．

2．The boy is color­blind and cannot tell blue from yellow.

3．Some passers­by lent me a hand when they saw me get into trouble.

4．The pickpocket was caught stealing the cell phone from a lady.

5．Now tell me the truth：I don't want any more of your fairy tales．

6．They agreed to have a face­to­face interview next week.

7．The fat man can hardly find any ready­made clothes that fit him well.

8．We Chinese are peace­loving people and we'll never declare war on others.

9．The absent­minded professor is always losing his glasses when wearing them.

10．When I use my dictionary，I write down all the new words I learn in this little notebook．