高中英语语法讲义——句子成分及结构
展开英语句子成分及句子结构
英语句子基本构成成分：
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如I ,we, he, she, they ），数词、动词不定式，动名词等。最常用的便是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式。主语一般在句首。
(1)名词作主语
English is very important. 英语是很重要的。
The students all love their English teacher. ‘
这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。
(2)代词作主语
They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。
(3)动名词作主语
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。
It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。
(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It is necessary to master a foreign language.
掌握一门外语是很必要的
谓语：谓语由动词构成，谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上，一般在主语之后。
（1）及物动词作谓语
We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
（2）不及物动词作谓语
You’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。
（3）连系动词作谓语
He looks worried.他看起来很担心。
The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。
(4) 复合谓语：
① 由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
② 由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：
Do you speak English？
They are working in a field.
He has caught a bad cold.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语成分一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是”代词宾格” 如：me, us, him ，her ,them
I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。
I saw him yesterday. （代词）昨天我看到他了。
I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。
He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短语）他想要一杯茶。
We hoped that you would stay for a few days.
我们希望你能多待几天的。
直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如：
He gave me some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。
间接宾语 直接宾语
Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
间接宾语 直接宾语
表语：与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：
The flower is beautiful.
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。
The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport.
你只需从机场打个的即可。
My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。
定语：定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。
如：1) His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。（代词）
2) Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。（数词）
3) The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树下的那个女孩是凯特。（介词短语）
4) I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。
5)This is a green cup.这是一个绿色的杯子。（形容词）
6）The people here are very friendly.（副词）这里的人们非常友好。
7) Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的东西吗？（不定式）
8) A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。（V-ing）
9) The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. （过去分词）
送往委员会的建议被采纳了。
10) Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? （定从）
你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？
状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、原因、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
(1) 时间状语
I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。
Hearing the news, they felt very excited.
听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。
Jim went to Shanghai yesterday. ( 时间状语，句末 )
(2) 地点状语
Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。
I met him in the street. ( 地点状语)
(3) 程度状语
He is quite young. （修饰adj.，放在adj.前）
(4) 目的状语
We’ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.
这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。
He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.
他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。
She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.
她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。
(5) 方式状语
We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。
Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。
(6) 让步状语
Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.
虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。
No matter what happens, I will never lose heart.
无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。
(7) 条件状语
If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind the others.
假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。
Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.
如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。
(8) 原因状语
We didn’t go to the park because of the bad weather.
由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。
Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
由于病了，他没有去上学。
(9) 结果状语
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸步难行。
He left early, so that he caught the train.
他早早地离去，(结果) 因此赶上了火车。
(10) 伴随状语
The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm.
这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。
补语：补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
1）We call her Xiao Li. （名词）
宾语 宾语补足语
2）You must keep the room clean and tidy. （形容词）
宾语 宾语补足语
3）John asked me to help him with his Chinese. （动词不定式）
宾语 宾语补足语
4）I will have my hair cut tomorrow. （过去分词）
宾语 宾语补足语
5）We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now. （v-ing）
宾语 宾语补足语
6) Rain makes plants grow. 雨水使植物生长。（动词原形）
宾语 宾补
注意: 后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, sound, 等)，使役动词(如 let, have, make 等)，动词不定式不带 to。
英语中的五种基本句型结构
一、 句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语)
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump,
arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。
如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。
2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.
3）Spring is coming.
4) We have lived in the city for ten years.
5) The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语)
这种句型主要用来表示主语的身份、特点等。
其系动词一般可分为下列两类：
(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：
1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。
2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。
3) The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。
(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：
1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.
春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。
2) The tree has grown much taller than before.
这棵树比以前长得高多了。
3) His face turned red. 他的脸红了。
三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) ＋ Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：
1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)
当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）
她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。
4) She likes watching TV.（动名词）
她喜欢看电视。
5）I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)
我不知道下一步该干什么。
注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。
四、句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语)
这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。
引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。
如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。
2）The old man always tells the children stories about the
heroes in the Long March.
老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。
3）Sandy gave the dog some food.
桑迪给狗喂了些食物。
上述句子还可以表达为：
1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the
children in the Long March.
3）Sandy gave some food to the dog.
五、句型5： Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语)
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：
1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. （形容词）
你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。
2) They painted the door green. (形容词) 他们把门漆成绿色。
3) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。
4) What makes him think so? （动词原形） 他怎么会这样想？
5) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)
他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
6）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)
7) I saw a cat running across the road. (现在分词)
我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
8) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词)
昨天我跟两个美国人合了张影。
9）I found it difficult to learn English.
（形容词。It充当形式宾语，to learn English是真正的宾语。）
我发现学英语很难。
简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀：
英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。
句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。
系词之后接表语，不及物后无需连。
及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。
还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。
Exercises:
指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。
1．We all study hard at English.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语
2．Betty likes her new bike very much.
A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语
3．My brother is a policeman.
A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语
4．Were you at home last night?
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
5．Winter is the coldest season of the year.
A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
6．He often walks in the park.
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语
7．Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
8．He bought me a nice present last week.
A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
9．His parents are doctors.
A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语
10．I’ll get you some tea now.
A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
11．My mother told us an interesting story last night.
A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
12．He has read the book twice.
A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语
13．They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.
A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语
14．Do you have something to eat ?
A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补
15．We made him our monitor.
A.宾语 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补
Exercises:
指出下列句子的基本类型
1．They are listening.
2．My mother is fifty now.
3．I have bought three books.
4．My friend gave me a birthday present.
5．I painted the wall white.
6．The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.
7．They arrived at six o’clock.
8．The map is on the wall
9．Children often sing this song.
10．Mr Wu teaches us English.
11．She showed her friends all her pictures.
12．I find him a lovely boy.
请朗读以下句子，划分下列句子的成分，并指出他们分别属于简单句中的哪种。
1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.
2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.
3. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.
4. The new rule came out.
5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.
6. They can stop using plastic bags.
7. What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation.
8. Shops don’t offer free plastic bags to their consumers.
9. Hong Kong and Australia are considering measures to curb plastic bag litter.
10. Chinese consumers have gotten used to free plastic shopping bags.
