高中英语外研版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Unit 2 Lessons in life课文配套课件ppt

概要写作

概要是包含文本主要信息的简本，其目的是向读者提供有关文章大意的简短而清晰的报告。目前，高考试题中的概要写作要求考生根据一篇350词以内的短文，写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。概要既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的主旨大意。

[写作步骤]

第一步：归纳主旨大意(含段落大意)

1．概要写作的第一步便是阅读短文并抓取主题，进而提取主旨大意，即有关该主题的主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。归纳主旨大意，是为了整体上把握语篇要义，有利于区分主次、剔除细节信息。

2．确定段落主旨句时，要兼顾语篇大背景，即在全文主旨大意的统领下归纳段落主旨，将段落主旨纳入语篇主旨的架构中。不是所有的段落都有现成的段落主旨句，有的段落主旨句需要根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。

阅读语篇时，根据不同的文体可采取以下方法归纳主旨大意：

第二步：提炼关键词

1．结合主旨大意，细读段落，找出每个段落的主旨句和关键词，区别段落中哪些是main ideas，哪些是supporting ideas，examples 和additional information。通常是在相对重要的句子中提炼关键词。正确的关键词和关键句是概要写作最重要的内容和依据。

2．削减事例，尽量减少实例并省略细节。

第三步：合并和改写

1．合并信息首先需要对信息进行分类、整合，找到信息之间的联系，再将联系紧密的信息合并在一起。同一层级的主旨句不宜合并在一起，但如果联系紧密，且没有支持的细节信息，可以考虑合并。

2．在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变(改词、换句型)。

第四步：核查成文

核查连贯性，优先考虑使用最短连接词(but，then，later，finally，besides，thus，therefore，yet，however)；核查标点和语法；核查词数，并最终连句成文。

[注意]

1．词数要限制在60左右。

2．要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。

3．人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。

4．写作时尽可能地使用自己的语言，不得照搬照抄原文。

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

It's the first day of school and you have to find the perfect clothes to make a good impression.Lucky for me, I don't have this problem：my private school requires I wear a uniform.Some may think this is not a good idea，but I think it is very positive.

In school，one of the most important things is your style.The more you have，the more popular you will probably be.With uniforms，there's no discrimination(歧视) because of what you're wearing.Everyone is united under the same style.Clothing often reflects who you are.In most schools，there are groups of students who dress alike.You may even avoid a particular person because of what they are wearing.Uniforms require students to get to know each other by finding out who they really are.

There are many styles of clothing，some appropriate for school and others not.Peers and the media pressure us to dress and look a certain way.Some clothing contains logos promoting drugs，alcohol or even violence.Since some students want to fit in and be cool，they tend to wear this type of clothing.In most school systems, however, it is not allowed.Uniforms help remove these problems.All students look similar.They all fit in.There are no distractions(使人分心的事物)．Uniforms allow students to concentrate on learning instead of what they are wearing.

Money also plays a big part in the clothing we wear.Not all styles are affordable.Some students may even feel pressured to steal to get the right clothing.Although uniforms are initially expensive，they can be worn for years，making them cost less than regular clothes.I believe uniforms help unite us in a common goal：to do well in school.They are a symbol of our unity.They make it clear to everyone that we are more than just our clothes：we are all individuals.

[学生习作]

I think wearing school uniforms has many great benefits.Firstly, school uniforms can contribute to getting rid of discrimination，and reveal the true nature of students.Secondly，uniforms can help students to avoid some inappropriate clothing styles, and help them focus on learning instead of fashion.Lastly，wearing uniforms saves students quite a large sum of money and also reminds them of their tasks in school.

点评：

1．概括全面。

2．清楚流畅。

3．再使用一些高级词汇和句式就更好了。

[升格作文]

As far as I'm concerned，wearing school uniforms is of great benefit.Firstly，not only do school uniforms contribute to getting rid of discrimination，but also they reveal the true nature of students.Secondly，uniforms benefit students by avoiding some inappropriate clothing styles, and help them focus on learning instead of fashion.Lastly，wearing uniforms saves students quite a large sum of money and also reminds them of their common goal in school.

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

China's bike­sharing has exploded from nothing about a year ago into a transport phenomenon in major cities.Just by scanning the QR code (二维码) that appears behind the seat, one can unlock a shared bicycle.Once the service has finished, the user locks the bike and the total is charged on his mobile account.The process lasts less than 30 seconds and costs little.However, there are still no fixed places to find or leave a bike, although areas such as university campus, and metro or bus stations are preferred.

Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment­friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome combination of technology and tradition.

Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of negative effects.There is no doubt of the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have emerged.It is not only due to bad behaviour from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against urban public order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.

In Xi Luoyuan, Beijing, the “Civilized Use of Bicycles” campaign has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luoyuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.

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【参考范文】

China's shared bicycles are gaining popularity with the public as a cheap and convenient transport option.Shared bikes are environment­friendly and can help to relieve traffic and reduce pollution.However, the bad behaviour of some users and the mess they cause also lead to some problems.Beijing has launched a campaign to regulate bike­parking, which will hopefully set a good example to the rest of China.