2020届高考英语二轮复习教师用书：第一板块专题三第二讲代词和介词


第二讲　代词和介词
语法项目(一)
代词　　　　　　　　
[考纲解读·定方向]
近几年高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。语法填空侧重对替代词及it用法的考查；而短文改错对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词、反身代词、形容词性物主代词和代词的格等的用法上。
考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数；应仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。未来高考对代词的考查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复杂性。

　　　　　如何确定填代词
[思考趋向]
1．当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词，主要包括人称代词、替代词、不定代词以及it。
2．当所给提示词为代词时，人称代词需考虑变为宾格、变为物主代词、变为反身代词以及it变为its等。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2017·浙江卷6月)“She thought I had hurt ____________ (I)，”says Pahlsson.
解析：myself　[根据句意可知，此处表示“她以为我伤到我自己了”，应用I的反身代词，故填myself。]
[典例2](2015·全国卷Ⅰ)A few hours before，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，with ____________ (it) choking smog.
解析：its　[空后为名词词组choking smog，设空处作其定语，故应填形容词性物主代词its。句意为：几个小时前我还在香港的家中，呼吸着那里令人窒息的烟雾。]
[典例3](辽宁卷)Raise your leg and let ____________ stay in the air for seconds.
解析：it　[根据语境可知let的宾语为前文提及的your leg，故用it替代，以避免重复。句意为：抬起你的一条腿并让它悬空几秒钟。]
[典例4](2019·河南洛阳第一次统考)“As soon as he opens ____________ (he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，”said his music teacher.
解析：his　[考查代词。根据语境mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句中作定语。]
　　　　　代词的解题技法
　　　　　根据所作成分确定代词
[实例体验]
1．(2019·济南实验中学期末)A friend of ____________ (I) complained all the way while she was walking towards me.
解析：mine　[空处作介词of的宾语，故用名词性物主代词，表示“我的一个朋友”。]
2．(2020·黄冈一模)Churchill suffered a severe hurt.But he amused ____________ (he)，writing that he couldn't understand why he was not broken like an eggshell.
解析：himself　[动词amused后的宾语与该句主语所指的是同一个人，故用反身代词。]
3．(2019·福州市期末)At the end of the Qing Dynasty，after closed China came under the influence from abroad，many old hutongs lost ____________ (they) former neat arrangement.
解析：their　[考查代词。根据空后的名词短语“former neat arrangement”可知，空处修饰该名词短语，故用形容词性物主代词。]
4．(2020·济南市模拟)I found a restaurant that sold dishes from Xi'an when I explored the area around ____________ (I) office one day.
解析：my　[考查代词。修饰名词office应用形容词性物主代词my。]
5．(2019·合肥市质检二)It takes him and his partner only 15 seconds to form and shape it，but they've devoted ____________ (they) to perfecting the skills for decades.
解析：themselves　[考查代词。固定搭配devote oneself to sth./doing sth.意为“某人致力于做某事”，故用反身代词themselves。]
6．(2020·福建调研)Yet publishers and bookstores report that more and more people throughout the United States are joining ____________(they)．
解析：them　[考查代词。join表示“成为……的一员，加入”，是及物动词，后面应跟宾语，故填they的宾格形式them。]
[重点强化]
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的使用规则：
人称代词主格
I，you，he，she，it，we，you，they
人称代词宾格
me，you，him，her，it，us，you，them
形容词性物主代词
my，your，his，her，its，our，your，their
名词性物主代词
mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs
反身代词
myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves
　　　　　根据所指对象确定代词
[实例体验]
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using ____________ every day.
解析：it　[考查代词。use是及物动词，其后接宾语，此处很明显缺少代词。分析句意可知，此处用it指代上文提到的the railway。]
2．(浙江卷)In many ways ，the education system in the U．S. is not very different from ____________ in the U．K.
解析：that　[考查代词。句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体制和英国的教育体制没有太大的差异。此处指代同类事物the education system，但并不是同一事物(名称相同，但内容不同)，故填代词that。]
3．(2020·皖南名校联考)Understanding the cultural habits of another nation，especially ____________ containing as many different subcultures as the United States，is a complex task.
解析：one　[这里整个句子的主语是“Understanding the cultural habits of another nation”，空处是nation的同位语，表示前面已经出现过的同种类的可数名词，且为泛指，故填one。]
4．(2020·郑州一中质检)His children are well­behaved，while ____________ of his sister are rude.
解析：those　[空后有介词短语修饰，表示特指。特指同名异物的复数可数名词the children，应用those。]
5．(2020·潍坊一模)I saw a beautiful fish in the market the other day.I'm considering buying some orange and blue ____________tomorrow.
解析：ones　[泛指前文提到的fish，且由some可知表示复数含义，故用ones表示。]
[重点强化]
替代词：that，those，one，ones与it
that/those
可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones
one/ones
指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones
it
特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物
　　　　　根据语境确定不定代词
[实例体验]
1．(重庆卷)The meeting will be held in September，but ____________ knows the date for sure.
解析：nobody　[句意：会议将在9月份召开，但是没有人知道确切日期。根据题干中的but可知此处应该用表示否定意义的nobody。]
2．(陕西卷)To warm himself，the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the ____________.
解析：other　[句意：为了使自己暖和，那个水手坐在炉火前面赤着脚互相摩擦。the other 两者中的另一个。]
3．(四川卷)Niki is always full of ideas，but ____________ is useful to my knowledge.
解析：none　[句意：Niki 总是会有很多想法。但是就我所知没有一个想法是有用的。本题考查代词。none(三者或三者以上)都不，都没。]
4．(安徽卷)You can ask anyone for help.____________ here is willing to lend you a hand.
解析：Everyone/Everybody　[句意：你可以找任何人帮忙。这里的每一个人都愿意帮助你。根据上下文逻辑可知此处表示“这里的每个人”，故答案为Everyone或Everybody。由于系动词为is，故all(所有人)不符合。]
5．(四川卷)She'd lived in London and Manchester，but she liked ____________ and moved to Cambridge.
解析：neither　[句意：她在伦敦和曼彻斯特居住过，但是她不喜欢这两座城市，然后搬到剑桥了。由表示转折的连词but可知该空应该表示否定意思且指代London and Manchester，故答案为neither。]
[重点强化]
1．both，all，either，any，neither，none的使用规则

都
任何一个
都不(全部否定)
部分否定
两者
both
either
neither
not＋both
三者或三者以上
all
any
none
not＋all
2.other(s)，the other(s)，another的使用规则
the
other，
other
the other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”，也可修饰名词，表示“另外的……”；other不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义
another
可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……(多少)”
others，
the
others
others单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others
3.nobody/no one，nothing，none的使用规则

指代
用来回答
相当于
是否加of短语
nobody
/no one
人
who
not anyone
not anybody
否
nothing
物
what
not anything
否
none
人或物
how many how much
not a/an/any＋名词或no＋名词
是

　　　　it的用法
[实例体验]
1．(2017·天津卷)____________was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.
解析：It　[句意：就在我返回我的公寓的时候，我第一次见到我的新邻居。本题考查强调句型的结构，即：It is/was＋被强调成分＋that＋...，故填It。]
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit，I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by ____________ (it) mother.
解析：its　[考查代词。mother是名词，故此处填it的形容词性物主代词its。]
3．(全国卷Ⅰ)—Who's that at the door?
—____________ is the milkman.
解析：It　[句意：——门口的那个人是谁？——是送牛奶的人。考查代词用法。it可用于明确身份，指某人。]
4．(山东卷)Susan made ____________ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
解析：it　[句意：苏珊清楚地向我表明，她希望自己开始一种新生活。句中that she wished to make...是真正的宾语，空格处应为形式宾语，故用it。]
5．(陕西卷)I'd appreciate ____________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
解析：it　[句意：假如你提前让我知道你是否会来，我将不胜感激。考查代词。I'd appreciate it if...属于固定句式，表示“假如……我将不胜感激”。]
[重点强化]
替代词it的用法
指代上文提到的某样东西
用以代替指示代词this，that
指不知性别的婴儿(baby)或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知道对方是谁)
指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候或温度
it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语而将真正的主语或宾语后置
构成强调句型
表示“喜欢，恨”等心理方面的动词后面跟从句时，要先接it，再接从句，这类动词有like，love，hate，dislike，appreciate等。
it常用于一些固定搭配中，如it is no wonder that“难怪……”；make it“获得成功；及时赶到”；when it comes to...“当说到……”等。


前后逻辑不一致
解题
攻略
代词前后要一致
(1)看到代词，思考它与指代内容是否一致；
(2)看到代词，思考它的数、所有格是否正确；
(3)看到不定代词，思考它的含义、特点、作用及与其他相近不定代词的区别；
(4)易受汉语影响，各类代词的误加与漏用。
典
例
1
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.
[分析]　主语只有两个人，应用both作同位语或删掉all。all指三者或三者以上，故all改为both或去掉all。
典
例
2
(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.
[分析]　此处应该使用our与主语we在人称上保持一致。故your改为our。
典
例
3
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.
[分析]　代词指代关系不一致，根据语境，反身代词应该与I一致，故yourself改为myself。
典
例
4
(2020·合肥第一次质量检测)But when I saw many people enjoying myself in the water，my fear was reducing.
[分析]　考查反身代词。此处指代“many people”，故用themselves。enjoy oneself为固定搭配，意为“玩得高兴”。故myself改为themselves。

句子成分分辨不清
解题
攻略
修饰名词常用形容词性物主代词；单独使用常用名词性物主代词；宾语常用代词的宾格；注意反身代词。
典
例
1
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Some of us were confident and eager to take part in the class activity；others were nervous and anxious，I had done myself homework，but I was shy.
[分析]　词法错误。do one's/the homework为固定搭配，意为“做家庭作业”，故用形容词性物主代词或限定词作定语。故myself改为my/the。
典
例
2
(全国卷Ⅰ)He had a deep voice，which set himself apart from others in our small town，and he was strong and powerful.
[分析]　此处意为：“他有深沉的声音，这使他与他人区分开来。”set sb.apart from sb.，set后跟宾语，故应该用宾格形式。故himself改为him。
典
例
3
(2019·长沙名校第二阶段诊断)When kids are confused about their problems or difficulties，parents' active involvement in our growth can make a great difference.
[分析]　考查代词。此处表示父母积极参与他们(孩子们)的成长过程有很大作用，故要用their(代替kids')作定语，以使语意更加明确。故our改为their。
典
例
4
(2019·石家庄检测二)I just kept feeling sorry for me.However，after a few days，I decided not to let one single loss keep me from doing what I love.
[分析]　考查代词。句子的主语是I，“我”为“我”自己感到难过，故要用反身代词作宾语。故for后的me改为myself。

几组代词的区别
解题
攻略
many代替可数名词，much代替不可数名词；表示“两者中的另一个”用the other，而表示“(三者以上)另外的一个”用another；all表示“三者或三者以上”；both表示“两者”。
典
例
1
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and another animals.
[分析]　此处表示“有狗、鸭子，还有其他的动物”，故another改为other。
典
例
2
(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It does not cost many，yet we can still learn a lot.
[分析]　此处应用代词much指代much money, 作动词cost的宾语；many通常指代可数名词复数。故many改为much。

代词的缺失与多余
解题
攻略
分析句子成分，确定代词的增加或删除
典
例
1
(全国卷Ⅱ)Five minutes later，Tony saw parents.
[分析]　考查代词。根据句意：“五分钟之后，托尼看见了他的父母”，可知缺少parents的修饰成分，故parents前加his。
典
例
2
(2020·衡阳质检)I find very convenient to go anywhere with a bike.
[分析]　此题考查固定句式。find＋it ＋adj.＋to do 为固定结构，it作形式宾语。故find后加it。
典
例
3
(2020·九江联考)About two years ago，I worked hard and entered a local key school，which my parents were proud of it.
[分析]　which引导定语从句，在从句中作be proud of的宾语，故去掉it。

语法项目(二)
介词　　　　　　　　
[考纲解读·定方向]
高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及介词与其他词构成的固定短语的用法上。语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意提出了较高的要求。短文改错题对介词的考查主要涉及介词的多余、缺失或误用，其中固定搭配中介词的误用是考查的重点。因此，考生应在掌握介词基本用法的同时，注意总结和积累其与名词、形容词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。

　　　　　如何确定介词
[思考趋向]
1．若空格后是名词、代词或动名词，且它们在句中不是作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，那么空格处一般是填介词。
2．看空格前的动词或形容词，若空格处能与之构成固定搭配，且空格后的成分又作宾语，那么空格处一般填介词。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ____________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.No one had seen them for hours，and my colleagues and I were worried.
解析：for　[考查介词之固定搭配。search for寻找，为固定搭配。]
[典例2](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full­time before going to university to get a degree ____________ engineering or architecture.
解析：in　[考查介词。degree 与介词in搭配，表示在某方面的学位。故填in。]
[典例3](2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ____________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析：on　[考查介词。be focused on注意力集中于……，为固定搭配。]

　　　介词的解题技法
　掌握介词的基本意义，轻松应考
[实例体验]
1．(2018·北京卷)—Good morning，Mr.Lee's office.
—Good morning.I'd like to make an appointment ____________ next Wednesday afternoon.
解析：for　[句意：——早上好，这里是Lee先生的办公室。——早上好，我想预约下周三下午的见面。本题考查介词的基本用法。appointment for...在此处表示“……的预约”。]
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界)____________ a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析：as　[此处表示“作为一种与心脏病作斗争的方法”，故填as“作为”。]
3．(2017·北京卷)Many people who live along the coast make a living ____________ fishing industry.
解析：in　[句意：很多居住在沿海的人都以捕鱼业谋生。本题考查介词。in表示“从事或影响某种工作”，符合语境。]
4．(2017·天津卷)When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California，you will be ____________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.
解析：among　[句意：当你开车穿越加利福尼亚州的红杉林时，你会置身于寿命超过一千年的树木之中。设空处应该用介词表示“在三者或三者以上……之中”，故用among。]
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ____________ their hands.
解析：with　[with用(工具)……，符合句意。]
6．(2016·浙江卷)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up ____________ influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.
解析：in　[句意：这项研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看待周围世界的基本环节。本句采用定语从句的形式考查介词。“we grow up ____________”为定语从句，先行词为 the cultures，将先行词代入定语从句后为：We grow up ____________ the cultures.故设空处填介词in。]
7．(重庆卷)Last year was the warmest year on record，with global temperature 0.68℃ ____________ the average.
解析：above　[句意：去年是有记录以来最温暖的一年，全球气温超过了平均气温0.68摄氏度。根据语境可知此处表示“在……之上，高于”，所以要用介词above。]
8．(安徽卷)They believe that there are transport developments ____________ the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.
解析：around　[句意：他们相信交通的发展就要到来了，这将会带来很多更好的变化。around the corner就要到来。]
9．(福建卷)A common memory they all have ____________ their schooldays is the school uniform.
解析：of　[句意：他们对于他们学生时代的共同记忆是校服。本句包含一个定语从句“they all have ____________their schooldays”，将先行词memory代入定语从句后为：They all have a common memory ____________ their schooldays.由此可见设空处填 of。]
10．(江西卷)It is unbelievable that Mr.Lucas leads a simple life ____________ his great wealth.
解析：despite　[句意：令人难以置信的是，尽管很富有，Lucas先生过着简朴的生活。despite尽管。]
[重点强化]
一、几组常见介词的用法辨析
1．表示时间的at，on和in
at
表示某个时间点、时刻等
on
表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等
in
表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等
2.表示时间的in和after
in
表示“在……时间之内/之后”，所在的句中必须表示将来
after
表示“在……时间之后”，通常“after＋时间段”与过去时连用，“after＋时间点”与将来时连用
3.表示方位的through，across和over

意义
短语
through
表示“从……的内部穿过”
through the forest从森林穿过
across
表示“从……表面穿过”
across the desert穿过沙漠
over
表示“从……的上面越过”
jump over the fence跨过篱笆墙
4.表示交通方式的by，on和in

意义
短语
by
后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词
by sea，by air，by car，by train
on/
in
后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词，物主代词、指示代词等修饰语
on one's bike，in one's car
5.表示“用……”的by，in，with
by
指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词
in
多用于表示语言、材料的名词前
with
多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前
6.表示“除……之外”的besides和except
besides
表示“除……之外还……”
except
表示“除……之外”
二、其他常考的介词
介词
意义/用法
with
①(表示状态)具有，带有②(表示伴随)随着　③(表示原因)由于，因为④(表示关系)和……一起⑤构成with复合结构
against
①(表示态度)反对②(表示对比)以……为背景③(表示方位)倚靠着……

of
①表示“……的”②“of＋n.”相当于形容词
for
“for＋时间段”表示“长达……”
despite
尽管，虽然
without
如果没有
beyond
超出，超越


介词用法不算难，固定搭配记心间
[实例体验]
1．(2018·天津卷)Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report，but he went ____________ all.
解析：after　[句意：由于得写一份报告，鲍勃原以为自己参加不了那场聚会了，但是他最后还是去参加了。本题考查介词短语。根据句意可知填after。after all还是，终究。]
2．(2018·江苏卷)China's soft power grows in line ____________ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.
解析：with　[句意：中国软实力的增长是与全球对中国不断增长的欣赏和理解紧密相连的。考查介词短语。in line with为固定短语，意为：与……紧密相连。]
3．(2017·天津卷)We offer an excellent education to our students.____________ return，we expect students to work hard.
解析：In　[句意：我们向我们的学生提供优质的教育，作为回报，我们希望学生能够努力学习。考查介词。in return 意为“作为回报，作为报答”。]
4．(2017·江苏卷)Determining where we are in relation ____________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.
解析：to　[句意：通过对比我们周围的环境来确定我们的位置仍然是我们生存的重要技能。本题考查介词短语。in relation to“相对某事物而言”，符合语境，故此处填to。]
5．(2016·浙江卷)That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help.____________ short，he's reliable.
解析：In　[句意：那个年轻人诚实且有合作精神，当你需要他帮忙的时候，他总是在那儿。简言之，他是值得依赖的。in short简言之。]
6．(浙江卷)These comments came in response ____________ specific questions often asked by local newsmen.
解析：to　[句意：对于当地新闻记者常常问起的特定问题，这些评论正好作出了回复。in response to作为对……的回应。]
7．(江苏卷)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but ____________ Thomas Edison.
解析：for　[句意：要不是Thomas Edison，许多现在让我们获益的东西都不会存在。根据句意和该句中的虚拟语气可知答案为for。but for要不是。]
8．(湖北卷)This meeting room is a non­smoking area.I would like to warn you ____________advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.
解析：in　[句意：这间会议室是无烟区。我想事先提醒你如果在这儿吸烟的话你会被罚款的。in advance提前，事先。]
9．(福建卷)Our club is open to everyone regardless ____________ age，sex or educational background.
解析：of　[句意：我们的俱乐部对所有人开放，不分年龄、性别和教育背景。regardless of不管，不顾。]
10．(浙江卷)Facing up to your problems instead ____________ running away from them is the best approach to working things out.
解析：of　[句意：面对你的问题而不是逃避它们才是解决问题的最好办法。instead of而不是。]
[重点强化]
再记常考的几类固定搭配
1．动词＋介词
apply for 　　申请　　 　 approve of　　同意
belong to 属于 believe in 信仰
come from 来自 come across 碰见
depend on 依靠 deal with 处理
head for 前往 hunt for 寻找
look into 调查 lead to 导致
search for 寻找 set about 着手
stick to 坚持 send for 派人去叫
account for 说明……的原因
concentrate on 全神贯注于
learn from 向……学习
operate on 给……动手术
meet with 偶然遇见；遭受
pay for 为……付款
prepare for 为……做准备
suffer from 患……病
serve as 担任……，充当……
refer to 查阅，参考；涉及；指的是
2．动词＋副词＋介词
break away from 脱离
catch up with 赶上
put up with 忍受
go on with 继续
look forward to 盼望
get close to 接近
look out for 小心
look down upon 看不起
look around for 四处寻找
go back to 回去，追溯到
go in for 参加；从事；追求
think highly of 对……评价很高
get along well with 与……相处很好
3．动词＋名词＋介词
pay attention to 注意
take care of 照顾
take advantage of 利用
make use of 利用
make fun of 嘲笑
have trust in 信任
catch sight of 瞥见
get rid of 摆脱
take part in 参加
play a trick on 捉弄
take pride in 为……感到骄傲
play a part in 在……方面起作用
show an interest in 对……感兴趣
have a talent/gift for 有……的天赋
have an effect on 对……有影响
keep an eye on 留意；密切注视
play a joke on 开某人的玩笑
have difficulty with ……方面有困难
shake hands with 与……握手
4．动词＋oneself＋介词(＝be＋v.­ed＋介词)
adapt oneself to 适应
accustom oneself to 适应
apply oneself to 致力于
addict oneself to 沉湎于
abandon oneself to 沉溺于
bury oneself in 埋头于
busy oneself with 忙于
devote oneself to 致力于，献身于
5．be＋形容词＋介词
be good at 善于
be familiar with 熟悉
be fond of 喜欢，爱好
be proud of 以……自豪
be afraid of 害怕
be full of 充满
be accustomed to 习惯于
be used to 习惯于
be related to 与……有关
be equal to 等于，能胜任
be rich in 富含
be late for 迟到
be fit for 适合
be similar to 与……类似
be angry with 对……生气
be absorbed in 专心于
be curious about 对……好奇
be busy with sth. 忙于某事
be content with 对……满意
be satisfied with 对……满意
be popular with sb. 受某人的欢迎
be patient with sb. 对某人有耐心
be tired of(＝be fed up with)　 对……厌倦
be tired from 因……感到疲劳
be aware of 知道，意识到
be absent from 缺席，未到场
be different from 与……不同
be interested in 对……感兴趣
be surprised at 对……感到惊讶
be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格
be ashamed of 对……感到惭愧
6．介词＋名词
at a loss 不知所措
at peace 处于和平中
at war 在战争中
at work 在工作
on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
on account of 因为
by accident/chance 偶然
by air/plane 乘飞机
by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工
by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算
by nature 天生地
in cash 用现金付款
in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地
in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上
in English 用英语
in no time 立刻
in no way 决不
in place of 代替
in addition to 另外
in charge of 掌管……
in return 作为回报
in spite of 尽管
in exchange for 作为交换
in favor of 支持，赞成
in possession of 拥有，占有
in case of 万一；如果；假如
in memory of 为了纪念……
in honour of 为向……表示敬意
on behalf of 代表
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
on exhibition/show 在展出
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on no account/condition 决不



介词的错用
解题
攻略
1.看到介词，思考与动词搭配是否正确；
2.看到介词，思考与名词搭配是否正确；
3.看到介词，思考与形容词搭配是否正确。
典
例
1
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
[分析]　in the middle of the road “在马路中间”。故on 改为of。
典
例
2
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wearing strange clothes.Now I am leaving home to college.
[分析]　leave...for...“离开某地到另外一个地方”。故to改为for。
典
例
3
(2019·长沙名校第二阶段诊断)It may result in the demands of modern life and some other reasons.
[分析]　考查介词。此处应表示“由……导致或引起的”，故要用result from，result in“导致”。故in改为from。
典
例
4
(2020·东北三省四市一模)I realized the experience was in great value and nothing was more exciting than communicating with people.
[分析]　考查固定搭配。be of great value为固定搭配，意为“很有价值”。故in改为of。
典
例
5
(2020·江西南昌调研)Under his help，we have learned immediately how to analyze and settle problems.
[分析]　with one's help为固定搭配，意为“在某人的帮助下”，故Under改为With。

介词的多余或缺失
解题
攻略
1. 介词的多余：及物动词后直接跟宾语，无需再加介词；last，next等后跟名词表时间时其前无需加介词。
2.介词的缺失：不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。
2. 3.考生要特别注意固定搭配中介词的有无情况。
典
例
1
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.
[分析]　realize是及物动词，其后直接跟宾语，of多余。故去掉第二个of。
典
例
2
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.
[分析]　dream of doing sth.“梦想做某事”，为固定搭配。故dream后加of。
典
例
3
(2020·江西五校第一次联考)I'm very glad to receive your e­mail asking for information about the host family we have arranged you to stay with.
[分析]　考查固定短语，arrange for sb.to do sth.意为“安排某人做某事”，为固定搭配。故you 前加for。
典
例
4
(2019·河北五个一名校联盟第二次考试)A big storm destroyed two villages in South Africa on last Friday，causing 4 deaths.
[分析]　考查介词。Friday前有last修饰，前面不用介词。故去掉on。
典
例
5
(2020·湖南长郡中学模拟)One day when I was on my way to home from school，I found a building on fire.Immediately I called the firefighters.
[分析]　考查固定搭配。on one's way home意为“在某人回家的路上”。故去掉to。
典
例
6
(2020·安徽名校联考)In the end，I managed to reach on the top of the mountain.
[分析]　考查介词。句意：最后，我成功到达了山顶。reach为及物动词，后面直接接地方，不接介词。故去掉reach后的on。


[小题夯基练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(天津·改编)The quality of education in this small school is better than ____________ in some larger schools.
解析：that　[that指代可数名词单数或不可数名词，空处指代的quality为抽象不可数名词，故用that。]
2．(北京·改编)The park was full of people，enjoying ____________ in the sunshine.
解析：themselves　[根据句意可知是公园里的人正在享受阳光，故用反身代词themselves。]
3．(全国卷Ⅱ·改编)Sarah made ____________ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.
解析：it　[make it是固定用法，本题中意为“(尤指在困难的情况下)准时到达，赶上”，后可搭配介词to，再接表示地点的名词。]
4．(四川·改编)On my desk is a photo that my father took of ____________ when I was a baby.
解析：me　[“that my father took of ____________”作定语修饰photo，that 在定语从句中作took的宾语，根据短语take a photo of sb.“为某人照相”判断用代词me。]
5．(江西·改编)My brother would like to buy a good watch but ____________ was available from that shop.
解析：none　[none意为“没有一个”，可以指代人或者物，在句中作主语。]
6．(湖南·改编)I knew that ____________ would ever discourage him；he would never give up wanting to be a director.
解析：nothing　[nothing意为“没有任何东西/事情”。]
7．(浙江·改编)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes ____________ animals both on land and sea?
解析：to　[ be home to sth.是固定搭配，意为“……的家园/栖息地”。]
8．(陕西·改编)The Scottish girl ____________ blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.
解析：with　[句意：在第五届汉语演讲比赛中，那位有着一双蓝色眼睛的苏格兰姑娘获得了一等奖。with表示“具有”。]
9．(北京·改编)Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves ____________ half an hour.
解析：in　[“in＋一段时间”表示将来，由句意可知，火车并没有开走，故用in。]
10．(安徽·改编)Before you pay a visit to a place of interest，look in your local library ____________ a book about it.
解析：for　[look for意为“寻找”。]

Ⅱ.单句改错(每句一错)
1．(全国卷Ⅱ·改编)One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with her parents.____________
解析：her→his　[前文中“Tony”是男性，故用物主代词his。]
2．(浙江·改编)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.____________
解析：them→it　[此处代词指代前面的park，是单数，所以用it。]
3．(全国卷·改编)—Who's that under the tree?
—He is the milkman.____________
解析：He→It　[只有it可用于指代身份不明的人。]
4．(福建·改编)In some countries，people eat with chopsticks，while in another，knives and forks.____________
解析：another→others　[others与题干中的some构成“some...others...”结构，意为“一些……，另一些……”。another意为“(三者或三者以上中的)另一个”。]
5．(江西·改编)—When shall I call，in the morning or afternoon?
—Any.I'll be in all day.____________
解析：Any→Either　[由答语“I'll be in all day”可知，此处是对in the morning和afternoon的肯定，故用either，意为“(两者中的)任何一个”。any意为“(三者或三者以上中的)任何一个”。]
6．(山东·改编)Susan made her clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.____________
解析：her→it　[it在句中作形式宾语，真正的宾语是that引导的从句，her不能作形式宾语。]
7．(全国卷·改编)The more friends we have，the more we can learn for one another.____________
解析：for→from　[learn from sb.意为“向某人学习”，为固定短语。]
8．(浙江·改编)If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in.____________
解析：on→in　[in need意为“需要”，为固定搭配。]
9．(陕西·改编)Before waiting for about half an hour，I was beginning to get impatient.____________
解析：Before→After　[由句意可知是“等了大约半个小时之后”，故介词用after而不是before。]
10．(辽宁·改编)Every day，he spends too much time with his work.____________
解析：with→on　[spend time on sth.为固定搭配，意为“在……上花费时间”。]
[大题提能练]
Ⅰ.语法填空——代词专练(用适当的代词填空)
My name is Li Kang.Today is my first day at Senior High school and I'm writing down my thoughts about 1.____________.
2．____________ new school is very good and the classrooms are amazing.Every room has a computer with a special screen，almost as big as a cinema screen.The teacher is a very enthusiastic woman called Ms Shen，whose method of teaching is nothing like 3.____________ of the teachers at my Junior High school.4.____________ thinks that reading comprehension is important，but 5.____________ should speak a lot in class.I don't think I will be bored in Ms Shen's class!
Today we introduced 6.____________ to each other in groups.7.____________ were embarrassed at first but everyone was very friendly and 8.____________ was really nice.Ms Shen gave 9.____________ instructions and then we worked by ourselves.Shen wants to help us improve our spelling and handwriting with spelling games and other activities.10.____________ of us like her attitude very much.
[语篇解读]　 本文的作者是一名高中新生，讲述了他上高中第一天的见闻。
1．解析：it　[考查it的用法。空处作介词about 的宾语，指代前面的my first day at Senior High school，故用it。]
2．解析：My　[考查形容词性物主代词。从前文可知作者在谈“我的”新学校，形容词性物主代词在名词new school前作定语。故填My。]
3．解析：that　[考查指示代词。此处指代前文出现过的method of teaching，用that。]
4．解析：She　[考查人称代词。作主语要用主格人称代词，指代Ms Shen，用She。]
5．解析：we　[考查人称代词。作主语用主格，在课堂上多说的应当是“我们”学生，故填we。]
6．解析：ourselves　[考查反身代词。introduce oneself to sb.向某人做自我介绍。由主语we 可知，此处是“我们互相介绍我们自己”，故用ourselves。]
7．解析：Some　[考查不定代词。根据常识，第一次见面“有些人”会难为情。]
8．解析：it　[考查it的用法。此处替代前文的everyone was very friendly，用it。]
9．解析：us　[考查人称代词。在及物动词后作宾语，用宾格，指“我们”，用us。give sb.instructions给某人指导。]
10．解析：All　[考查不定代词。从前句和常识来看，应是“我们大家都”非常喜欢她的这种教学态度。故用不定代词all，注意首字母大写。]
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·佛山二模)Last week，my friends and me went to watch Jay Chou's performance in Guangzhou.There are crowds of cheerful fans there，many of who came from other cities.Jay began his performance with one of his most famous song.We all cheered and shouted out his name，but some even cried with joy.When Jay began to sing the seventh song it called Sunny Day，it started to rain.Therefore，the concert was not interrupted and we got even more exciting in the rain.At last，Jay finished the concert with a speech，thank his fans for always supporting him.What memorable experience!
答案：