2020版英语新素养大一轮人教版写作层级训练讲义：第三部分层级四第一讲审题谋篇——学会运用各种文体

层级四　审题谋篇——学会运用各种文体

审题谋篇是写好文章的关键。审题要做到“三定一列”，即：定体裁、定时态、定人称和列要点。谋篇布局的好坏一般有三个标准，即思想内容、层次安排和文字运用。一般认为：好的思想内容是指令人感到真实可信、生动有趣、有深度的内容；好的层次安排指的是写作内容统一，组织合乎逻辑，语意前后连贯，句与句相互衔接；好的文字运用则指所用语言正确、文字优美。谋篇布局一般有以下几个步骤：

1．动笔之前，用较短的时间确定主题，理清思路，梳理要点。

2．筛选段落可能用到的重要素材，区分主次，详略得当。

3．合理安排文章的结构。一篇文章通常可分为三部分，即开头、正文和结尾。文章的开头和结尾都可以不同程度地表述主题，即称之为主题的文体表达，也是获得高分的重要保障。因此，写好文章的开头和结尾非常重要，也是谋篇布局应重点关注的。

4．正文是文章的核心段落，在写作时应遵循一定的顺序进行表达，才能让读者快速领会文章的表达内容，而不应是几个要点的简单堆砌。合理地组织段落会使文章大放异彩。

第一讲　书信写作

❶ 普通书信/电子邮件

►题型特点

英文e－mail和普通书信的写法和格式大体相同，其开头和结尾常常都会给出，正文可根据作文要求分段把内容表达清楚即可。

►篇章结构

►经典考题

(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件，内容包括：

1．到达时间；2.合适的礼物；3.餐桌礼仪。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[审题谋篇]

(1)体裁：书信体邮件；(2)时态：一般现在时；(3)人称：第二人称；(4)要点：到达时间；合适的礼物；餐桌礼仪。

[参考范文]

Dear Terry，

How are you doing? In your last letter，you asked me about being a guest to a Chinese friend’s home.Now，I am writing to inform you of some relevant details.

To begin with，according to our tradition，you are supposed to arrive early，so that you can help the family prepare the dinner, which is not only meaningful but also interesting. Besides, you’d better bring some gifts，such as a book or a Chinese knot.What’s more，when enjoying the meal，you need to avoid making noises while chewing food.

Hopefully，these suggestions would be of great help to you.I have the confidence that you will have a great time.I am looking forward to your good news.

Best wishes!

Yours，

Li Hua

►万能句型

1．开头部分常用语

(1)I am very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago.

我非常高兴收到你两周前寄给我的信。

(2)I’m very glad/pleased to tell you that...

我很高兴告诉你……

(3)How are you getting along with...?

你近来……进展怎样？

2．话题引入常用语

(1)I’m very glad to tell you something about...

我很高兴告诉你一些关于……的事情。

(2)As far as I know/am concerned/can see...

据我所知……

3．结尾部分常用语

(1)Please write to me soon and tell me about your...

请尽快写信给我，告诉我关于你的……

(2)I’m looking forward to your reply.

我盼望着你的回复。

(3)If so，please e－mail me in response...

如果这样，请给我回复邮件……

►即时训练

假设你是李华，你的美国朋友Peter正在一家孔子学院学习汉语和中国文化，得知中国人很重视家风传承。他在给你的电子邮件中提到很想了解你的家风以及家风对你的影响。请你给他回复一封电子邮件。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：家风family spirits

[参考范文]

Dear Peter，

I’m glad to know you are learning Chinese language and culture.In your last letter，you said you wanted to know something about my family spirits.Here I’m writing to share something about my family with you.

There are many good qualities that have been passed from generation to generation in my family.My parents always lay emphasis on the importance of honesty，bravery and diligence and they set good examples for me and my brother.

My family spirits have a lasting influence on me.Brought up in a friendly atmosphere，I never stop chasing my goal even though I meet with difficulties.Thanks to these good qualities，I have made great achievements in my study and life.

Yours truly，

Li Hua

❷ 邀请信

►题型特点

邀请信是人们日常生活、社会活动和外事活动中常用的应用文体，它分为正式和非正式两种。正式邀请信的格式(包括信头、信内地址、客套语等)要齐全，正文内容应用书面语。非正式邀请信通常只有日期，没有信内地址，语句也很随意，多为口头表达。

►篇章结构

►经典考题

(2018·天津高考)假设你是晨光中学的机器人兴趣小组组长李津，你的美国朋友Chris就读于天津某国际学校，他曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖。你打算邀请他加入你的团队，参加即将于7月底在天津举行的世界青少年机器人技能竞赛。请根据以下提示代表兴趣小组给他写一封电子邮件。

(1)比赛的时间、地点；(2)邀请他的原因；

(3)训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。

注意：(1)词数不少于100；

(2)可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；

(3)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

参考词汇：世界青少年机器人技能竞赛 the World Adolescent Robotics Competition

Dear Chris，

I have good news to tell you.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

I’m looking forward to your reply.

Yours，

Li Jin

[审题谋篇]

(1)体裁：邀请信；(2)时态：一般现在时为主；(3)人称：第一、二人称为主；(4)要点：①7月底在天津举行世界青少年机器人技能竞赛；②向就读于天津并曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖的Chris发出邀请；③告知Chris训练计划将发送给他并请他提出建议。

[参考范文]

Dear__Chris，

I__have__good__news__to__tell__you.The World Adolescent Robotics Competition is to be held in Tianjin at the end of this July，which interests me greatly.

On hearing the news，some of my classmates and I formed a group to take part in the competition.I know you once participated in a robotics competition and won the award，so you must have accumulated much experience in it.We are desperately in need of your help.So as the group leader，I sincerely invite you to join us.I am convinced that with our joint efforts we can undoubtedly get good results.What’s more，I will email you our training plan soon，hoping you can offer some constructive suggestions regarding it.

I’m__looking__forward__to__your__reply.

Yours，

Li__Jin

►万能句型

1．开头部分常用语

(1)I am writing to invite you to.../I’m writing to tell you that there will be a．..

我写信邀请你……/我写信告诉你有一个……

(2)I think it would be a great idea if you could participate in...

我想你要是能来参加……那就太好了。

(3)I wonder if you can come...

我想知道你是否能来……

2．表达活动内容常用语

Here are some details about this activity./The following are some details about this activity./Some details about this activity are as follows.

本次活动的一些细节内容如下。

3．结尾部分常用语

(1)We would be looking forward to your coming with great pleasure.

我们会高兴地盼望着你的到来。

(2)If you are interested in it，please let me know and I’ll send you more information.

如果你感兴趣，请告诉我，我给你发送更多的信息。

(3)I would like to meet you there and please let me know your decision soon.

我想在那里见到你，请尽快告诉我你的决定。

►即时训练

假如你是某国际学校的学生会主席李华，为了促进中华民族传统文化的发展，你校最近成立了汉语戏剧社团。请你用英语给在你校做交换生的Chris写一封电子邮件，邀请他参加该戏剧社团。内容包括：

1．活动的目的和意义；2.拟开展的活动。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Chris，

How are you？　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Yours，

Li Hua

[参考范文]

Dear__Chris，

How__are__you? I’m writing to invite you to join our Chinese drama club.In order to promote the development of traditional Chinese culture, our school has set up a Chinese drama club.It aims to enrich students’ school life and arouse students’ interest in drama.Some experts and performers will be invited to give lectures on drama and there will be live performances of some dramas that are popular among the youth.Moreover, you will have a chance to learn acting skills from famous actors or actresses in person.

Looking forward to your reply soon.

Yours，

Li__Hua

❸ 申请信

►题型特点

申请信是一种应用文，申请信有很多种，比如求职申请、加入某组织或活动的申请、报考申请、留学申请等，其目的在于让对方了解自己的经验、能力、成就以及愿望等，所以个人情况的介绍应该是申请信的核心内容，应尽可能向对方说明本人的长处，以便留下好印象，获得面谈的机会。

►篇章结构

►经典考题

(2018·浙江高考书面表达)假定你是李华，你校英语协会招聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。请你写信应聘，内容包括：

1．口语能力；2.相关经验；3.应聘目的。

注意：1.词数80左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[审题谋篇]

(1)体裁：申请信；(2)时态：一般现在时；(3)人称：第一人称；(4)要点：我口语能力好； 我曾接待过外宾，有相关经验； 我想通过为外宾服务，提高自己的口语水平，同时为促进中外文化交流做贡献。

[参考范文]

Dear Sir/Madam，

I have learnt that our English association needs some volunteers to meet the visiting foreign students and I want to apply for the position.Firstly，I can speak fluent English and I have little difficulty communicating with foreigners.Secondly，I helped receive some visiting foreigners to our school last year.This experience is sure to enable me to do better this year.I also want to improve my spoken English and help them have a better understanding of Chinese culture.

I would be grateful if you could give me the chance.

Yours，

Li Hua

►万能句型

1．开头部分常用语

(1)I’m writing to apply for the position of...

我写信申请……的职位。

(2)I learned from sb./the newspaper that your company wanted to hire...

我从某人/报纸上得知你们公司想雇用……

(3)I am interested in...and wish to enter this significant program.

我对……感兴趣，希望加入到这个重要项目中。

2．表达个人优点常用语

(1)I won the first prize in...competition.

我获得了……比赛的一等奖。

(2)As an outgoing...I get along well with my classmates.

作为一名外向的……我和同学们相处得很好。

(3)For one thing，I can help...For another thing，I can improve my English，make more friends，and enrich my school life.

一方面，我能帮助……另一方面，我能提高我的英语水平，结交更多的朋友，丰富我的学校生活。

3．结尾部分常用语

(1)If you consider me appropriate for the job，please call me at...

如果你们认为我适合这份工作，请致电……

(2)I will be grateful/I’d appreciate it if you could...

如果你能……我将感激不尽。

(3)Thank you for considering my application，and I am looking forward to meeting you.

谢谢你考虑我的申请，期待与你见面。

►即时训练

假设你是李华，正在英国学习，想成为学校的一个“中西文化交流俱乐部”的成员。请根据下列要点用英文给组织者写一封申请信：

1．个人情况：姓名、年龄；

2．个人条件：英语口语流利，对西方文化感兴趣，善于与人交流；

3．目的：结交朋友，了解更多中西文化之间的差异。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[参考范文]

Dear Sir/Madam，

My name is Li Hua and I’m 17 years old.I am interested in joining the Chinese and Western Cultural Communication Club.

I can speak English fluently.What’s more，I’m very interested in Western culture.In addition，I’ve read many great works by famous writers，such as Gone with the Wind and Jane Eyre.To be frank，I’m good at communicating and expressing myself.By joining the club，I hope I can make friends with people from all over the world so that we can exchange our cultural experiences.I’d like to know more about the differences between Chinese and Western traditions and history.

I hope to be admitted to the club and look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely，

Li Hua

❹ 道歉信

►题型特点

道歉信通常是在因自己的过失或疏忽给别人带来了麻烦或损失并在发觉的情况下，为了向对方表示歉意而写的信件。

►篇章结构

►经典考题

(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华，与留学生朋友Bob约好一起去书店，因故不能赴约。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：

1．表示歉意；2.说明原因；3.另约时间。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[审题谋篇]

(1)体裁：道歉信；(2)时态：一般现在时为主；(3)人称：第一人称为主；(4)要点：①对不能去书店表示歉意；②有一个重要会议要参加；③另约时间：周六上午8：30学校大门口。

[参考范文]

Dear Bob，

I’m sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.I have just found that I have to attend an important meeting that afternoon.I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.

Shall we go on Saturday morning? We can set out early so that we’ll have more time to read and select books.If it’s convenient for you，let’s meet at 8：30 outside the school gate. If not，let me know what time suits you best.I should be available any time after school next week.

Yours，

Li Hua

►万能句型

1．开头部分常用语

(1)I am writing this letter to apologize to you for...

我写这封信是因……向你道歉。

(2)I would like to express my deepest apology/regret for not being able to/my failing...

因为没能……我向你表达最真诚的歉意/悔意。

(3)I must apologize for any inconvenience it may have caused you.

为此事可能给你带来的任何不便，我深表歉意。

(4)I am very sorry for my not being able to...due to the fact that...

我非常抱歉不能……因为这个事实……

(5)I regret to inform you that I can not/am unable to...

我遗憾地告知你我不能……

2．结尾部分常用语

(1)With apologies once again./With many apologies.

再次表示抱歉。/十分抱歉。

(2)Please accept my sincere apology for...once more.

请再次为……接受我真诚的道歉。

(3)I sincerely hope that you will kindly accept my apologies.

我衷心希望你能宽容地接受我的道歉。

►即时训练

假设你是李华，你从朋友Mike处借的一本书不慎遗失。现在，请用英文给他写封道歉信，请求原谅。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．开头与结束语已为你写好，不计入总词数。

Dear Mike，

Yours，

Li Hua

[参考范文]

Dear__Mike，

I’m sorry to tell you that I’ve lost your book that I borrowed from you.Now I’m expressing my deepest apology for my carelessness.

Actually，I put the book in my schoolbag after we met at school yesterday.But to my sorrow，it was stolen on my way home.I tried to get it back but failed.How angry and guilty I felt！This morning，I went to buy another book in some bookstores but it was very expensive.However，I promise that I’ll tighten my belt these days to get you a completely new one by the end of this month.

Please forgive me again and accept my sincere apology.Best wishes!

Yours，

Li__Hua

❺ 建议信

►题型特点

建议信是写信人向收信人就某事提出的建议和忠告。建议信可能是写给个人，也可能是写给某个组织或机构。信的内容要包括写信的原因，建议的内容，提出建议的理由。建议信要写得简明扼要、目的明确、具有合理性和说服力。

►篇章结构

►经典考题

(2017·北京高考)你的英国朋友Jim所在的学校要组织学生来中国旅行，有两条线路可以选择：“长江之行”或者“泰山之旅”。Jim来信希望你能给些建议。请你给他回信，内容包括：

1．你建议的线路；

2．你的理由；

3．你的祝愿。

注意：1.词数不少于50；

2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Jim，

Yours，

Li Hua

[审题谋篇]

(1)体裁：建议信；(2)时态：一般现在时；(3)人称：第一、二人称；(4)要点：建议；理由；祝愿。

[参考范文]

Dear__Jim，

I’m happy to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China.

Of the two trips to the Yangtze River and Mount Tai，both are highly recommended.Personally，I prefer the tour along the Yangtze，the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization.You can learn a lot about the history of China and Chinese people.Moreover，the scenery along the river is amazing，with many well－known sightseeing spots.That’s why I think the trip along the Yangtze will be a better choice.

Hope you’ll have a good time in China.

Yours，

Li__Hua

►万能句型

1．开头部分常用语

(1)You have asked for my advice about...and I will try to make some useful suggestions here.

关于……你向我征求意见，在此，我尽量提出一些有用的建议。

(2)I’m sorry to know that you are having trouble with/in doing...at the moment.

得知此刻你遇到……麻烦我深感遗憾。

(3)I’m very glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how...

非常高兴收到你的来信，在信中，关于如何……你向我征求意见。

2．表达建议常用语

(1)Here are some tips/advice/suggestions.

这里有一些建议。

(2)You may/might as well do...

你不妨做……

(3)I would like to suggest that...

我想建议……

3．结尾部分常用语

(1)I believe you will take my advice into account/consideration seriously.

我相信你会认真考虑我的建议的。

(2)I hope you will find these suggestions useful/helpful.

我希望这些建议/意见对你来说有用/有帮助。

(3)In my opinion/Personally/As far as I’m concerned，it would be wise to take the following action.

在我看来，采取如下行动是明智的。

►即时训练

假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Jack下学期将作为交换生来你校学习，他想学习传统中国画。请你写封邮件给他建议。内容包括：

1．选修你校开设的中国画课程；

2．上课时间和地点；

3．工具和材料：毛笔、墨和宣纸等；

参考词汇：选修课optional course  中国画Chinese Painting  毛笔Chinese brush

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[参考范文]

Hi Jack，

Hope you are getting ready for the exchange program! Last time, you mentioned that you were interested in traditional Chinese Painting.It has occurred to me that my school will offer an optional course on learning to paint in a traditional Chinese style.The class will meet every Friday from 12：00 pm to 2：00 pm in Room 211 at the new Yifu Building.

If you are interested, please remember to register.When you arrive, I can take you to buy the appropriate tools such as Chinese brush, ink, and paper.Please let me know, and see you soon!

Best，

Li Hua

❻ 感谢信

►题型特点

感谢信是对收信人表示感谢的一种信件。感谢信在日常生活中的使用非常频繁，在收到别人的邀请时、受到别人的表扬时、得到别人的帮助时，通常都应该表示感谢。

►篇章结构

►经典考题

(2019·青岛模拟)假定你是李华。最近，你刚结束在英国为期一个月的交换学习。学习期间，你和房东Mr.Wilson结下了深厚的友谊。请根据下面的写作提纲，给Mr.Wilson发一封电子邮件。内容包括：

1．表示感谢；2.回顾他对你的照顾和帮助；3.邀请他来中国游览。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[审题谋篇]

(1)体裁：感谢信；(2)时态：一般过去时为主；(3)人称：第一人称为主；(4)要点：①表示感谢；②回顾他对你的照顾和帮助；③再次表示感谢，邀请到中国来。

[参考范文]

Dear Mr.Wilson，

How is everything going? I’ve been back home now.I’m writing to express my sincere gratitude to you for your kindness.

While I was in England，your help and kindness made my stay special and enjoyable.How I miss the days we spent together！Thanks to your help，I got used to the lifestyle there soon.I still miss the delicious meals you prepared for me.Besides，I really appreciate your patience while you were talking with me.By practising speaking with you every day，I gradually improve my spoken English.

I hope we can keep in touch with and communicate with each other in the future.It would be a great honor for me to invite you to come to China so that you can experience Chinese culture.

Best wishes.

Yours，

Li Hua

►万能句型

1．开头部分常用语

(1)I am writing to express my thanks for...

我写这封信是为了表达我对……的谢意。

(2)I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for...

在信中我要为……向你表达我诚挚的谢意。

(3)On behalf of my whole family，I would like to extend my sincere gratitude for...

我谨代表我全家对……表示真诚的感激。

2．结尾部分常用语

(1)Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories; we will remember them forever.

没什么能抹掉我们美好的记忆，我们会永远牢记在心。

(2)Again，I would like to express my warm thanks to you！/Thanks again for your kind help.

我再次对你表示衷心的感谢。/对你的热心帮助再次表示感谢。

(3)I appreciate it more than I can say./I can never thank you enough.

感激之情，无以言表。

►即时训练

假定你是李华，目前正在英国做交换生。你的英国朋友Debbie送了你一张苏格兰传统舞蹈——凯利舞(Ceilidh Dance)舞会票。现在，请给她写一封邮件致谢，并询问有关情况(箭头所指内容)。

[参考范文]

Dear Debbie，

I am delighted to receive your ticket for the Ceilidh Dance.I really feel grateful for your kindness and it will surely make my cultural experience here more colorful.Here，I’d like to know some details about this dance.

First，could you please give me a brief introduction to this dance so that I can know something about it before attending it? Besides，I’d like to know whether I need to bring anything like a bag or a present，and particularly，what kind of clothes and shoes I’m supposed to wear，the formal ones or the casual ones? Finally，I’m wondering how I can get there and avoid being late.

Looking forward to your early reply.

Yours，

Li Hua

❼ 求助信

►题型特点

写英文求助信的原因是目前自己遇到了一些困难，需要请求对方帮助，因此整篇文章应用一般现在时表达文意。当描述自己得到帮助后的进步时应用一般将来时。

►篇章结构

►经典考题

(2019·河北定州中学模拟)假定你是高中生李华，你们学校要在三月十日举办英语配音比赛(dubbing contest)，你想参赛，但是不知道该选什么电影。你给笔友Peter写封邮件，请他推荐。

要求：1.主题是关于友谊； 2.时间限定在4到5分钟； 3.每个节目最多6个角色。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[审题谋篇]

(1)体裁：求助信；(2)时态：一般现在时为主；(3)人称：第一人称为主；(4)要点：①问候对方并交代写信的目的——求助；②说明自己遇到的具体困难——想参加配音比赛，但是不知道选择哪部电影合适，所以求推荐；③表示感谢和期盼之情。

[参考范文]

Dear Peter，

How is everything going？I am writing to you，hoping to seek for help.

Our school will hold an English dubbing contest on March 10th.I am eager to have a try.However，I don’t know which film is suitable.As a movie fan，would you be so kind as to give me some recommendations? According to the requirements，the theme should be about friendship.And each video may last 4 to 5 minutes.What’s more，there should not be more than six characters in each video.

I would really appreciate it if you could do me the favor.Looking forward to your reply.

Yours，

Li Hua

►万能句型

1．开头部分常用语

(1)My name is...I’m writing to you for some help.

我叫……，写信的目的是向你寻求一些帮助。

(2)I’m writing a letter to you to ask you to do me a favor.

我给你写信想请你帮我一个忙。

2．寻求帮助常用语

(1)Faced with so much difficulty，I have to ask you for help.

面对这么多的困难，我不得不向你求助。

(2)In the meanwhile/At the same time，I beg you to...so that...Also，I would like you to...

同时，我恳求你……以便……我也想让你……

(3)I would like you to introduce some good ways to learn grammar.

我想让你给我介绍一些学习语法的好方法。

3．结尾部分常用语

(1)I’m sure with your help I can make great progress.

我相信在你的帮助下我会取得很大的进步。

(2)I will appreciate any of your help.

我将非常感谢你的一切帮助。

►即时训练

假定你是李华，你的家乡剪纸艺术负有盛名，你写了一篇英文宣传稿，想请外籍教师Bob帮助润色。请根据提示，用英语给Bob写一封求助信。内容包括：

1．求助事由；

2．求助内容；

3．表达感激。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[参考范文]

Dear Bob，

I’m writing in the hope that you will be kind enough to do me a favor.When it comes to paper－cutting, there is no denying that it enjoys a great reputation in my hometown.For a long time I have been longing to write an appealing article to make it better known.However, only when I put the idea into practice did I find that my English is far from satisfaction.

As far as I’m concerned, you have a good command of written English，which impresses me a lot.Would you like to do me a favor to have my draft polished? I will pay you a visit at your earliest convenience.

I would appreciate it if you could take my request into consideration.

Yours，

Li Hua