2021高考英语人教版一轮教师用书：第二部分 语法专题二、代词
展开二、代词
考点一 人称代词
人称代词有主格和宾格之分,在句中作主语时用主格,作宾语或表语时用宾格。
主格 | I | you | he | she | it | we | you | they |
宾格 | me | you | him | her | it | us | you | them |
Tom is a student.He works very hard.
汤姆是一名学生。他学习非常努力。
Please send her the parcel.
请把包裹寄给她。
He has a dog to keep him company.
他有一条狗陪伴他。
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。
—Tom,go and clean the yard.
——汤姆,去打扫院子。
—Why me?
——为什么是我?
②在比较状语从句中,than,as后用主格或宾格都可以。
He is taller than I/me.他比我高。
考点二 物主代词
物主代词是一种表示所有关系的代词。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特征,在句中作定语,后面接名词。名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加名词,在句中起名词的功能。
形容词性 物主代词 | my,our,your,his,her,its,their | 作定语 |
名词性 物主代词 | mine,ours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs | 作主语、 宾语或表语 |
The students are doing their homework.学生们正在做作业。
Your room is big while mine is small.
你的房间大,而我的房间小。
物主代词的使用一定要与它所修饰的名词在人称、数和性等方面一致。当需要泛指或不清楚性别时,可用his或their来表示。
Everyone here has his own work to do.
这里的每个人都有自己的工作可做。
They tried their best to protect the environment around the town.
他们尽最大努力保护小镇周围的环境。
考点三 反身代词
反身代词包括oneself,himself,herself,itself,themselves,yourself,yourselves,myself,ourselves,可以在句中作宾语、表语及主语或宾语的同位语。
1.与动词构成词组:be oneself 处于正常状态,显得自然;enjoy oneself 玩得开心;come to oneself 恢复知觉,苏醒过来;help oneself to sth.随便用某物;devote oneself to sth.致力于某事
2.与介词构成词组:by oneself 独自地;for oneself 亲自;by itself 自动地;to oneself 独占,独用
考点四 相互代词
相互代词包括each other和one another。相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。所有格是在其后加’s,在句中作定语。
We have to help one another.
我们得互相帮助。
They looked into each other’s eyes for a silent moment.
他们默默地对视了一会儿。
考点五 指示代词
指示代词 | 用法 |
this/these | 指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物;this可指下文将要谈到的人或物 |
that/those | 指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物;that可指上文提到过的人或物 |
such | 指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数 |
so | 代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情,意思是“如此,这样”。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点 |
The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.
这所小学校的教育质量比一些更大的学校的(教育质量)好。
Such are my friends who will never fail to help me when needed.
我的朋友们就是这样:永远会在我需要他们时伸出援手。
考点六 不定代词
1.both,all,either,any,neither,none
指代范围 | 代词 | 用法 |
两者 | both | 意为“两者都”,是对两者的肯定 |
either | 意为“(两者中)任一个”,表示二选一 | |
neither | 意为“都不”,是对两者的否定 | |
三者或 三者以上 | all | 意为“全部”,指代或修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词 |
any | 意为“任何一个”,指代或修饰可数名词单数或不可数名词 | |
none | 意为“全不,没有一点”,指代可数名词复数或不可数名词 | |
指人或物,其后可接表示范围的of... | ||
回答how many/how much的提问 | ||
no one | 意为“没有人”,只指人 | |
其后不接表示范围的of... | ||
回答who的提问 |
I’ve lived in New York and Chicago,but don’t like either of them very much.我在纽约和芝加哥住过,但我不喜欢它们中的任何一个。
—Would you like to go shopping with me on Saturday or Sunday?
—I’m sorry.Neither will suit me.I’ll be away on business during that period.
——星期六或星期天陪我去购物好吗?
——对不起。那两天都不行。我那段时间将正在出差。
I don’t like any of the flowers.
这些花我都不喜欢。
My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.
我哥哥想买一块好表,但是在那家店里没有一块合适的。
—How many of you have been to the Great Wall?
—None.
——你们当中有多少人到过长城?
——没有一个。
2.another,the other,other,others,the others
代词 | 用法 |
other | 不能单独使用,只能修饰名词,表示泛指意义 |
the other | the other可单独使用,特指两个人或物中的“另一个”;也可修饰名词 |
another | 单独使用或修饰单数可数名词,表示泛指“另一,再一”;泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”。另外another后可接“基数词/few+复数名词”形式,表示“另外的……(多少)” |
others | 单独使用,表示泛指意义,意为“其他的人或事物”,常与some一起出现 |
the others | 特指“剩余的部分” |
His parents both work in a hospital.One is a doctor and the other is a nurse.
他父母都在一家医院工作。一个是医生,一个是护士。
When Americans moved from one place to another,they took their dialects with them.
当美国人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方时,他们带着自己的方言。
You are a team star!Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是队里的明星!与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。
I have three daughters.One is a nurse,another is a teacher and still another is a worker.我有三个女儿。一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人。
We need another few chairs.
我们还需要几把椅子。
3.it,that,one,those
代词 | 用法 |
it | 特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物 |
that | 可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词,指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those,相当于the ones |
one | 指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”,其复数形式为ones |
those | 指“the+名词复数(尤其是有后置定语时)” |
—Did you get a ticket?
——你搞到票了吗?
—Yes,I managed to get one.
——是的,我设法搞到了一张。
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou.北京的天气比广州的冷。
Studying Wendy’s menu,I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald’s.研究了温迪的菜单,我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。
考点七 it的用法
1.it指时间、距离、天气等
It’s 112 miles from London to Birmingham.
从伦敦到伯明翰有112英里。
2.指代前面提到过的同一事物
Your story is interesting,but I don’t like it.
你的故事很有趣,但是我不喜欢。
—Have you found your pen?
——你找到你的钢笔了吗?
—No,I haven’t found it.
——还没有。
3.it作形式主语的句型
(1)It+be+adj.+(for sb.) to do sth.常用于此句型的形容词有:easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible等。
It is necessary for you to change your job.
你换一下工作是有必要的。
(2)It+be+adj.+of sb.to do sth.此句型中的形容词描述的是人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有:kind,nice,wise,silly,polite,impolite,friendly,foolish,clever等。
How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance!你放弃这样一个好机会是多么傻啊!
(3)It+be+n.(+for sb./sth.)+to do sth.用于此句型的名词(短语)有:pity,shame,pleasure,fun,joy,good manners,bad manners等。
It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old.
年轻人占据老人的座位是不礼貌的。
(4)It+be+adj./n.+doing sth.用于此句型的形容词和名词(短语)常见的有:no/little use,no/much good,useless,no fun等。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
(5)It+be+adj.+主语从句。在“It is natural/necessary/important/strange+that从句”中,从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”,且should可以省略。
It’s necessary and important that one should master the skills of operating computers.
掌握电脑操作技术是有必要的也是很重要的。
4.it作形式宾语的情况
(1)主语+believe/find/feel/think/guess/suppose/make+it+adj.+不定式/动词-ing形式/从句。
I feel it hard to climb the hill.
我感觉爬山很困难。
(2)某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟宾语从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语,然后接宾语从句,有此用法的动词(短语):like,dislike,hate,appreciate,depend on,rely on,count on等。
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
我讨厌人说话时嘴里含着食物。
1.Nervously facing challenges,I know I will whisper to (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.(2019北京)
2.If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give a try.(2018全国Ⅰ)
3.When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find (they) alive.(2018全国Ⅲ)
4.Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.(2018浙江)
答案及剖析:
1.myself 考查反身代词。根据句意以及句子结构可知,空格处用反身代词作介词to的宾语。 短语whisper to myself表示“轻声告诉自己”。
2.it/running give it/sth. a try是固定短语,意为 “尝试某事物”,原文中的it指的是running。
3.them 人称代词作宾语时要用其宾格。them在此作find的宾语。
4.it 考查it用法。句子为感叹句,正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out,其中不定式to eat out是真正主语,用it作形式主语。
单句语法填空
1.However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using every day.(2017全国Ⅱ)
2.The old lady is said to have three children, and two of are studying abroad.
3.Some people take great pleasure in helping and giving to someone else while (other) feel happy doing the opposite.
4.The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but contained any useful suggestions.
5.They are calmer and (they) mood improves.
6.Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to .
7.I had to raise my voice to make (I) heard in the noisy crowd.
8.Cultural shock is a feeling which most travelers experience in a foreign country where they find the culture is quite different from that of (they) own.
9.To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the .
10.How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?
答案及剖析:
1.it 考查代词,这里用it指代前句的railway,故填it。
2.them and连接两个句子,所填词指代的是three children,故填them。
3.others 考查代词。搭配some...others...表示“有的……,有的……”。
4.neither 考查代词。neither表示“两者都不”。句意:这个研究小组根据调查做了两个报告,但是没有一个含有任何有用的建议。
5.their 修饰名词“mood”要用形容词性物主代词,故用their。
6.another 表示“从一个商店到另一个商店”用from one store to another。
7.myself 句意:在嘈杂的人群里,我不得不提高声音使自己被听见。短语make myself heard意为“使我自己被听到”。
8.their 句意:文化冲击是一种大多数旅游者在外国会经历的感受,他们会发现当地文化与自己的文化大不相同。根据句意可知此处指旅行者自己的文化。of one’s own为固定搭配,故填their。
9.other 此处表示“另一只赤着的脚”,指“两者中另外一只”,用the other。句意:为了暖和自己,那个海员坐在火堆前,用一只赤着的脚摩擦另外一只。
10.it 考查代词。it作形式宾语,指代后面的真正宾语if从句。
