外研版必修4Module 4 Great Scientists导学案及答案

Module 4 Great Scientists

复习被动语态和by＋v.­ing形式

1．各种时态的被动语态的构成

被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者，只有及物动词才有被动语态，被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。

 (1)一般现在时被动语态的构成：am/is/are＋done

Before you leave the lab，make sure the electricity is turned off and the windows are shut.

在你离开实验室之前，要确保电源被切断，窗户被关好。

(2)一般过去时被动语态的构成：was/were＋done

The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。

(3)一般将来时被动语态的构成：shall/will＋be＋done

More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.

中国人民在将来将进行更多的太空探索。

(4)现在进行时被动语态的构成：am/is/are＋being＋done

They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt.

他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。

(5)过去进行时被动语态的构成：was/were＋ being＋done

After school we went to the reading­room to do some reading，only to be told that it was being decorated.放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。

(6)现在完成时被动语态的构成：has/have been＋done

Li Hua has been elected monitor of our class to take the place of Ma Li.

李华已取代马丽，被选为我班班长。

(7)过去完成时被动语态的构成：had been＋done

When we got on the spot of the accident，we were told that the injured had been sent to the nearest hospital.当我们到达事故现场时，我们被告知伤员已经被送往最近的医院。

(8)将来完成时被动语态的构成：will/shall＋have been＋done

On her next birthday，Ann will have been married for twenty years.

到下一次过生日的时候，安结婚就要满二十年了。

(9)含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词＋be＋done

The boy feels very hot on the forehead，so he must be sent to hospital at once.

这个男孩的额头摸起来很热，所以必须被立刻送往医院。

[即时训练1]　用所给词的被动语态填空

①More efforts，as reported，will be made (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply­side structure reform.

②—Did you enjoy the party?

—Yes，we were treated (treat) well by our hosts.

③Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement has been reached (reach) so far by the two sides.

2．使用被动语态时应注意的情况

(1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(take place，break out，come true，belong to，date from，happen等)。

A fire broke out in his house yesterday.

昨天他家着火了。

(2)含有介词或副词的及物动词短语变为被动语态时，介词或副词不可省略(look after，look for，take care of，put off，break into等)。

The children are taken good care of in the kindergarten.

孩子们在幼儿园里被照顾得很好。

(3)带复合宾语(宾语＋宾补)的动词变被动语态时，一般把复合结构中的宾语变成主语，而把宾语补足语(在被动语态中叫作主语补足语)放在动词之后。

We always keep the classroom clean and tidy.

→The classroom is always kept clean and tidy by us.我们总是保持教室干净而且整洁。

[名师点津]

see，watch，hear，notice，listen to，look at，make等感官动词或使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to，但这类动词(watch和notice除外)的主动语态变为被动语态时，不定式符号to必须加上。

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.

→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

一个姑娘路过时看到我的钱包掉了。

[即时训练2]　完成句子

①这项比赛每四年在不同的国家举行一次。

The game takes place every four years in a different country.

②我们在实验室做了许多有趣的实验。

Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory.

③我们经常听到他弹吉他。

He is often heard to play the guitar.

3．主动形式表示被动意义的用法

(1)某些连系动词，如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，prove等，可用主动形式表示被动意义，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。

That dog looks dangerous.

那只狗看起来很危险。

(2)某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的及物动词，如：lock，shut，open，move，read，write，sell，wash，clean，catch，draw，cut，drink，eat等常用主动形式表示被动意义。这些词后常有副词修饰，如well，easily等。

The cloth washes well and is comfortable to wear.

这种布很容易洗而且穿起来很舒服。

(3)need，require，want，deserve等词，当主语为物时，接动名词的主动形式，表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

The flowers need watering or they will die.

＝The flowers need to be watered or they will die.

这些花需要浇水，否则它们会死。

(4)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

The picture­book is well worth reading.

这本图画书很值得一读。

(5)在“主语＋be＋形容词(＋for sb.)＋to do”结构中，句子的主语与构成不定式的动词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，interesting，strange，impossible，comfortable，dangerous等。

This article is difficult to read.I need someone to explain it to me.

这篇文章很难读懂。我需要一个人给我解释一下。

(6)不定式作定语修饰名词，与前面的名词有动宾关系，且句中有不定式的逻辑主语时，用动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。

I have a lot of homework to do this afternoon.

今天下午我有很多的家庭作业要做。

Please give me something to eat.

请给我些东西吃。

(7)某些动词不定式如to blame，to let等，作表语时用主动形式表示被动意义。

The boy was to blame for what he had done.

这个男孩为他的所作所为受到了批评(责备)。

[即时训练3]　用所给词的适当形式填空

①A Midsummer Night's Dream opens (open) at the Theatre Royal on 19th June，and then tours throughout Scotland.

②As a result of the serious flood，two­thirds of the buildings in the area need repairing (repair)．

③The stone is heavy for the boy to lift (lift)．

4．by＋v.­ing形式

(1)by ＋v.­ing形式，表示以某种方式来达到某种目的

He passed the exam by working hard.

通过努力学习，他通过了考试。

(2)by表示“方式”的其他用法

①by＋交通工具，如：by car/bus/bike/plane等。

I go to school by bike every day.

我每天骑自行车去上学。

②by＋the＋具体的时间或度量名词，如by the day/hour/year/kilo/metre/dozen (按打)等。

He is paid by the hour.

他按小时得到报酬。

[即时训练4]　用by doing形式改写下列句子

①You can reach there if you take a bus.

→You can reach there by taking a bus．

②Students learn things when they do exercises after school.

→Students learn things by doing exercises after school．

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．He hoped that he would be given (give) a more suitable job.

2．If the agreement is reached(reach), the war will come to an end soon.

3．Oh, the milk tastes(taste) strange. Do you think it's OK to drink?

4．Don't lose heart! The problem can be prevented (prevent) from getting worse.

5．What was given(give) to the village school as a present last month?

6．Shakespeare's play Hamlet has been made (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.

7．The hotel succeeded in attracting more guests by improving(improve) the service.

8．We are confident that the environment will be improved (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution.

9．The government announced that six highways had been built (build) by the end of last year.

10．A dinner party was being held (hold) in celebration of the great achievements she had made when I called her yesterday.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．We encouraged to think for ourselves, which is quite different from what I have experienced before.               encouraged前加are

2．The water was felt cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.               去掉was

3．One learns a language by making mistakes and correct them.

 correct→correcting

4．I have offered a scholarship at a university in Australia for my further education.               offered前加been

5．The computer needs repaired at once. repaired→repairing

6．The children are taught how to operate the machine now.

 are后加being

7．Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.               using→used

8．Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.               去掉been

9．I told that there would be someone to meet me at the station, but there wasn't any.               told前加was

10．He lost his ability to speak, so he had to communicate with others by used sign language.               used→using