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译林版八年级英语下册Unit7《International charities》单元知识归纳与拓展讲义
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这是一份译林版八年级英语下册Unit7《International charities》单元知识归纳与拓展讲义，共6页。
八年级英语下册知识归纳与拓展Unit7《International charities》【单词拓展】1．education n．教育→educate vt.&vi．教育→educator n．教育家2．right n．权利；右边→right ad j．正确的；右边的3．spread n．扩散；展开；分布→spread vt.&vi．传播，扩散4．interviewer n．采访者→interview vt．采访5．blindness n．失明→blind ad j．失明的，瞎的6．most adj．大多数的→mostly adv．主要地，大部分地7．medical ad j．医学的，医疗的→medicine n．药8．operate vi．做手术→operation n．手术9．treatment n．治疗→treat vt．治疗；处理l0．reader n．读者→read vt．阅读→reading n．读物11．develop vt.&vi．发展；加强→development n．发展→developing ad j．发展中的→developed ad j．发达的12．including prep．包括→include vt．包括13．organize vt．组织→organization n．组织→organizer n．组织者14．India n．印度→Indian ad j．印度(人)的；n．印第安语【短语归纳】1．have some pocket money left有一些零花钱剩下来2．prevenr the spread of some serious diseases防止一些严重疾病的传播3．provide basic education for children in poor areas为贫困地区的孩子提供基础教育4．do operations on sb.给某人做手术5．be used as a trammg centre被用作培训中心6．can't afford to go to hospital看不起病7．on board在飞机(船、火车)上8．operate on sb．给某人做手术9．carry on with our work继续我们的T作10．be proud to do sth．做某事是骄傲的11．hand out分发12．raise money by selling Christmas cards通过卖圣诞卡筹钱13．set up建立，创建14．millions of poor children数百万穷孩子15．prevent them from getting illness防止他们患病16．take the medicine吃药17．make up one's mind to do sth．决定做某事，决心做某事18．get used to travelling by plane习惯于乘飞机旅行19．be afraid of doing sth.害怕做某事【句型分析】1．It also works to prevent the spread of some serious diseases, like AIDS, among young people.（P93)原句意为：它也可以防止一些严重疾病在年轻人中传播，像艾滋病。这里的prevent是及物动词，意为“防止，阻止，预防”，其后可接名词、代词或动词-i ng形式作宾语，也可接复合宾语，它常与介词from连用，即prevent..．from...，相当于stop..．from...，keep...from ...，其中from可以省略。但keep..．from...中的from不能省略。如:We must do something to prevent him from playing computer games.我们必须做些事情来阻止他玩电脑游戏。2 .The plane is used as a training centre.(P98) 原句意为：飞机被用作培训中心。句中的be used as...意为“被用作……”。如: English is used as a second language in many countries. 在许多国家，英语被用作第二语言。 另外，be used for...意为“被用来……”，有时可以与be used to do sth.互换。如: A knife is used for cutting things. = A knife is used to cut things. 小刀是用来切割东西的。 be used by...意为“被……所使用”。如: Chinese is used by more and more foreigners. 汉语被越来越多的外国人使用。 be used in...意为“被用于……方面”。如: I hope that the money is used in medical research. 我希望这些钱用在医学研究上。 be used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”。如: My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸习惯于早起。 used to do sth.意为“过去常常做某事”。如: Tom used to be late for school. 汤姆过去常常上学迟到。3．...I kept asking myself．( P103 ) 原句意为：……我一直在问我自己。keep doing sth.为固定结构，意为“持续做某事，不停做某事”。如: He kept nodding when he listened to me. 他听我说的时候，不断地点头。keep sth.意为“保存/保管某物”；keep sb．doing sth.意为“使某人一直做某事”；keep sb./sth.+宾语补足语(形容词或介词短语等)，意为“使某人/某物保持某种状态”。如:You can keep that book, because I don't need it.你可以留下那本书，因为我不用。You shouldn't keep them waiting outside.你不该让他们一直在外面等。You must keep the baby warm.不要让孩子冻着。4．I could not sleep at all that night because I was so excited．( P103) 原句意为：那天晚上，我根本没睡着，因为我太兴奋了。句中的not...at all意为“一点也不，根本不”。其中not通常与主语后面的be动词、情态动词或助动词do，does或did等连用，构成缩写形式。如: He isn't good at swimming at all. 他一点也不擅长游泳。 I can't sing at all. 我根本不会唱歌。 He doesn't want to stay here at all. 他根本不想待在这里。 Not at all.意为“不客气，不用谢”，相当于You're welcome.。如: 一Thank you for helping me with my homework. 谢谢你帮我做家庭作业。 一Not at all.不用谢。5．She is getting used to travelling by plane.(P104) 原句意为：她正习惯于乘飞机来往各地。这里的get used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”，相当于be used to doing sth.。如: My father gets used to going to work on foot. 我爸爸习惯于步行去上班。 辨析：be/get used to doing sth，used to do sth.与be used to do sth.。 be/get used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”。如: His father is used to watching TV before going to bed. 他爸爸习惯于睡觉前看电视。 used to do sth.意为“过去常常做某事”。如: The boy used to play computer games. 这个男孩过去经常玩电脑游戏。 be used to do sth.意为“被用来做某事”。如: More and more wood is used to make paper. 越来越多的木材被用来造纸。【语法点拨】被动语态(Ⅰ)被动语态的一般现在时和一般过去时 语态是动词的一种形式，表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。一般情况下，两种语态可以互相转换。如:We clean the classroom every day.我们每天都打扫教室。 The classroom is cleaned (by us) every day. 教室每天都(被我们)打扫。一、一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的构成 动作的承受者作句子的主语，动作的执行者置于句末，用by连接，有时也可以省去。谓语动词由“be+动词的过去分词”构成。因此，一般现在时的被动语态的结构为：主语(动作承受者)+am/is/are+动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)；一般过去时的被动语态的结构为：主语(动作承受者)+ was/were+动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者) 。如: Football is played in most countries in the world.全世界大多数国家都踢足球。He was not invited to the party last night.昨天晚上没有邀请他参加聚会。二、被动语态的常用句型 肯定句：主语+be+动词的过去分词+by短语(可省略)。如: The boy is called Jack.这个男孩叫杰克。 否定句：主语+ be+ not+动词的过去分词+by短语(可省略)。如: The baby was not looked after by his father last night. 昨天夜里，他的父亲没有照顾这个宝宝。 一般疑问句:Be+主语+动词的过去分词+ by短语(可省略)?如: Is the book written by Han Hang. 这本书是韩寒写的吗? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词的过去分词+by短语(可省略)?如: Where is the photo taken?这张照片在哪里拍的?三、被动语态的用法1．动作的执行者是泛指或不言自明时。如: None of the books was taken away. 没有一本书被拿走。2．在不知道动作的执行者是谁时。如: The toy is designed for children. 这款玩具是为孩子们设计的。3．需要强调动作的承受者时。如: My bike was repaired.我的自行车修好了。4．出于委婉或礼貌而避谈动作的执行者时。如: This problem was talked about just now. 这个问题刚才被讨论过。5．在被动语态的句子中，如果我们需要指出动作的执行者，可以由by引出。如: Mr．Wu is liked by all of his students. 所有的学生都喜欢吴老师。四、被动语态的注意事项1．只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词(词组)如happen，take place，appear，disappear等和连系动词look，feel，sound，smell，get，turn等没有被动语态。如: What happened to her?她发生了什么事? You look good.你看起来不错。2．有些动词常用被动语态。如: He was born in Nanjing.他生于南京。 This mobile phone was made in China. 这部手机是中国制造的。3．有些不及物动词，常用主动语态，和well，easily等副词连用，含有被动意义。如：read，write，draw，sell，wash，cook，clean等。如:The books sell well.这此书很畅销。 The pen writes smonthly.这支笔写起来很顺滑。4．在感官动词see，hear，watch，notice等和使役动词let，make，have等的主动语态句式中，动词不定式的to常省去，但在被动语态中要加to。如: The teacher made him retell the story. He was made to retell the story (by the teacher). 老师让他复述这个故事。5．主动语态中若有双宾语，变为被动语态时，两个宾语都可以改为被动语态的主语；通常情况下是把主动语态中的间接宾语(sb.)改为被动语态的主语；如果把直接宾语(sth.)改为被动语态的主语，间接宾语(sb.)前要加上相应的介词to或for。如: Father gave me a book. =A book was given to me by Father. 一I was given a book by Father. 父亲送我一本书。
八年级英语下册知识归纳与拓展Unit7《International charities》【单词拓展】1．education n．教育→educate vt.&vi．教育→educator n．教育家2．right n．权利；右边→right ad j．正确的；右边的3．spread n．扩散；展开；分布→spread vt.&vi．传播，扩散4．interviewer n．采访者→interview vt．采访5．blindness n．失明→blind ad j．失明的，瞎的6．most adj．大多数的→mostly adv．主要地，大部分地7．medical ad j．医学的，医疗的→medicine n．药8．operate vi．做手术→operation n．手术9．treatment n．治疗→treat vt．治疗；处理l0．reader n．读者→read vt．阅读→reading n．读物11．develop vt.&vi．发展；加强→development n．发展→developing ad j．发展中的→developed ad j．发达的12．including prep．包括→include vt．包括13．organize vt．组织→organization n．组织→organizer n．组织者14．India n．印度→Indian ad j．印度(人)的；n．印第安语【短语归纳】1．have some pocket money left有一些零花钱剩下来2．prevenr the spread of some serious diseases防止一些严重疾病的传播3．provide basic education for children in poor areas为贫困地区的孩子提供基础教育4．do operations on sb.给某人做手术5．be used as a trammg centre被用作培训中心6．can't afford to go to hospital看不起病7．on board在飞机(船、火车)上8．operate on sb．给某人做手术9．carry on with our work继续我们的T作10．be proud to do sth．做某事是骄傲的11．hand out分发12．raise money by selling Christmas cards通过卖圣诞卡筹钱13．set up建立，创建14．millions of poor children数百万穷孩子15．prevent them from getting illness防止他们患病16．take the medicine吃药17．make up one's mind to do sth．决定做某事，决心做某事18．get used to travelling by plane习惯于乘飞机旅行19．be afraid of doing sth.害怕做某事【句型分析】1．It also works to prevent the spread of some serious diseases, like AIDS, among young people.（P93)原句意为：它也可以防止一些严重疾病在年轻人中传播，像艾滋病。这里的prevent是及物动词，意为“防止，阻止，预防”，其后可接名词、代词或动词-i ng形式作宾语，也可接复合宾语，它常与介词from连用，即prevent..．from...，相当于stop..．from...，keep...from ...，其中from可以省略。但keep..．from...中的from不能省略。如:We must do something to prevent him from playing computer games.我们必须做些事情来阻止他玩电脑游戏。2 .The plane is used as a training centre.(P98) 原句意为：飞机被用作培训中心。句中的be used as...意为“被用作……”。如: English is used as a second language in many countries. 在许多国家，英语被用作第二语言。 另外，be used for...意为“被用来……”，有时可以与be used to do sth.互换。如: A knife is used for cutting things. = A knife is used to cut things. 小刀是用来切割东西的。 be used by...意为“被……所使用”。如: Chinese is used by more and more foreigners. 汉语被越来越多的外国人使用。 be used in...意为“被用于……方面”。如: I hope that the money is used in medical research. 我希望这些钱用在医学研究上。 be used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”。如: My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸习惯于早起。 used to do sth.意为“过去常常做某事”。如: Tom used to be late for school. 汤姆过去常常上学迟到。3．...I kept asking myself．( P103 ) 原句意为：……我一直在问我自己。keep doing sth.为固定结构，意为“持续做某事，不停做某事”。如: He kept nodding when he listened to me. 他听我说的时候，不断地点头。keep sth.意为“保存/保管某物”；keep sb．doing sth.意为“使某人一直做某事”；keep sb./sth.+宾语补足语(形容词或介词短语等)，意为“使某人/某物保持某种状态”。如:You can keep that book, because I don't need it.你可以留下那本书，因为我不用。You shouldn't keep them waiting outside.你不该让他们一直在外面等。You must keep the baby warm.不要让孩子冻着。4．I could not sleep at all that night because I was so excited．( P103) 原句意为：那天晚上，我根本没睡着，因为我太兴奋了。句中的not...at all意为“一点也不，根本不”。其中not通常与主语后面的be动词、情态动词或助动词do，does或did等连用，构成缩写形式。如: He isn't good at swimming at all. 他一点也不擅长游泳。 I can't sing at all. 我根本不会唱歌。 He doesn't want to stay here at all. 他根本不想待在这里。 Not at all.意为“不客气，不用谢”，相当于You're welcome.。如: 一Thank you for helping me with my homework. 谢谢你帮我做家庭作业。 一Not at all.不用谢。5．She is getting used to travelling by plane.(P104) 原句意为：她正习惯于乘飞机来往各地。这里的get used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”，相当于be used to doing sth.。如: My father gets used to going to work on foot. 我爸爸习惯于步行去上班。 辨析：be/get used to doing sth，used to do sth.与be used to do sth.。 be/get used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”。如: His father is used to watching TV before going to bed. 他爸爸习惯于睡觉前看电视。 used to do sth.意为“过去常常做某事”。如: The boy used to play computer games. 这个男孩过去经常玩电脑游戏。 be used to do sth.意为“被用来做某事”。如: More and more wood is used to make paper. 越来越多的木材被用来造纸。【语法点拨】被动语态(Ⅰ)被动语态的一般现在时和一般过去时 语态是动词的一种形式，表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。一般情况下，两种语态可以互相转换。如:We clean the classroom every day.我们每天都打扫教室。 The classroom is cleaned (by us) every day. 教室每天都(被我们)打扫。一、一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的构成 动作的承受者作句子的主语，动作的执行者置于句末，用by连接，有时也可以省去。谓语动词由“be+动词的过去分词”构成。因此，一般现在时的被动语态的结构为：主语(动作承受者)+am/is/are+动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)；一般过去时的被动语态的结构为：主语(动作承受者)+ was/were+动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者) 。如: Football is played in most countries in the world.全世界大多数国家都踢足球。He was not invited to the party last night.昨天晚上没有邀请他参加聚会。二、被动语态的常用句型 肯定句：主语+be+动词的过去分词+by短语(可省略)。如: The boy is called Jack.这个男孩叫杰克。 否定句：主语+ be+ not+动词的过去分词+by短语(可省略)。如: The baby was not looked after by his father last night. 昨天夜里，他的父亲没有照顾这个宝宝。 一般疑问句:Be+主语+动词的过去分词+ by短语(可省略)?如: Is the book written by Han Hang. 这本书是韩寒写的吗? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词的过去分词+by短语(可省略)?如: Where is the photo taken?这张照片在哪里拍的?三、被动语态的用法1．动作的执行者是泛指或不言自明时。如: None of the books was taken away. 没有一本书被拿走。2．在不知道动作的执行者是谁时。如: The toy is designed for children. 这款玩具是为孩子们设计的。3．需要强调动作的承受者时。如: My bike was repaired.我的自行车修好了。4．出于委婉或礼貌而避谈动作的执行者时。如: This problem was talked about just now. 这个问题刚才被讨论过。5．在被动语态的句子中，如果我们需要指出动作的执行者，可以由by引出。如: Mr．Wu is liked by all of his students. 所有的学生都喜欢吴老师。四、被动语态的注意事项1．只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词(词组)如happen，take place，appear，disappear等和连系动词look，feel，sound，smell，get，turn等没有被动语态。如: What happened to her?她发生了什么事? You look good.你看起来不错。2．有些动词常用被动语态。如: He was born in Nanjing.他生于南京。 This mobile phone was made in China. 这部手机是中国制造的。3．有些不及物动词，常用主动语态，和well，easily等副词连用，含有被动意义。如：read，write，draw，sell，wash，cook，clean等。如:The books sell well.这此书很畅销。 The pen writes smonthly.这支笔写起来很顺滑。4．在感官动词see，hear，watch，notice等和使役动词let，make，have等的主动语态句式中，动词不定式的to常省去，但在被动语态中要加to。如: The teacher made him retell the story. He was made to retell the story (by the teacher). 老师让他复述这个故事。5．主动语态中若有双宾语，变为被动语态时，两个宾语都可以改为被动语态的主语；通常情况下是把主动语态中的间接宾语(sb.)改为被动语态的主语；如果把直接宾语(sth.)改为被动语态的主语，间接宾语(sb.)前要加上相应的介词to或for。如: Father gave me a book. =A book was given to me by Father. 一I was given a book by Father. 父亲送我一本书。
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