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高中英语语法入门词类及句子成分 教案
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词类及句子成分
² 词类
实
词
名称
用途
例词
句法作用
名词
n.(noun)
表示人或事物的名称
boy, book, table, man
主、表、宾、补、定、同
代词pron.(pronoun)
代替名词、形容词或数词
I, you, it, we, their
主、宾、表、补、定、同
数词num.(numeral)
表示数目或顺序
one, two, twenty, third, fifth
主、表、宾、定、同
动词
v.(verb)
表示动作或状态
work, study,
谓语动词：谓
interesting, injured
非谓语动词：主、表、宾、补、定、状
形容词adj.(adjective)
修饰名词，表示人、物的性质或特征
red, long, old, good
表、补、定、补
副词
adv.(adverb)
修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作特征或性状特征
here, very, often, pretty, frequently
表、状
虚
词
冠词
art.(article)
表示名词的泛指或特指
a (an), the
用在名词前帮助说明该名词的含义
介词prep.(preposition)
表示名词、代词等与其它词的关系
in, after, under, on
常与名词或与之相当的词构成介词短语
连词conj.(conjunction)
连接词与词、短语和短语、句子和句子
and, if, but, because
连接词与词、短语与短语、或句与句的作用
感叹词interj.(interjection)
表示说话时的感情或口气
oh, ah, um, ouch
表示说话时产生的情绪
自测：
根据对词类概念的理解，指出下面单词的词类：
1. deep 2. finger 3. fly 4. delicious 5. through
6. first 7. here 8. but 9. ah 10. they
根据常见的后缀辨别下列单词的词性：
1. scientist 2. conversation 3. beautiful 4. loudly 5. famous
6. government 7. lively 8.safety 9.traditional 10. illness
判断下列句子中划线单词的词性：
1. Mary dances well.
2. His father is reading.
3. Nothing can live without water.
4. Mr. Green works in a university.
5. I have had this pen for two years.
6.You may keep this dictionary for two weeks.
知识点应用：
结合所学词类的相关知识，分析空格部分所缺词性。
A. food B. because C. regularly D. asleep E. improve F. change
G. preventing H. stop I. enough J. maintain K. keeping
There are many things you can do to ___1___ your memory, such as using various memorizing methods as well as taking special care of your health.
It is important that you ___2___ stimulate your brain to make your memory more efficient. For example, you can do activities that you do not usually do and ___3___ your daily habits. Learning a new skill helps your brain develop. When trying to memorize something, you should focus your attention and concentrate on the most important things about it. Do not allow other thoughts to enter your mind ___4___ this will lower your chances of remembering things accurately.
An excellent way to help memory is to link information with pictures. Try to see the images in your mind. Taking notes, being organized and ___5___ a diary will also be useful tools.
Healthy ___6___ and plenty of vitamins (维他命) are essential for your memory to work properly. Drinking a lot of water also helps maintain your memory. You must allow your brain to have ___7___ sleep and rest too. When you are ___8___, your brain stores memory. Not enough sleep can, therefore, cause problems with storing information. In addition, being tired will ___9___ you from being able to concentrate well. Caffeine in tea and coffee is very good at ___10___ sleepiness and helping concentration, but some people believe they may cause problems with memory.
In order to concentrate well, you must be relaxed. Generally keeping fit and having regular health checks are both important as well, and not just for improving your memory.
² 句子成分
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语、同位语等。
Ø 主语 (subject)：
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
The sun rises in the east. (名词)
He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. (动名词)
To see is to believe.(不定式)
What he needs is a book.(主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)
自测：
指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
Ø 谓语：
说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He practices running every morning.
2. 复合谓语：
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
(2) 由系动词加表语构成。
We are students.
自测：
选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
Ø 表语：
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste, remain等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
He is a teacher. (名词)
Is it yours? (代词)
Five and five is ten. (数词)
He is asleep. (形容词)
The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)
The speech is exciting. (分词)
His job is to teach English. (不定式)
His hobby is playing football. (动名词)
Time is up. The class is over. (副词)
The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)
自测：
挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon they all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
Ø 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. (代词)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. (数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me. (不定式短语)
I am fond of listening to popular music. (动名词短语)
I think (that)he is fit for his office. (宾语从句)
宾语种类：
(1) 双宾语 (间接宾语+直接宾语)。
Lend me your dictionary, please.
(2) 复合宾语 (宾语+宾补)。
They elected him their monitor.
自测：
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
自测：
挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② He teaches us English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
Ø 补足语：用来补充说明主语或宾语用的。
宾补：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词 (如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
We elected him monitor. (名词)
We will make them happy. (形容词)
We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. (介词短语)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)
自测：
1.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑤ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
2.翻译
1. 我觉得很难解出这道数学题。(work out)
2. 对电子产品一无所知，我发现自己落伍了。(find)
3. 家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏。(play)
4. 安全系统不会允许你进入大楼，除非你有正确的密码。(unless)
Ø 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分表示：
Tom is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world.(数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well.(不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
自测：
挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
定语知识点应用：
写作技巧之：扩词
名词在写作中出现频率很高，为了让作文更加丰满，我们应该首先让名词丰满起来。一般名词的扩词方法有三种：
1) 用形容词、名词等修饰，置于所修饰名词前面。
比如，Jane is a girl.
我们可加入定语成分更确切地描述，并适当对修饰名词的词汇进行升级。
修饰人或物的词汇可以有：attractive, amazing, breath-taking, fantastic等。
2) 用短语修饰名词，置于所修饰名词的后面。
比如，Jane is an amazing girl.
名词girl除了可以用形容词来修饰外，还可以用后置短语来修饰。我们可选用介词短语“with long hair”作为girl的后置定语。
Jane is an amazing girl with long hair.
3) 用定语从句修饰名词。
Jane, who impressed me a lot, is an amazing girl with long hair.
Ø 状语：
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly. (副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语)
Once you begin, you must continue. (状语从句)
自测：
指出下列划线部分的状语种类
1. I will go there tomorrow.
2. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
3. The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
4. He studies hard to learn English well.
5. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
6. I like some of you very much.
7. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
8. He goes to school by bike.
9. Though he is young, he can do it well.
10. She runs as fast as he does.
状语知识点应用：
1. 用适当的连词填空
1. John shut everybody out of the kitchen ______ ______he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
2. ________ you try, you will never succeed.
3. I will tell him the news ______ ______ ______ he comes back
4. I was about to leave my house ________ the phone rang.
5. ________ we have tried our best, we lost the game.
2.翻译
1. 由于粗心大意，汤姆错过了这个机会。(miss)
2. 他在实验中多次失败，但他相信失败是成功之母。( fail)
3. 你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once)
Ø 同位语：
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive)。这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。
1. 名词用作同位语是大量的。
We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。
2. 代词用作同位语。
They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。
3. 数词用作同位语。
Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？
4. 不定式与动名词用作同位语。
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。
5. 从句用同位语，即同位语从句
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。
自测：
划出下列句中的同位语
1. We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
2. They each have an English-Chinese dictionary.
3. They two went, we three stayed behind.
4. Their latest suggestion, to focus on primary education, has met with some opposition.
5. We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.
随堂检测
(I) 语法填空
1. 指出划线部分在句中充当的句子成分。
1.He asked me to come to school very early.
2.There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.
3.He must be at home now.
4.He wanted to buy some more bananas.
5.The boy on the bike is my little son.
6.You must leave at the moment.
7.Eating too much is bad for health.
8.After running, he felt tired.
9.I found it difficult to learn English.
10.In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.
2.分析下列句子成分。
1. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
2. All of us considered him honest.
3. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
4. He broke a piece of glass.
5. He made it clear that he would leave the city.
3. 分析句子成分。
判断下列各句中的定语、状语、补语和表语成分：定语( )，状语[ ]，表语和宾语补足语< >。
1) Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.
2) When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.
3) You wouldn't believe the stuff people will buy.
4) The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful.
5) Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles often costs Americans as much as $2,000 every year.
6) Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.
7) With manners, the best rule is the one that works.
8) Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
9) The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
10) It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches.
4. 词性转换。
1. The girl over there is the most _________ member in our school singing group. (act)
2. Today many Chinese children are having a happy life with their parents while thousands of _________ children in Iraq are having a hard life. (home)
3. We all like our class teacher because he is a man with a good _________. (person)
4. These _________ showed great interest in the history of China. (Egypt)
5. He always makes his car _________ clean so that it looks like a new one. (spot)
6. Today’s homework is to _________ these new words we have learnt. (memory)
7. The two ways are _________ very similar. (basic)
8. They looked _________ at the police at the station. (worry)
9. We often have _________ talks in our English class. (day)
10. It’s common _________ that the sun sets down in the west. (know)
11. The factory has received many _________ for letting out dirty water. (complain)
12. Mary says she wants to be a _________. (type)
13. She can play wonderful music and never has a _________(fail) in her performance.
14. Shanghai gave the world a successful and _________ World Expo. (forget)
15. The government will _________ the road in the following months. (wide)
5. 用所给词的正确形式填空。
It was a rainy morning two years ago. Shirley Huxham was cycling ___1___ (gentle) downhill. As she waved to a friend, her bike slid uncontrollably on the wet road, throwing her to the ground. “I’d never even thought of buying a helmet,” she says. For months she was partly paralysed (瘫痪) down her left side and still has ___2___ (healthy) problems today.
Some might think that Shirley was just unlucky. How ___3___ (danger) can it be to fall from a bicycle? In fact, each year on Britain’s roads more than 200 people are killed and at least 4,000 seriously injured on bicycles. But these numbers don’t tell the whole story: the majority of the ___4___ (die) and injured were not wearing helmets.
A study of bicycle accidents in the US found that helmets could ___5___ (reduction) the risk of serious head injury by 85 percent. Yet it is estimated that in Britain, no more than five percent of bicycle ___6___ (ride) wear helmets. Why don’t more cyclists wear ___7___ (they)?
People think that helmets look foolish, that they’re ___8___ (convenient), and that accidents only happen to other people.
One of the wrong ideas bicyclists have is that lower speeds can put them at less risk than motorcyclists, who are legally obliged to wear helmets. In fact, according to a British report, a higher percentage of bicyclists than motorcyclists suffer head injuries. And their injuries can be just as severe.
Helmets, however, can make a big ___9___ (different). Shirley wasn’t just ___10___(luck). If she had worn a helmet, she wouldn’t have spent months in hospital. Why take the risk?
6. 改为同义句
1. Jack is a young man full of energy.
Jack is a young __________ man.
2. We must be confident at any time.
We must be full of __________ at any time.
3. It is possible for them to win the game.
There is __________ that they will win the game.
4. His dream has come true finally.
He has turned his dream into __________ finally .
He has __________ his dream finally.
5. As society develops, people’s living standard is increasing.
With the __________ of society, people’s living standard is increasing.
6. To be honest, I don’t think we can a chance of winning.
__________, I don’t think we can a chance of winning.
7. The school is being constructed.
The school is under __________.
8. The project can benefit the local people.
The project can be __________ to the local people.
9. The book is very important.
The book is of great __________.
10. Because he was angry, he left without a word.
He left without a word because of __________.
7. 翻译。
1. 尽可能地多看书，你的作文会有进步的。(and)
2. 经过两个小时的讨论，他们决定向经理投诉这件事情。(complain)
3. 随着生活水平的提高，人们越来越关心生活质量。(concern)
4. 我们都没料到校长会出现在晚会上。(expect)
5. 要教育人们注意保护环境并不容易。(educate)
课堂小结
1.词类有名词，代词，动词，形容词，副词，数词，连词，介词，冠词，感叹词等。
2.句子成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。同位语等。
3.句子成分与不同的词类相互对应，在分析句子时应充分考虑各词类在句中充当的成分，保持句子的准确性与有效性。
加油站
I. 选词填空
(A)
A. wastes B. advantage C. discount D. delicious E. mean F. especially
G. cheaper H. cost I. attracted J. easily K. sent
Shopping used to __1__ actually going to shops, but nowadays, you can shop without even leaving your house. Just sit in front of your computer, click your mouse and your things will be__2__ to your house in a couple of days.
November 11th is a big day for people who like shopping online. On that day last year, many online stores offered a big __3__ and free delivery service. The biggest online shopping sites in China, Taobao.com. and Tmall.com., sold things worth 19.1 billion yuan in total.
“Goods online are often much __4__. It also saves me a lot of time. And we often have more goods on many online stores than in shopping malls,” Wang Xin, an online shopping lover in Beijing, said to China Daily. She stayed up very late for a lot of cheap goods online. She spent several thousand on what she bought that day.
Another big __5__ of online shopping is that it helps people get things from different cities, even different countries, with ease 轻松地). “I like eating duck neck very much and I often buy it on Taobao from shops in Wuhan. It’s much more __6__ than what our local (当地的) stores sell, but cheaper,” said Zang Xin, a girl in Yangzhou.
While enjoying online shopping, many people also have worries, __7__ for middle school student buyers. Young students are easily __8__ by advertisements on the Internet and buy things they don’t need.
“Middle school students should pay attention to their study. Searching for things __9__ their time,” said Jing Chunling, an education expert. “In addition, online shop owners have no idea of the ages of their buyers. Anyone can __10__ buy things that they want to. Some of goods are even bad for young students such as cigarettes and wine.”
(B)
A. fights B. destroy C. crossing D. fierce E. promised
F. giving G. called H. powerful I. protect J. setting K. payments
The Indians of the plains depended on the buffalo (野牛) for almost everything they needed. And they were __1__ fighters. The Plains Indians did not want white men __2__ their hunting lands. They often tried to __3__ the wagon trains (车队) carrying settlers to California and Oregon.
The army was given the job of keeping peace in this difficult Indian country of the western plains. Soldiers were sent out to build forts and roads. They tried to __4__ the wagon trains from Indian attacks. They tried to keep white settlers from invading Indian land. There were many __5__ between the soldiers and the plains Indians. The soldiers had more powerful weapons. They usually won.
Some Plains Indians tried to live peacefully with the white men. One such group was part of the Sioux tribe (部落), __6__ Santee Sioux. It was the largest and most __7__ group in the west.
The Santee Sioux lived along the northeastern edge of the Great Plains in what is now the state of Minnesota. They signed treaties with the government __8__ up ninety percent of their land. The Santee __9__ to live in a small area. In exchange, the United States agreed to make yearly __10__ to the tribe. This made it possible for the Indians to buy food and other things from white traders.
师生总结
本次课学习了词类及句子各种成分，通过不同题型的练习了解句子成分的知识在各综合题中的应用，提高对语篇中句子结构的辨析与处理。
课后作业
Homework
1. 复习讲义相关知识点讲解；
2. 背诵相关的词汇和句型，下次上课前十分钟默写；
3. 完成家庭作业。
I. Sentence Elements
A. subject 主语 B. predicate 谓语 C. object 宾语 D. predicative 表语
E. adverbial 状语 F. complement 补语 G. attributive 定语 H. appositive 同位语
E= AB F=AC G=AD H=BC
( )1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
( )2. He practices running every morning to keep fit.
( )3. His job is to teach English.
( )4. Smoking does harm to the health.
( )5. They made him their team leader.
( )6. You may keep the book for two weeks.
( )7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
( )8. Mr. White, the book-seller, is a rich man.
( )9. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.
( )10. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
( )11. It was a conference fruitful of results.
( )12. I enjoy listening to popular music.
( )13. He is the only person in the room whom I want to see.
( )14. I think(that)he is fit for his office work.
( )15. My suggestion is that all of us attend the meeting.
( )16.The dog which I kicked bit me.
( )17.He has lived in the city for ten years.
( )18.The method proved impracticable.
( )19. Students brave enough to take this course deserve to succeed.
( )20. In spite of the fact that prices have risen rapidly, the number of tourists is greater than ever.
Ⅱ. 词性转换
1. Last night, a _________ happened in our housing estate. (thief)
2. Two _________ have gone during the big storm. (fish)
3. Chinese people always show their _________ to foreigners. (friend)
4. It’s not a good day today. It’s _________. (fog)
5. The farmer looked even _________ when he learnt all the crops had been destroyed. (sadly)
6. My brother’s ambition is to fly a plane. He will _________ be a pilot in the future. (probable)
7. We often call computers _________ brains. (electric)
8. It is _________ for us to learn Chinese very well. (need)
9. The doctors tried their best to save the _________ man. (die)
10. My friends will wait for me at the _________ to the exhibition. (enter)
Ⅲ. Read the text below. Use the word given in the brackets to form a word that fits in the space.
Many writing workshops have been set up in the U.S. for troubled young people. They have found that ___1___ (create) writing can inspire kids and help to make their lives better than before. Take, for example, Runaway with Words, a ___2___ (fame) poetry for at-risk young people. A professor and a graduate of Florida State University started the workshop in 1991 to help troubled teens talk about their problems and feelings.
For some teens, write about ___3___ (them) was easier than talking. It turned out that they had a lot to express. They discovered that writing was a good way to give ___4___ (express) to their feelings. They wrote about tough subjects, such as poverty, ___5___ (angry), guilt and fear.
Runaway with words, which runs ___6___ (successful), is now a nationwide poetry workshop. Over the years, thousands of troubled kids have learned that putting their feelings into words helps them with ___7___ (happy) experiences. Young people have also learned new writing skills, such as how to ___8___ (description) their feelings. These skills help the young writers gain control over their emotions. “This workshop changes lives,” says one teacher.
The young people’s skills are measured before and after they take the Runaway with Words workshop. Because of the workshop, most of them improve their ___9___ (able) to read. Many of them also stop having problems with the law. Writing helps them learn ways other than ___10___ (violent) to deal with their problems.
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² 词类
实
词
名称
用途
例词
句法作用
名词
n.(noun)
表示人或事物的名称
boy, book, table, man
主、表、宾、补、定、同
代词pron.(pronoun)
代替名词、形容词或数词
I, you, it, we, their
主、宾、表、补、定、同
数词num.(numeral)
表示数目或顺序
one, two, twenty, third, fifth
主、表、宾、定、同
动词
v.(verb)
表示动作或状态
work, study,
谓语动词：谓
interesting, injured
非谓语动词：主、表、宾、补、定、状
形容词adj.(adjective)
修饰名词，表示人、物的性质或特征
red, long, old, good
表、补、定、补
副词
adv.(adverb)
修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作特征或性状特征
here, very, often, pretty, frequently
表、状
虚
词
冠词
art.(article)
表示名词的泛指或特指
a (an), the
用在名词前帮助说明该名词的含义
介词prep.(preposition)
表示名词、代词等与其它词的关系
in, after, under, on
常与名词或与之相当的词构成介词短语
连词conj.(conjunction)
连接词与词、短语和短语、句子和句子
and, if, but, because
连接词与词、短语与短语、或句与句的作用
感叹词interj.(interjection)
表示说话时的感情或口气
oh, ah, um, ouch
表示说话时产生的情绪
自测：
根据对词类概念的理解，指出下面单词的词类：
1. deep 2. finger 3. fly 4. delicious 5. through
6. first 7. here 8. but 9. ah 10. they
根据常见的后缀辨别下列单词的词性：
1. scientist 2. conversation 3. beautiful 4. loudly 5. famous
6. government 7. lively 8.safety 9.traditional 10. illness
判断下列句子中划线单词的词性：
1. Mary dances well.
2. His father is reading.
3. Nothing can live without water.
4. Mr. Green works in a university.
5. I have had this pen for two years.
6.You may keep this dictionary for two weeks.
知识点应用：
结合所学词类的相关知识，分析空格部分所缺词性。
A. food B. because C. regularly D. asleep E. improve F. change
G. preventing H. stop I. enough J. maintain K. keeping
There are many things you can do to ___1___ your memory, such as using various memorizing methods as well as taking special care of your health.
It is important that you ___2___ stimulate your brain to make your memory more efficient. For example, you can do activities that you do not usually do and ___3___ your daily habits. Learning a new skill helps your brain develop. When trying to memorize something, you should focus your attention and concentrate on the most important things about it. Do not allow other thoughts to enter your mind ___4___ this will lower your chances of remembering things accurately.
An excellent way to help memory is to link information with pictures. Try to see the images in your mind. Taking notes, being organized and ___5___ a diary will also be useful tools.
Healthy ___6___ and plenty of vitamins (维他命) are essential for your memory to work properly. Drinking a lot of water also helps maintain your memory. You must allow your brain to have ___7___ sleep and rest too. When you are ___8___, your brain stores memory. Not enough sleep can, therefore, cause problems with storing information. In addition, being tired will ___9___ you from being able to concentrate well. Caffeine in tea and coffee is very good at ___10___ sleepiness and helping concentration, but some people believe they may cause problems with memory.
In order to concentrate well, you must be relaxed. Generally keeping fit and having regular health checks are both important as well, and not just for improving your memory.
² 句子成分
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语、同位语等。
Ø 主语 (subject)：
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
The sun rises in the east. (名词)
He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. (动名词)
To see is to believe.(不定式)
What he needs is a book.(主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)
自测：
指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
Ø 谓语：
说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He practices running every morning.
2. 复合谓语：
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
(2) 由系动词加表语构成。
We are students.
自测：
选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
Ø 表语：
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste, remain等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
He is a teacher. (名词)
Is it yours? (代词)
Five and five is ten. (数词)
He is asleep. (形容词)
The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)
The speech is exciting. (分词)
His job is to teach English. (不定式)
His hobby is playing football. (动名词)
Time is up. The class is over. (副词)
The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)
自测：
挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon they all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
Ø 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. (代词)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. (数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me. (不定式短语)
I am fond of listening to popular music. (动名词短语)
I think (that)he is fit for his office. (宾语从句)
宾语种类：
(1) 双宾语 (间接宾语+直接宾语)。
Lend me your dictionary, please.
(2) 复合宾语 (宾语+宾补)。
They elected him their monitor.
自测：
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
自测：
挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② He teaches us English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
Ø 补足语：用来补充说明主语或宾语用的。
宾补：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词 (如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
We elected him monitor. (名词)
We will make them happy. (形容词)
We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. (介词短语)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)
自测：
1.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑤ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
2.翻译
1. 我觉得很难解出这道数学题。(work out)
2. 对电子产品一无所知，我发现自己落伍了。(find)
3. 家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏。(play)
4. 安全系统不会允许你进入大楼，除非你有正确的密码。(unless)
Ø 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分表示：
Tom is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world.(数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well.(不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
自测：
挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
定语知识点应用：
写作技巧之：扩词
名词在写作中出现频率很高，为了让作文更加丰满，我们应该首先让名词丰满起来。一般名词的扩词方法有三种：
1) 用形容词、名词等修饰，置于所修饰名词前面。
比如，Jane is a girl.
我们可加入定语成分更确切地描述，并适当对修饰名词的词汇进行升级。
修饰人或物的词汇可以有：attractive, amazing, breath-taking, fantastic等。
2) 用短语修饰名词，置于所修饰名词的后面。
比如，Jane is an amazing girl.
名词girl除了可以用形容词来修饰外，还可以用后置短语来修饰。我们可选用介词短语“with long hair”作为girl的后置定语。
Jane is an amazing girl with long hair.
3) 用定语从句修饰名词。
Jane, who impressed me a lot, is an amazing girl with long hair.
Ø 状语：
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly. (副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语)
Once you begin, you must continue. (状语从句)
自测：
指出下列划线部分的状语种类
1. I will go there tomorrow.
2. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
3. The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
4. He studies hard to learn English well.
5. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
6. I like some of you very much.
7. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
8. He goes to school by bike.
9. Though he is young, he can do it well.
10. She runs as fast as he does.
状语知识点应用：
1. 用适当的连词填空
1. John shut everybody out of the kitchen ______ ______he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
2. ________ you try, you will never succeed.
3. I will tell him the news ______ ______ ______ he comes back
4. I was about to leave my house ________ the phone rang.
5. ________ we have tried our best, we lost the game.
2.翻译
1. 由于粗心大意，汤姆错过了这个机会。(miss)
2. 他在实验中多次失败，但他相信失败是成功之母。( fail)
3. 你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once)
Ø 同位语：
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive)。这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。
1. 名词用作同位语是大量的。
We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。
2. 代词用作同位语。
They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。
3. 数词用作同位语。
Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？
4. 不定式与动名词用作同位语。
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。
5. 从句用同位语，即同位语从句
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。
自测：
划出下列句中的同位语
1. We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
2. They each have an English-Chinese dictionary.
3. They two went, we three stayed behind.
4. Their latest suggestion, to focus on primary education, has met with some opposition.
5. We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.
随堂检测
(I) 语法填空
1. 指出划线部分在句中充当的句子成分。
1.He asked me to come to school very early.
2.There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.
3.He must be at home now.
4.He wanted to buy some more bananas.
5.The boy on the bike is my little son.
6.You must leave at the moment.
7.Eating too much is bad for health.
8.After running, he felt tired.
9.I found it difficult to learn English.
10.In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.
2.分析下列句子成分。
1. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
2. All of us considered him honest.
3. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
4. He broke a piece of glass.
5. He made it clear that he would leave the city.
3. 分析句子成分。
判断下列各句中的定语、状语、补语和表语成分：定语( )，状语[ ]，表语和宾语补足语< >。
1) Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.
2) When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.
3) You wouldn't believe the stuff people will buy.
4) The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful.
5) Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles often costs Americans as much as $2,000 every year.
6) Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.
7) With manners, the best rule is the one that works.
8) Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
9) The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
10) It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches.
4. 词性转换。
1. The girl over there is the most _________ member in our school singing group. (act)
2. Today many Chinese children are having a happy life with their parents while thousands of _________ children in Iraq are having a hard life. (home)
3. We all like our class teacher because he is a man with a good _________. (person)
4. These _________ showed great interest in the history of China. (Egypt)
5. He always makes his car _________ clean so that it looks like a new one. (spot)
6. Today’s homework is to _________ these new words we have learnt. (memory)
7. The two ways are _________ very similar. (basic)
8. They looked _________ at the police at the station. (worry)
9. We often have _________ talks in our English class. (day)
10. It’s common _________ that the sun sets down in the west. (know)
11. The factory has received many _________ for letting out dirty water. (complain)
12. Mary says she wants to be a _________. (type)
13. She can play wonderful music and never has a _________(fail) in her performance.
14. Shanghai gave the world a successful and _________ World Expo. (forget)
15. The government will _________ the road in the following months. (wide)
5. 用所给词的正确形式填空。
It was a rainy morning two years ago. Shirley Huxham was cycling ___1___ (gentle) downhill. As she waved to a friend, her bike slid uncontrollably on the wet road, throwing her to the ground. “I’d never even thought of buying a helmet,” she says. For months she was partly paralysed (瘫痪) down her left side and still has ___2___ (healthy) problems today.
Some might think that Shirley was just unlucky. How ___3___ (danger) can it be to fall from a bicycle? In fact, each year on Britain’s roads more than 200 people are killed and at least 4,000 seriously injured on bicycles. But these numbers don’t tell the whole story: the majority of the ___4___ (die) and injured were not wearing helmets.
A study of bicycle accidents in the US found that helmets could ___5___ (reduction) the risk of serious head injury by 85 percent. Yet it is estimated that in Britain, no more than five percent of bicycle ___6___ (ride) wear helmets. Why don’t more cyclists wear ___7___ (they)?
People think that helmets look foolish, that they’re ___8___ (convenient), and that accidents only happen to other people.
One of the wrong ideas bicyclists have is that lower speeds can put them at less risk than motorcyclists, who are legally obliged to wear helmets. In fact, according to a British report, a higher percentage of bicyclists than motorcyclists suffer head injuries. And their injuries can be just as severe.
Helmets, however, can make a big ___9___ (different). Shirley wasn’t just ___10___(luck). If she had worn a helmet, she wouldn’t have spent months in hospital. Why take the risk?
6. 改为同义句
1. Jack is a young man full of energy.
Jack is a young __________ man.
2. We must be confident at any time.
We must be full of __________ at any time.
3. It is possible for them to win the game.
There is __________ that they will win the game.
4. His dream has come true finally.
He has turned his dream into __________ finally .
He has __________ his dream finally.
5. As society develops, people’s living standard is increasing.
With the __________ of society, people’s living standard is increasing.
6. To be honest, I don’t think we can a chance of winning.
__________, I don’t think we can a chance of winning.
7. The school is being constructed.
The school is under __________.
8. The project can benefit the local people.
The project can be __________ to the local people.
9. The book is very important.
The book is of great __________.
10. Because he was angry, he left without a word.
He left without a word because of __________.
7. 翻译。
1. 尽可能地多看书，你的作文会有进步的。(and)
2. 经过两个小时的讨论，他们决定向经理投诉这件事情。(complain)
3. 随着生活水平的提高，人们越来越关心生活质量。(concern)
4. 我们都没料到校长会出现在晚会上。(expect)
5. 要教育人们注意保护环境并不容易。(educate)
课堂小结
1.词类有名词，代词，动词，形容词，副词，数词，连词，介词，冠词，感叹词等。
2.句子成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。同位语等。
3.句子成分与不同的词类相互对应，在分析句子时应充分考虑各词类在句中充当的成分，保持句子的准确性与有效性。
加油站
I. 选词填空
(A)
A. wastes B. advantage C. discount D. delicious E. mean F. especially
G. cheaper H. cost I. attracted J. easily K. sent
Shopping used to __1__ actually going to shops, but nowadays, you can shop without even leaving your house. Just sit in front of your computer, click your mouse and your things will be__2__ to your house in a couple of days.
November 11th is a big day for people who like shopping online. On that day last year, many online stores offered a big __3__ and free delivery service. The biggest online shopping sites in China, Taobao.com. and Tmall.com., sold things worth 19.1 billion yuan in total.
“Goods online are often much __4__. It also saves me a lot of time. And we often have more goods on many online stores than in shopping malls,” Wang Xin, an online shopping lover in Beijing, said to China Daily. She stayed up very late for a lot of cheap goods online. She spent several thousand on what she bought that day.
Another big __5__ of online shopping is that it helps people get things from different cities, even different countries, with ease 轻松地). “I like eating duck neck very much and I often buy it on Taobao from shops in Wuhan. It’s much more __6__ than what our local (当地的) stores sell, but cheaper,” said Zang Xin, a girl in Yangzhou.
While enjoying online shopping, many people also have worries, __7__ for middle school student buyers. Young students are easily __8__ by advertisements on the Internet and buy things they don’t need.
“Middle school students should pay attention to their study. Searching for things __9__ their time,” said Jing Chunling, an education expert. “In addition, online shop owners have no idea of the ages of their buyers. Anyone can __10__ buy things that they want to. Some of goods are even bad for young students such as cigarettes and wine.”
(B)
A. fights B. destroy C. crossing D. fierce E. promised
F. giving G. called H. powerful I. protect J. setting K. payments
The Indians of the plains depended on the buffalo (野牛) for almost everything they needed. And they were __1__ fighters. The Plains Indians did not want white men __2__ their hunting lands. They often tried to __3__ the wagon trains (车队) carrying settlers to California and Oregon.
The army was given the job of keeping peace in this difficult Indian country of the western plains. Soldiers were sent out to build forts and roads. They tried to __4__ the wagon trains from Indian attacks. They tried to keep white settlers from invading Indian land. There were many __5__ between the soldiers and the plains Indians. The soldiers had more powerful weapons. They usually won.
Some Plains Indians tried to live peacefully with the white men. One such group was part of the Sioux tribe (部落), __6__ Santee Sioux. It was the largest and most __7__ group in the west.
The Santee Sioux lived along the northeastern edge of the Great Plains in what is now the state of Minnesota. They signed treaties with the government __8__ up ninety percent of their land. The Santee __9__ to live in a small area. In exchange, the United States agreed to make yearly __10__ to the tribe. This made it possible for the Indians to buy food and other things from white traders.
师生总结
本次课学习了词类及句子各种成分，通过不同题型的练习了解句子成分的知识在各综合题中的应用，提高对语篇中句子结构的辨析与处理。
课后作业
Homework
1. 复习讲义相关知识点讲解；
2. 背诵相关的词汇和句型，下次上课前十分钟默写；
3. 完成家庭作业。
I. Sentence Elements
A. subject 主语 B. predicate 谓语 C. object 宾语 D. predicative 表语
E. adverbial 状语 F. complement 补语 G. attributive 定语 H. appositive 同位语
E= AB F=AC G=AD H=BC
( )1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
( )2. He practices running every morning to keep fit.
( )3. His job is to teach English.
( )4. Smoking does harm to the health.
( )5. They made him their team leader.
( )6. You may keep the book for two weeks.
( )7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
( )8. Mr. White, the book-seller, is a rich man.
( )9. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.
( )10. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
( )11. It was a conference fruitful of results.
( )12. I enjoy listening to popular music.
( )13. He is the only person in the room whom I want to see.
( )14. I think(that)he is fit for his office work.
( )15. My suggestion is that all of us attend the meeting.
( )16.The dog which I kicked bit me.
( )17.He has lived in the city for ten years.
( )18.The method proved impracticable.
( )19. Students brave enough to take this course deserve to succeed.
( )20. In spite of the fact that prices have risen rapidly, the number of tourists is greater than ever.
Ⅱ. 词性转换
1. Last night, a _________ happened in our housing estate. (thief)
2. Two _________ have gone during the big storm. (fish)
3. Chinese people always show their _________ to foreigners. (friend)
4. It’s not a good day today. It’s _________. (fog)
5. The farmer looked even _________ when he learnt all the crops had been destroyed. (sadly)
6. My brother’s ambition is to fly a plane. He will _________ be a pilot in the future. (probable)
7. We often call computers _________ brains. (electric)
8. It is _________ for us to learn Chinese very well. (need)
9. The doctors tried their best to save the _________ man. (die)
10. My friends will wait for me at the _________ to the exhibition. (enter)
Ⅲ. Read the text below. Use the word given in the brackets to form a word that fits in the space.
Many writing workshops have been set up in the U.S. for troubled young people. They have found that ___1___ (create) writing can inspire kids and help to make their lives better than before. Take, for example, Runaway with Words, a ___2___ (fame) poetry for at-risk young people. A professor and a graduate of Florida State University started the workshop in 1991 to help troubled teens talk about their problems and feelings.
For some teens, write about ___3___ (them) was easier than talking. It turned out that they had a lot to express. They discovered that writing was a good way to give ___4___ (express) to their feelings. They wrote about tough subjects, such as poverty, ___5___ (angry), guilt and fear.
Runaway with words, which runs ___6___ (successful), is now a nationwide poetry workshop. Over the years, thousands of troubled kids have learned that putting their feelings into words helps them with ___7___ (happy) experiences. Young people have also learned new writing skills, such as how to ___8___ (description) their feelings. These skills help the young writers gain control over their emotions. “This workshop changes lives,” says one teacher.
The young people’s skills are measured before and after they take the Runaway with Words workshop. Because of the workshop, most of them improve their ___9___ (able) to read. Many of them also stop having problems with the law. Writing helps them learn ways other than ___10___ (violent) to deal with their problems.
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