高中英语语法讲义——非谓语动词讲解(附答案)


非谓语动词
非谓语动词: a.动词不定式 b.动名词 c.分词( 现在分词 过去分词)
概述：1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词
2. 非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分

指出下列句子中非谓语动词的成分
w1，To see is to believe. 2, It is right to give up smoking.
w3, He wanted to go 4, I find it interesting to study English.
w5, He asked me to do the work with him. 6, I have some books for you to read.
w7, I came here to see you. 8, We were very excited to hear the news.
w9,Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job. 10, It is no use arguing with him.
w11, Her job is teaching . 12.He had his clothes washed.
w13,We saw the teacher making the experiment. 14,The man standing by the window is our teacher.
w15,The excited people rushed into the building. 16,Being a student, I must study hard.
w17,The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 18,The news is inspiring.
非谓语动词使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。
She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.
She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.

不定式
主动语态
被动语态
与谓语动词的关系
一般式
To do
To be done
动作发生在谓语动作之后
进行式
To be doing

与谓语动作同时发生
完成式
To have done
To have been done
动作发生在谓语动作之前

动名词
主动语态
被动语态
与谓语动词的关系
一般式
Doing
Being done
与谓语动作同时发生
完成式
Having doing
Having been done
动作发生在谓语动作之前

现在分词
主动语态
被动语态
与谓语动词的关系
一般式
Doing
Being done
与谓语动作同时发生
完成式
Having done
Having been done
动作发生在谓语动作之前

动词不定式
一．动词不定式的时态和被动形式
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：
1． 一般式to do 例如：I like to read English.
2． 进行式to be doing 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time.
3． 完成式to have done 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.
4． 被动式to be done 例如：The work is to be done soon.
5． 完成被动式to have been done
例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.
二. 动词不定式的用法
I.作主语
(1)不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。
To see is to believe． Not to get there in time is your fault.
(2)注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。
句型1：It + 谓语 + to do It takes us an hour _to__ get there by bus.
句型2：It’s + n. + to do It’s our duty _to_ help the poor.
It is a great enjoyment _to_ spend our holiday in the mountains.
句型3： It is + adj + for sb to do sth（是形容事物的性质的 ）
It is + adj + of sb to do sth（是形容人的品质的 ）
It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.
It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.
It is very kind of you to give me some help.
It's impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.
注意：动名词和不定式作主语时的区别
1.动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、______性的行为
2.不定式作主语表示_____的、一次性的或特指的动作
Walking is good for health.
To have a walk in the spring afternoon with my mum is pleasant.
3.特定句式中的习惯表达
It is + adj. + for /of sth +to do
It is useless/ no use/ no good +doing sth.
II.作宾语
接不定式做宾语I want to know this matter.
I don’t expect to meet you here
(1)常见动词有：like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, forget, want, prepare, pretend, refuse, plan, afford, wish等
They wanted _to get___( get ) on the bus, didn’t they? He said he wished __to be____( be ) a professor.
(2)it作形式宾语
I find/feel to work with him interesting ． I find/feel it interesting to work with him．
Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider… it+adj/n + to do sth.
1.We thought _it__ better __to_ start early. 2.Do you consider _it__ better not _to_ go?
3. I feel _it_ my duty _to_ change all that. 4.We think it __ important _ to _ obey the law.
5.I know _ it _ impossible _ to _ finish so much homework in a day.
(3)常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:
tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain, know, discover,
He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book.
I haven't decided whether to go or stay.
下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：
stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做
forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过
remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过
regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过
try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做
go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）
mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做
In some parts of London, missing a bus means _A______ for another hour.
A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting
Boys, don't forget _D____ the windows before you leave the classroom.
A. closing　B. closed　C. to closing　D. to close
She reached the top of the hill and stopped __C_____ on a big rock.
A. to have rested　B. resting　C. to rest　D. rest
Remember _A______ the lights when you leave the office.
A. to turn off　B. turning off　C. turn off　D. to turning off
(4)在cannot but, cannot choose/help but 之后接不带to的不定式
I have no choice but __to wait_____.（wait）“前有do,后无to”
I can’t do anything but _go______ (go )out with her.
III.作宾语补足语
1. I’ll get someone _to__ repair the recorder for you.
2. What caused him _to__ change his mind?
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force, get, hate, invite , order, wish , want, warn, remind, promise, permit, persuade, request+sb. to do
注意：（1）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.
The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
(2)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
I often help him （to）clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things.
He is often heard _to sing_______(sing) the song.
Though he often made his deskmate _cry_____(cry), today he was made __to cry__(cry) by his deskmate.
IV．作定语
 I have something to tell you. (不定式作定语)
1) 不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today?
2) 不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.
3) 被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is always the last to leave the room.
4) 不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时，须加介词
1.The house is not big enough for us all___A____.
A. to live in　B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in
2. Would you please pass me the knife ____A___?
A. to cut the fruit with　B. to cut the fruit  C. cutting the fruit　D. cutting the fruit with
3.I have something important to say. Please find a piece of paper to write on （写上）
4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen to write with （写）
V.作状语 不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果。
I came here to see you．
We were very excited to hear the news．
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.
对比To learn English well, he needs a good dictionary.
To learn English well, a good dictionary is needed.
To get there in time, he told me to get up early.
不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
I have something important to do. In the accident, the driver was to blame.
This question is difficult to answer. The box is not easy to carry.
动名词
一. 动名词的基本构成
 
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
No one likes being laughed at.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to do it.
二.动名词的功用
⑴ Smoking does great harm to people’s health.（作主语）
⑵ My job is looking after children.（作表语）
⑶ I have finished reading the novel.（作宾语）
⑷ We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语）
①It is no use crying. ②It is no good objecting
常见的动词有：admit, advise, suggest, avoid, consider, delay, deny, excuse, finish, imagine, include, keep(on), mind, , practice, miss, resist.
短语: be/get used to ,can’t help/stop, can’t stand , give up, feel like, look forward to, get down to,
have difficulty/trouble (in),be busy (in),put off
e.g.①She sat there without _speaking____ (speak) ②I look forward to_seeing____ (see) him again.
③Are you used to _live____ (live) there alone?
④When my father heard the news, he couldn't help _laughing____ (laugh).
⑤I don’t feel like _going____ (go) to see the film. ⑥He was busy _preparing___ (prepare) his lessons
主动表被动:
① The room wants _cleaning____ (clean). ② The method needs _improving__ (improve).
③ This pair of shoes require __mending___ (mend).
④ The problem needs_working out_ (work out).
⑤ The question is well worth _discussing____ (discuss)
d）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动
作”。当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon. What would you like to eat tonight?
动名词的复合结构
动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复
合结构或动名词短语
a.动名词复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格或形容词性的物主代词。例如：
Nixon’s visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations.尼克松访问中国标志着中美外交关系进入一个新的时代
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
b. 在口语和非正式语体中，只要不是作主语，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人
称代词宾格。例如： The doctor does not mind me /my eating a little meat occasionally.
分词
（一）分词的作用 现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。
1．作定语
Do you know the boy standing at the gate?
Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？
2．作表语
We are excited at the news.
The news he told us is exciting.
3．作宾语补足语
I heard him singing a song in the classroom.
We found the ground covered with snow.
4．作状语
While lying in bed, he listened to some music.
Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.
分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。
现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别:现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成
1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.
(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.
2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.(When they heard the bad news)
3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. (If they had been given more attention)
4. I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 
Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep. (Because he was so angry)
They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. (and they were singing laughing)
To serve the people well, I study hard. (In order to serve the people well)
（二）分词的时态
现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。
现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：
Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.
现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用作状语。例如：
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
（三）现在分词的被动式
被动一般式 being done 被动完成式 having been done
This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city.
Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.
（四）分词的否定形式
分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：
Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.
Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.
（五）分词独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：
Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.
The meeting being over, they all left the room.
Given more time, we could do it better.
The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.
She stood there, book in hand.
Everybody at home, we sat down to dinner.
由There being +主语 这种结构多表示原因。例如：
There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till midnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。
with + 复合宾语结构
（1）with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 Don’t speak with your mouth full.
（2）with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词 The square looks more beautiful than ever with the lights on.
（3）with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语 He was asleep with his head on his arms.
（4）with + 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.
With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains.
（5）with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式 With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.
（6）with + 名词 / 代词 + -en分词 With his matter settled, we left the room.
【2012全国卷II】⒑ Tony lent me the money, ___ that I’d do as much for him.
A. hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped
【答案】A
【2012全国卷II】⒖ The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy
___ anything that happened to be on.
A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched
【答案】A
【2012安徽】24. I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked
【答案】B
【2012安徽】30. When for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he
found it very interesting and rewarding.
A. asking B. asked C. having asked D. to be asked
【答案】B
【2012重庆】23. ______to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked
【答案】A
【2012重庆】28. We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A. to be made B. being made
C. made D. having been made
【答案】A
【2012全国】28. The party will be held in the garden, weather .
A. permitting B. to permit
C. permitted D. permit
【答案】A
【2012全国】32. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting.
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to
【答案】D
【2012北京】23. One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting
【答案】D
【2012北京】27. _______ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use
【答案】C
【2012北京】31. ______ at the door before you enter my room, please.
A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock
【答案】A
【2012福建】28. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ________ in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacking
C. being attacked D. having been attacked
【答案】C
【2012福建】34. Pressed from his parents, and ____ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized
【答案】A
【2012陕西】15. _______ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.
A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand
【答案】A
【2012陕西】22. If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _____ an even greater challenge.
A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet
【答案】D
【2012山东】26. George returned after the war, only _______ that his wife had left him.
A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told
【答案】A
【2012山东】35. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _____.
A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide
【答案】B
【2012湖南】21. We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs ____ to achieve the final success.
A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do
【答案】C
【2012湖南】23. Time, ______ correctly, is money in the bank.
A. to use B. used C. using D. use
【答案】B
【2012湖南】31. The lecture, _____ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
A. starting B. being starting C. to start D. to be started
【答案】A
【2012天津】11. He got up late and hurried to his office, ______ the breakfast untouched.
A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left
【答案】C
【2012江西】33. Having finished her project, she was invited by the school _____ to the new students.
A. speaking B. having spoken C. to speak D. to have spoken
【答案】C
【2012江西】35. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _____ him it.
A. offered B. offering C. to offer D. to be offered
【答案】B
【2012辽宁】25. The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog ____.
A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows
【答案】B
【2012辽宁】29. This machine is very easy ______. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate
【答案】D
【2012四川】6. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _____ his plane high up in the sky.
A. finding B. to find C. being found D. to have found
【答案】B
【2012四川】8. I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound
【答案】C
【2012四川】12. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ____.
A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash
【答案】A
【2012浙江】3. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ____ silent.
A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain
【答案】D
【2012浙江】8. I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or ____ his job.
A. quits B. to quit C. quitting D. quit
【答案】D
【2012浙江】11. “It’s such a nice place,” Mother said as she sat at the table _____ for customers.
A. to be reserved B. having reserved C. reserving D. reserved
【答案】D
【2012江苏】31. ______ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it soon or later.
A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base
【答案】B
1． ________ in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
A．To found B．Founding
C．Founded D．Having founded
2． Lionel Messi，________the record for the most goals in a calendar year，is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A．set B．setting
C．to set D．having set
3． There are some health problems that，when ________ in time，can become bigger ones later on.
A．not treated B．not being treated
C．not to be treated D．not having been treated
4． ________ which university to attend，the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A．Not knowing B．Knowing not
C．Not known D．Known not
5． The airport ________ next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A．being completed B．to be completed
C．completed D．having been completed
6． Let those in need ________ that we will go all out to help them.
A．to understand B．understand
C．understanding D．understood
7． The witnesses ________ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A．questioned B．being questioned
C．to be questioned D．having questioned
8． I got to the office earlier that day，________the 7∶30 train from Paddington.
A．caught B．to have caught
C．to catch D．having caught
9． Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives，including your own.
A．change B．changing
C．changed D．to change[来源:学科网ZXXK]
10．________ the course very difficult，she decided to move to a lower level.
A．Find B．Finding
C．To find D．Found
1． 答案　C
解析　句意为：这所学校创建于20世纪早期，它一直激励着孩子们对于艺术的热爱。the school与found之间构成被动关系，故应用过去分词表被动。
2． 答案　D　
解析　考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：在一个日历年度创下了最多的进球纪录，莱昂内尔·梅西被认为是欧洲最有才华的足球运动员。由句意知，“创纪录”在先，“被认为是最有才华的足球运动员”在后，故用现在分词的完成时。
3． 答案　A
解析　句意为：有些健康问题，如果不及时处理，以后会变得更严重。when not treated in time为插入语，在本句中为时间状语从句，把that can become bigger ones later on这个定语从句给隔开了。when引导时间状语从句时，可以出现省略的现象，但必须满足两个条件：首先，时间状语从句中的主语必须和主句主语一致；其次，从句中含有be动词。本句补充完整的状语从句为：when they are not treated in time，其他选项形式不对。故答案为A项。
4． 答案　A
解析　句意为：因为不知道该上哪所大学，女孩求助于老师。句子主语the girl和动词know之间是主谓关系，所以应该用动词­ing形式作状语，而动词­ing形式的否定式是在其前加not，所以选A，从而排除B和表示动宾关系的C和D。
5． 答案　B
解析　句意为：明年将要竣工的机场将有助于促进这个地区旅游业的发展。本题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。由next year知机场将要竣工而不是正在竣工，也不是已竣工，故选B项。
6． 答案　B
解析　句意为：要让那些需要帮助的人认识到我们会全力以赴地帮助他们。let后跟不带to的不定式。
7． 答案　A
解析　句意为：刚被警察询问过的目击者们对这场打斗描述得截然不同。目击者应当是被询问，故D项排除。选项A“询问过的”；选项B“正在被询问的”；选项C“将要被询问的”。
8． 答案　D
解析　句意为：因为赶上了来自帕丁顿的7∶30的火车，那天我很早就到达了办公室。此处为现在分词短语作原因状语，因为catch这一动作发生在谓语got to之前，故用现在分词的完成时。
9． 答案　D
解析　考查非谓语动词作定语。a chance to do sth.做某事的机会。
10．答案　B
解析　考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：发现这门课程很难，她决定转向难度更低的课程。本句主语she与find之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语。