03 阅读理解之说明文20篇——2022-2023学年高一年级英语下学期期末考试真题汇编（全国通用）

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专题03 阅读理解之说明文20篇


Passage 1（2022春·湖南邵阳·高一邵阳市第二中学校考期末）
【话题】一款旨在降低自行车事故率的视觉头盔
【链接高考】（2022·新高考II卷C篇）为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
An augmented-reality (增强现实的) helmet that gives cyclists a 360-degree view of the road could help prevent accidents.
Unlike cars, bicycles don't come with rear view mirrors (后视镜), which is why British product design firm DCA created the Optic helmet. The helmet has front and rear cameras and a drop-down visor (面罩) that can display road conditions in real-time from the rear camera onto a rider's field of view. The visor can show warnings. If a vehicle is overtaking (超过) the rider, it can warn the rider by combining data from the cameras on the front and back of the helmet. In addition, the Optic helmet can provide GPS navigation information for riders who want to track their performance. The design is now just a concept, but it won the “Best of the Best” Red Dot Design Award recently.
Richard Price, a designer at DCA and the brains behind the project, said the helmet is aimed at reducing cycling accidents. Because the helmet is just a concept design, some of the details have yet to be decided, such as the exact method for projecting video onto the visor. However, Price said Google Glass has already shown that this is practical. The Optic helmet will be able to connect to a smartphone via Bluetooth to allow maps and routing information to be updated, but actual navigation will be carried out by the helmet using its onboard (自身携带的) GPS unit. It can be controlled either by a touchpad next to the visor or by using gestures picked up by the front camera.
“Users can order what is shown in the visor to suit their needs and to make sure the display doesn't distract them.” Price said. Since the designs were made public, Price said the design firm has received plenty of positive feedback from cyclists and cycling companies. But actually, putting the device into production will require lots of money, so it is unclear when or if the helmet will be available to consumers.
1．Which is NOT right about the Optic helmet?
A．It has been put into mass production.
B．It can provide GPS navigation information.
C．It can give cyclists a 360-degree view of the road.
D．It has front and rear cameras to provide road information.
2．What can we know from the text?
A．Richard Price designed the Optic helmet.
B．Google offered help in designing the helmet.
C．The Optic helmet is mainly made of steel.
D．Consumers can order the new helmet online now.
3．Why has the helmet been designed?
A．To win the Red Dot Design Award.
B．To make a large amount of profit.
C．To help reduce cycling accidents.
D．To give cyclists a cool experience.
4．What is the possible attitude of the public towards the Optic helmet?
A．Critical. B．Doubtful.
C．Negative. D．Positive.

Passage 2（2022·陕西西安·高一统考期末）
【话题】现在越来越多的学生喜欢在网络的帮助下做作业。网络对学习有很多好处，但是同时它也存在着一些问题。因此我们要学会自我控制，正确地使用网络，让它能真正地帮助我们。
【链接教材】（人教版必修第二册）U3 The Internet
Li Ting, 15, from Shanghai, was preparing a talk on some western festivals. She searched online for certain information and made PowerPoint presentations. Wu Qiong, her classmate, was doing his chemistry homework carefully. But he couldn’t work out the last problem even he tried his best. So he took out his mobile phone, opened a special app, and searched the problem. Solutions soon appeared on the screen in several seconds.
Nowadays, many students do homework online with the help of the Internet. They search online, use apps or discuss through QQ and WeChat.
“It’s convenient. You don’t have to wait for your teacher to explain it to you face to face,” according to Wu. “You can also learn by seeing how others work them out. What’s more, it improves students’ abilities. And it’s especially true for new kinds of homework. I am quite skilled at finding information online and using Microsoft Office.”
However, this trend (趋势) also causes problems. Some lazy students just copy the answers online without thinking. Even some ask their classmates to do homework for them. And their teacher may not know the fact.
Anyhow, knowing how to use the Internet is important. The key is to have good self-control. When you come across a difficult problem, think about it by yourself first. Be sure to understand the reasons behind the answers after you have turned to the Internet, or you won’t make progress. It he are not sure about your self-control, ask your parents for help.
5．Both Li Ting and Wu Qiong used the Internet to ___________.
A．play games B．make friends C．take exams D．search information
6．According to Wu, he thinks ___________.
A．the new learning way is difficult
B．students should use the new learning way
C．students should study with the teacher face to face
D．students can copy others’ homework online
7．When a student uses the Internet, he must ___________.
A．have an app B．have a mobile phone
C．ask his parents for help D．have good self-control
8．What’s the main idea about the passage?
A．How to learn a language
B．How to do homework
C．What’s the new way of learning
D．What’s a new computer app

Passage 3（2022·陕西渭南·高一统考期末）
【话题】成年人学习第二语言的速度和孩子一样快。成年人可以通过语言学习来增加神经连接，并且介绍了学语言需要的环境。
【链接教材】（人教版必修第一册）U5 Languages around the world
As we all know, children are fast learners when learning a second language. However, adults can study a second language as fast as children, a new study reports. Adults can develop the increased neural (神经的)connections with language study that can avoid dementia(痴呆)by four years, as well as make traveling a lot easier.
In an examination of Spanish second-language learners, the researchers found that after simplest training, the brain activity between sentences that relied on grammatical features unique to each language was similar to that of native speakers. “I think it is the reason why people think university foreign language teaching is good. It shows that, even with limited time in the college classroom, learning can happen quite quickly and well, ”said professor Alison Gabriele, the co-author of the paper.
Beyond that, it gives parents more reasons to study a second language as part of a family effort. Further research has shown that learning a language as a family effort improves everyone’s abilities and gives opportunities for learning something that are mostly absent from classroom settings. National Geographic reports in an interview with Christine Jernigan, author of Family Language Learning: Learn Another Language that as for immersion(沉浸)in language study, practicing a second language with people is the most important part, and who talks to each other more than a family? Language learners need to be brave. Besides, they should ready themselves for making mistakes and receive others’ advice.
Most people will be far more comfortable making mistakes around family members than in a classroom setting. Furthermore, any home activity, whether that’s gardening, playing in the yard, watching movies, going shopping, cleaning, or cooking a meal, becomes an opportunity for language learning. Jernigan suggests preparing vocabulary before an activity and using it as short homework. Jernigan suggests using subtitles(字幕)too, so you can see which words are being used.
9．What does the new study in Paragraph 1 find?
A．Kids often travel a lot on their own.
B．Adults have learnt a second language better than kids.
C．Adults can study a second language as quickly as kids.
D．Kids are likely to develop the increased neural connections.
10．What does Alison Gabriele think of learning a language in the college classroom?
A．It is successful. B．It is challenging.
C．It is disappointing. D．It is boring.
11．What is the advantage of learning a language as a family effort?
A．Helping kids form good learning habits.
B．Making parents control kids easily.
C．Keeping kids focusing on the classroom.
D．Having more chances to learn in different situations.
12．What should language learners do according to the text?
A．Try to take others’ advice less.
B．Fit in with new learning environment.
C．Be willing to accept others’ comments.
D．Spend much time doing housework.

Passage 4（2022·海南·高一校联考期末）
【话题】拉丁美洲首个以可再生燃料为动力的垃圾收集轮正在清理巴拿马一条最脏的河流。当地的一个环保组织领导了这项工作。
【链接高考】（2022·全国乙卷C篇）应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
Latin America’s first renewable fuel-powered, trash-trapping wheel is cleaning one of Panama’s dirtiest rivers. A local environmental group led the effort.
The wheel is powered by water and sun energy. It pulls waste out of the Juan Diaz River. Most of the waste comes from the capital area of Panama City, where about 2 million people live. Thousands of kilograms of rubbish flow down the river into the ocean each year.
Robert Getman is the leader of the project. “Cleaning beaches is good,” he said, “but it is more effective and cheaper to trap rubbish in rivers because when it reaches the ocean, the environmental and economic cost becomes too high.”
The environmental group Marea Verde created the wheel, which is named Wanda Diaz, in late September. By the middle of October, Wanda had gathered 28. 6 cubic meters of plastic bottles from the water.
The Juan Diaz River is one of the most polluted in Panama. Waste systems in the area are poor, and land development is not well supervised. The river also passes through Panama City, one of Central America’s largest cities.
Over five years, Marea Verde projects have slowed the spread of rubbish along Panama’s rivers and coastline. Earlier, the group introduced its “Barrier or Trash”technology, a floating device. It caught more than 100 metric tons of waste in the Matias Hernandez River between 2019 and 2020.
“We want to raise awareness that we can prevent the death of this very important river,”said Marea Verde member Sandy Watemberg. She expressed her hope that the wheel will help. But she also pointed to the need for those who use single-use plastics to rethink their behavior. “The most important thing is to achieve a change in habits,” she said.
13．What makes the wheel the first of its kind?
A．Its size. B．Its power. C．Its shape. D．Its color.
14．Which statement matches Robert Getman’s opinion?
A．We’d better remove rubbish before it enters the sea.
B．We should clean beaches so as not to pollute the sea.
C．It’s cheap for humans to clean up the ocean.
D．It’s better to leave waste in the sea than in the river.
15．What does the underlined word “supervised” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Supposed. B．Protected. C．Accepted. D．Controlled.
16．What did Sandy Watemberg call on people to do?
A．Support the project. B．Use single-use plastics more.
C．Change their habits. D．Realize the danger the river is in.

Passage 5（2022·黑龙江鹤岗·高一鹤岗一中校考期末）
【话题】瓦尔多斯塔的中小学生校园内进行的园艺和农业学习项目
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U5 Working the land
Middle school students in Valdosta are learning the importance of agriculture.
Lowndes County Extension agent (代理人) Joshua Dawson, helped seventh-grade students attending J. L. Newbern Middle School build raised bed plant boxes to grow crops. Dawson’s work with the school gardens began in 2014 as a part of the Valdosta School Garden and Orchard Project. Through support from local businesses and members of the community, it is used to introduce Valdosta elementary and middle school students to gardening and agriculture.
Some of the crops grown in the gardens include sweet potatoes, collards, carrots and kale. The harvested (收获的) produce is served by the schools’ dining rooms during lunch and students are allowed to take produce home depending on the harvest size.
Helping Dawson with the gardens are members of the local Master Gardener program. With his daily responsibilities as a County Extension agent, Dawson depends heavily on their support. “Without the Master Gardeners, I don’t know if any of this would be possible. They look after the gardens and work with the teachers more closely than I, and provide necessary feet on the ground for a lot of things,” Dawson said.
At the beginning, the students expressed worries about working in the garden, but Dawson said those doubts disappeared quickly. “I like watering the plants and working with the soil” said Anthony Aikens, a seventh-grader Anthony, who said his favorite subject is science, wants to be a zoologist or a full-time gardener when he grows up.
Dr Elena Ponder, principal of J. L. Newbern Middle School, said this project has attracted many students. She said working in the garden provides students with a cross-curriculum (交叉课程) where they apply different skills to solve problems. “Once you plant a garden, you have to attend to that garden. That shows you have the work ethic (职业道德), patience and time to put into something. That will translate into work-related skills they can apply to jobs in the future,” she said.
17．What is the purpose of the Valdosta School Garden and Orchard Project?
A．To serve students healthy lunches with home-grown vegetables.
B．To share the latest agricultural information with local farmers.
C．To let students know more about gardening and farming.
D．To build new school gardens in Valdosta.
18．How do the Master Gardeners support Dawson?
A．By introducing him to Dr. Elena Ponder.
B．By helping him take care of the gardens.
C．By training him in gardening.
D．By raising money for him.
19．What was the students’ attitude to the project at first?
A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Uninterested. D．Hopeful.
20．What did Dr. Elena Ponder say about the project?
A．It has changed public opinion on the agricultural industry.
B．It is beneficial to students’ future development.
C．It took up too much of students’ study time.
D．It needs more public attention
Passage 6（2022·陕西渭南·高一统考期末）
【话题】由于环境保护工作的日益加强，从中国西北部可可西里自然保护区中心地带迁徙出来的藏羚羊数量稳步增长。
【链接教材】（人教版必修第二册）U2 Wildlife protection
In July 2017, Hoh Xil became a world heritage (遗产) site and there live more than 70, 000 Tibetanantelopes. Every year, pregnant (怀孕的) Tibetan antelopes migrate (迁徙) to Hoh Xil between the end of May and early June to give birth and leave with their children around August. Zonag Lake at the heart of Hoh Xil is known as the “delivery room” for the species.
About 40 female Tibetan antelopes with three young were spotted crossing the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Saturday. Experts say that in recent years, the number of young Tibetan antelopes among the migrating groups consisted of between a fifth and quarter of the population.
“In the early stage of migration, Tibetan antelopes face a high risk of falling prey to predators (盗猎者) so the number of young Tibetan antelopes is relatively small, and there may even be none,” said Lian Xinming, an associate research fellow at Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
According to research, the number of Tibetan antelopes that migrate back has been rising. A total of 5, 952 Tibetan antelopes were spotted migrating in 2020, and 233 more in 2021. “This year’s migration season is expected to finish in early September. The population is expected to continue to increase,” Lian said.
Tibetan antelopes are mostly found in Tibet autonomous region, Qinghai province, and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. The species is under first-class state protection in China.
In the 1980s, the Tibetan antelope population declined sharply from 200, 000 to 20. 000, due to illegal hunting. It has recovered thanks to the country’s efforts to improve its habitat and crack down on poaching (盗猎).
To make sure the species go back to their habitats safe and sound, the reserve’s management bureau has staff monitor their migration. When they come over in large groups, they temporarily close some sections of the road to make way for the animals and prevent them from having interactions with humans.
21．What can we learn from the text?
A．Tibetan antelopes migrate to Hoh Xil to find mates.
B．Baby Tibetan antelopes are born in Zonag Lake.
C．Female Tibetan antelopes made up a fifth of the population.
D．Migrating Tibetan antelopes’ number is 6,185 in 2021.
22．What does Lian Xinming think of the future of Tibetan antelopes?
A．Promising. B．Concerning. C．Perfect. D．Unpredictable.
23．Why are some sections of the roads closed sometimes?
A．To offer delivery place.
B．To catch unlawful predators.
C．To stop poaching Tibetan antelopes.
D．To avoid animals meeting people.
24．What is the best title of the passage?
A．The Habitats of Tibetan Antelopes
B．The Migration of Tibetan Antelopes
C．The Methods to Stop Poaching Tibetan Antelopes
D．The Measures of Protecting Tibetan Antelopes

Passage 7（2022·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）
【话题】英国建造新工厂来处理电子垃圾，以获得用于铸币和金条的贵金属。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U2 Looking into the future
The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to extract precious metals for coins and gold bars. The factory will be the first of its kind in the world.
The Royal Mint is a Government-owned company that makes coins for the UK and lots of other countries. Most of its coins are made from cheaper metals, but the Mint sometimes makes coins and medals from precious metals like gold and silver. It also makes gold bars. Countries and banks like to keep gold bars because they are very valuable and their price doesn’t tend to go up or down suddenly.
The precious metals used by the Mint are mostly mined from the ground but now it plans to make use of the vast amounts of electronic waste (known as e-waste) that is thrown away in the UK each year. Many electronic devices use small quantities of precious metals such as gold and silver because they are good conductors of electricity. However, it is estimated that just 20% of old electronics are recycled worldwide. This is not just a waste; it can be dangerous, because when e-waste is buried in rubbish dumps, metals and chemicals can leak out and pollute the environment.
Currently, e-waste from the UK is sent abroad to be melted down to recover precious metals. The new factory will use chemical reactions to do the same job much quicker and using far less energy. The process can extract 99% of the precious metals from plastic circuit boards within a few seconds, and could provide the Mint with hundreds of kilograms of gold each year.
“Our new plant will see the Royal Mint become a leader in sustainably sourced precious metals,” said Anne Jessopp, the Mint’s CEO.
25．What does the underlined word “extract” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Obtain. B．Break. C．Limit. D．Add.
26．What’s a problem with the old electronics if not recycled?
A．Energy shortage. B．Environmental pollution.
C．A lack of workers. D．A waste of gold bars.
27．What does Anne Jessopp think of the new plant?
A．Costly. B．Risky. C．Promising. D．Demanding.
28．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．Making Use of E-waste B．Turning Junk into Gold
C．Building a New Factory D．Running a Junk Business

Passage 8（2022·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）
【话题】Annie Ernaux被授予2022年诺贝尔文学奖，文章介绍了其个人经历以及作品。
【链接高考】（2022·全国乙卷B篇）介绍了Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。
The French writer Annie Ernaux was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in literature. The 82-year-old writer is the 16th French writer and the first Frenchwoman to receive the literature prize. In congratulating her, the president of France, Emmanuel Macron said that she was the voice of the freedom of women.
Ernaux was born in Lillebonne in 1940 and grew up in nearby Yvetot, where her parents ran a café and grocery in a working-class part of town. She studied at universities, qualified as a school teacher, and earned a higher degree in modern literature in 1971. In the early 1970s, Ernaux taught at a college, before joining the National Centre Distance Education, where she was employed for 23 years.
Ernaux started her literary career in 1974 with Cleaned Out, an autobiographical novel. In 1984 she won the Renaudot Prize for another of her works A Man’s Place, an autobiographical narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France. A Woman’s Story was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. Ernaux’s 2008 historical memoir The Years was well-received by French critics. It is the story of a woman and of the society she lived in. The Years won the 2009 Telégramme Readers Prize and the 2016 Strega European Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, The Years was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019. Her popularity increased sharply after The Years was shortlisted for the international Booker.
“Her path to authorship was long and difficult, and the story is serious but the language is plain,” Anders Olsson of the Swedish Academy said on Thursday as he announced her award. “And when she with great courage and sharpness shows the physical or mental pain of the experience of class, combining historic and individual experiences to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and lasting.” Anders Olsson added.
29．What does Macron think of Annie Ernaux?
A．She has a bad memory of her childhood. B．She is the 82nd French writer ever awarded.
C．She is concerned about women’s freedom. D．She is the most outstanding woman writer.
30．Which book makes Ernaux popular in the world?
A．Cleaned Out. B．The Years. C．A Woman’s Story. D．A Man’s Place.
31．What can be inferred from Ernaux’s books?
A．Most of her books are about French history. B．She began her writing career at a young age.
C．Her book is closely related to her strict father. D．She wrote the book based on her own experiences.
32．What can we learn from Ernaux’s story?
A．Hold your horses. B．Hang on to your dreams.
C．Success doesn’t happen overnight. D．Quitters never win and winners never quit.


Passage 9（2022·山东滨州·高一统考期末）
【话题】房屋建造商Project Etopia的首席执行官兼创始人Joseph Daniel建造了高科技生态住宅，文章介绍了背后的原因以及这种住宅的特点和优势。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U2 Looking into the future
The CEO and founder of house-builder Project Etopia, Joseph Daniel, had unstable start in life. “My father was always drunk and my mother had mental disorder when I was 15. I’ve lived on the street and I need to do this,” says the 27-year-old young man. He left school without any qualifications.
Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.
The homes that Daniel wants to build are not traditional housings. They are made up of several parts and each part is made in Daniel’s own factory in Cheshire. Traditional houses take months to complete, while his homes can be put together easily on site due to being partially pre-built in the factory. The firm’s plan in Corby, Northamptonshire, is a village that will consist of 47 homes, the first four of which were each built in nine days.
Houses are not only faster to build, but will also have smart technology built in and be much more energy efficient than the average home. With solar panels, Daniel says he can build houses that will generate more power than they use, potentially making up for some of the six tons of carbon emitted annually by the “typical” house as a result of the heat and power required.
“I want to slow climate change through housing,” he says. “It’s our responsibility as humans. That’s what our project is about. If you can get the economics and the environment right, you can make things better.”
33．What can we know about Daniel from the passage?
A．He was qualified as an engineer after graduation.
B．He was abandoned by his parents when he was a child.
C．He was inspired by his own experience to deal with housing crisis.
D．He was forced to take the task of housing problem by his parents.
34．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Daniel’s houses are similar to traditional ones. B．Daniel’s houses are partially built in advance.
C．Daniel’s firm produces the houses as a whole. D．Daniel’s firm has built 47 homes in a village.
35．Which of the following best describes Daniel’s houses?
A．Traditional but comfortable. B．Expensive but convenient.
C．Green and advanced. D．Fashionable and modern.
36．What’s the passage mainly about?
A．It introduces a talented house builder and his achievements.
B．It’s about Daniel’s unique way of solving housing and climate problems.
C．It tells us how to build houses faster and make them more affordable.
D．It stresses the importance of smart technology in house building.

Passage 10（2022春·辽宁营口·高一营口市第二高级中学校考期末）
【话题】越来越多的年轻人将临过期食品视为一种可持续消费，有助于减少食物浪费。
【链接高考】（2022·新高考I卷B篇）我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
Liu Fang, who works as a media worker in Beijing, goes to a store specializing in selling near-expired (将要过期的) food in Sanlitun and returns with a bag of snacks or drinks every week.
“The price tags on these goods have caught my eye. They are often sold at 10 percent to 30 percent of the market price,” Liu said. “More importantly, most of them are from big brands. Why wouldn’t I love them?”
Liu is among the increasing number of Chinese people who enjoy purchasing near-expired food at much cheaper prices. According to the latest report by iiMedia Research, the near-expired food industry had a market size of over 30 billion yuan in 2020. Young consumers aged between 26 and 35 accounted for 47.8 percent.
Unlike the traditional thinking that buying such goods is embarrassing, more and more young people regard it as a kind of sustainable consumption that can help reduce food waste.
“I don’t care much about the date as long as I can eat it before its expiry. It meets my demand while saving resources and protecting the environment, which is a good thing,” Wu Lin, a 19-year-old college student and a fan of near-expired food, told Xinhua.
Indeed, food waste is a great challenge for China and other countries. According to a 2020 report from the National People’s Congress, about 18 billion kilograms of food is wasted every year in China’s urban catering industry (餐饮业).
“As more Chinese people choose to buy near-expired food, the food waste will be reduced,” said Liu.
According to CGTN, China had the tradition of saving food over the decades leading to the 1990s.
As people’s lives improved greatly, many began to make or order more food than could be consumed, CGTN reported. But the trend of buying near-expired food may suggest that the Chinese virtue of frugality (节约) is staging a comeback.
“I’ve been very frugal all my life. Living through a serious famine (1959-61) (饥荒), I’m used to saving every grain and every penny,” Zhang Xin, a retired woman born in the 1950s, told CGTN. “I’m happy to see more young people, who used to spend extravagantly(奢侈地), joining our ranks."
37．What does the author want to show by telling Liu Fang’s story?
A．To show the characteristics of near-expired food.
B．To introduce the trend of buying food in Sanlitun.
C．To explain where people can buy near-expired food.
D．To show the recent growth in popularity of buying near-expired food.
38．Why does Wu Lin love to buy near-expired food?
A．It is a fashionable lifestyle. B．It is a safer shopping choice.
C．It is environmentally friendly. D．It offers her new shopping experiences.
39．What may the rise in buying near-expired food in China show according to CGTN?
A．People’s desire to buy less. B．China’s economic prosperity.
C．The return of the Chinese virtue of frugality D．People’s reduced concern about a product’s quality.
40．Which one can be the best title?
A．The Comeback of an Old Lifestyle B．A New Food Trend among Young Consumers
C．The Success of the Near-expired Food business D．The Pros and Cons of Buying Near-expired Food


Passage 11（2022春·全国·高一校联考期末）
【话题】一个由澳大利亚和日本科学家组成的团队正在利用蝉和蜻蜓等昆虫翅膀的杀菌特性，制造出一种实验室制造的材料，这种材料可以杀死多达70%的细菌。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U2 Looking into the future
A team of Australian and Japanese scientists are using the bacteria-killing (杀菌的) characteristics of the wings of insects, such as cicadas (蝉) and dragonflies, to create lab-made material that can kill up to 70 percent of bacteria. Insect wings have sharp points which destroy bacteria on contact. The new technology has a major influence on food storage because so much is wasted when bacterial growth goes into food. The new bacteria-killing food packaging will improve shelf life and reduce waste.
Professor Elena Ivanova from RMIT University’s School of Science said the team had successfully applied a natural fact to plastic. “We knew the wings of cicadas and dragonflies were highly-effective bacteria killers and could help inspire a solution, but replicating nature is always a challenge,”Professor Ivanova said. The breakthrough was a big step towards a non-chemical, antibacterial packaging solution for food manufacturing, she added.
Professor Ivanova and her colleagues first discovered that insect wings were natural-born bacteria killers a decade ago. The team is now working on improving the technology to find the best way to mass produce the bacteria-killing packaging. But the possible applications of the technology do not stop with packaging. In an earlier 2020 review published in Nature Reviews Microbiology, the researchers detailed how possible uses might one day even include defeating drug-resistant bacteria.
Professor Ivanova said that at the time finding non-chemical ways of killing bacteria was very important, with more than 700,000 people dying each year due to drug-resistant bacterial infection. Bacterial resistance to some medicine is one of the greatest threats to global health and regular treatment of infection is becoming increasingly difficult,” Professor Ivanova said. “When we look to nature for ideas, we find insects have developed highly-effective bacteria-killing systems. If we can understand exactly how insect-inspired patterns kill bacteria, we can engineer exactly these shapes to improve their effectiveness against infections.”
41．Why do wings of insects have the ability to kill bacteria?
A．They smell bad. B．They are usually wet.
C．They move very fast. D．They have sharp points.
42．What can best replace the underlined word “replicating” in paragraph 2?
A．copying B．protecting C．approaching D．changing
43．What is Professor Ivanova probably eager to find out?
A．What kind of shape the cells of insects have.
B．What’s our body’s defence system against infection.
C．What’s behind the bacteria-killing systems of insects.
D．Why so many people die of bacterial infection.
44．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Smart Food Packaging Keeps Harmful Cells Away
B．Plastic-Based Bacteria-Killing Packaging Keeps Food Fresh
C．New Packaging Uses Drugs to Kill Harmful Bacteria in Food
D．Insect Wings Inspire New Bacteria-Killing Packaging


Passage 12（2022春·天津·高一校联考期末）
【话题】研究新发现，猪有学习玩视频游戏的能力，由此展开更详细的研究过程，并指出接下来的研究方向
向。
【链接高考】（2022·全国甲卷B篇）一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
Time to load up some popular games: new research indicates pigs have the mental capability to play video games. The study, published in Frontiers in Psychology, tested the ability of four pigs (Hamlet, Omelette, Ebony and Ivory) to play a simple joystick (操纵杆) game with their noses, moving a cursor (光标) to four targets on the screen. Although the animals didn’t show the skills to win a round any time, they did show an understanding of some simple games. Performing well not by chance, the pigs appeared to recognize that the movement of the cursor was controlled by the joystick. The fact that they did so well although they didn’t have flexible fingers is “extraordinary”, according to the researchers.
That pigs can do this should give us pause about what else they are capable of learning and how such learning may influence them,” said Purdue University’s Dr Candace Croney, the study’s lead author.
Researchers also noted that while the pigs could be taught to play the game using food as positive motivation, they also responded well to social interaction. In fact, when the game was made more challenging and the pigs became unwilling to participate in it, “only encouraging words from the experimenter” would make the pigs continue their training.
These findings are the latest to highlight the intelligence and learning abilities of pigs. Not only have they been shown to use mirrors to find hidden food, but studies have also shown how pigs can be taught to “come” and “sit” after oral commands(口头命令).
As with any sentient (有感觉力的) beings, how we interact with pigs and what we do to them influences and matters to them. We therefore have a duty to further understand how pigs get information and what they are capable of learning and remembering, because this may help them understand their interactions with us and their environments.
45．What can be learned from Paragraph 1?
A．The pigs knew a lot about the video games.
B．The pigs operated joysticks with their noses.
C．The pigs competed with each other in the games.
D．The pigs sometimes performed well by chance.
46．What made researchers believe pigs socially interacted well?
A．Their being inspired by human words.
B．Their being driven by food.
C．Their being willing to keep trying.
D．Their being stopped by challenges.
47．Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?
A．Pigs can’t play video games for lack of flexible fingers.
B．When playing games, pigs can win a round at any time.
C．The research suggests that pigs are very friendly animals.
D．When games are difficult, pigs are unwilling to play them.
48．What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．Pigs are the best animal gamers.
B．Pigs play games with flexible noses.
C．Pigs can be encouraged by food.
D．Pigs have great learning capability.
49．What will researchers probably focus on in the next stage of their experiment ?
A．How pigs learn to play challenging games.
B．How pigs improve their learning ability.
C．How pigs manage to get information.
D．How pigs adapt to their living environment.

Passage 13（2022春·江苏淮安·高一统考期末）
【话题】一些流行手势背后的历史。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U4 Body language
Hand gestures (手势) have been commonly used in our daily communication. They add to the message by filling in what words sometimes leave behind. But are you somewhat aware of the history that goes behind some of these popular hand gestures?
◆Handshake
Whether you’re greeting someone for the first time, or successfully negotiating (商定) an agreement, shaking hands is usually the go-to gesture. Who decided on this customary gesture, anyway? The history of the handshake dates back to ancient Greece, showing that neither person was carrying a weapon.
◆Thumbs up and thumbs down
Maybe you’re familiar with the popular story of this hand gesture dating back to Roman times. When a gladiator (角斗士) lost, the crowd would either stick their thumbs out to have him killed or just not make any sign at all. The thumbs up decided the gladiator’s fate (命运) . After WWII, thumbs up only came to mean that things were going smoothly. And thumbs down meant the opposite.
◆High five
According to some sources, the high five first became popular when baseball players performed at Dodger Stadium on October 2, 1977. Glenn Burke, one of the capable players, lifted his am high above his head and slapped palms with his teammate Dusty Baker to celebrate a milestone home run, marking what is widely regarded as the first recorded example of a high five.
◆The fist bump
The fist bump comes from boxers in the 1970s after people began imitating how they touched gloves before a competition. Later, instead of shaking hands, first bumps became popular among basketball players. The gesture soon spread to all basketball lovers, and, before long, to the President of the United States.
50．What did “thumbs up” mean to a gladiator in Roman times?
A．Being cheered. B．Being killed. C．Being appreciated. D．Being blamed.
51．Which gesture is in celebration of a home run?
A． B． C． D．
52．Which aspect do all the four gestures mention?
A．The history. B．The future. C．The power. D．The importance.

Passage 14（2022春·重庆·高一重庆八中校考期末）
【话题】人们感到孤独的原因以及孤独对人的影响.
【链接高考】（2022·新高考I卷C篇）一个旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
People can experience loneliness for many reasons and many life events may cause it, like the lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence, or the physical absence of meaningful people around a person. At the same time, loneliness may be a symptom of another social or psychological problem, such as chronic depression.
Many people experience loneliness for the first time when they are left alone as infants. It is also a very common, though normally temporary, consequence of a breakup, divorce, or loss of any important long-term relationship. In these cases, it may result both from the loss of a specific person and from the withdrawal from social circles caused by the event or the associated sadness.
The loss of a significant person in one’s life will typically start a sadness response; in this situation, one might feel lonely, even while in the company of others. Loneliness may also occur after the birth of a child, after marriage, or following any other socially disruptive event, such as moving from one’s home town into an unfamiliar community leading to homesickness. Loneliness can occur within unstable marriages or other close relationships in a similar nature, in which feelings present may include anger or bitterness, or in which the feeling of love cannot be given or received.
Loneliness may represent a dysfunction of communication, and can also result from places with low population densities in which there are comparatively few people to interact with. Sometimes, loneliness is capable of spreading like a disease. When one person in a group begins to feel lonely, this feeling can spread to others, increasing everybody’s risk for feelings of loneliness. People can feel lonely when they’re surrounded by other lonely people.
53．What is the text mainly about?
A．The influence of a specific person in life. B．The harm caused by loneliness.
C．The reasons for loneliness. D．The importance of mental health.
54．Which of the following may not cause loneliness?
A．The regular attendance at social events. B．The physical absence of meaningful people.
C．The breakup of a marriage. D．The lack of friendship relations.
55．The underlined phrase “disruptive event” in paragraph 3 refer to things that ______.
A．bring to a family extra unexpected financial burdens
B．prevent one’s life from continuing in a normal way
C．make people too excited to control their feelings
D．replace the feeling of love with anger and bitterness
56．What can we learn about loneliness from the last paragraph?
A．Loneliness can have a certain social effect.
B．Loneliness won’t occur in crowded places.
C．Loneliness is a disease spreading among people.
D．Loneliness can be the result of losing important relation.


Passage 15（2022·北京·高一清华附中校考期末）
【话题】半机械人技术应用的一些例子，以及人们对这项技术的看法。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U2 Looking into the future
We Are Cyborgs
RoboCop, the Bionic Woman, Darth Vader—what do these characters have in common? They are all cyborgs—humans who are made more powerful by advanced technology. You might think that cyborgs exist only in fiction, or are a possibility only in the distant future. But cyborg technology already exists.
The word “cyborg” was first used in 1960 and defined as an organism(有机体) “to which external parts have been added for the purpose of adapting to new environments”. According to this definition, an astronaut in a spacesuit is an example of cyborg, as the spacesuit helps the astronaut adapt to a new environment—space. More recently, the word has evolved(进化)to refer to human beings who have mechanical body parts that make them more than human.
Although super-humans like RoboCop are not yet a reality, advances in real-life cyborg technology allow some people to compensate(弥补)for abilities they have lost, and give other people new and unusual abilities. An example is filmmaker Rob Spence and his bionic eye. Spence injured one of his eyes in an accident. A camera was implanted(移植)in his prosthetic eye. The eye is not connected to his brain or optic nerve(视神经), but it can record what he sees. Spence has used his camera eye to record interviews for a documentary about people with bionic body parts.
Some types of cyborg technology replace a lost ability by connecting directly to a person’s nerves. Michael Chorost completely and suddenly lost his ability to hear in July of 2001. Two months later, doctors placed a cochlear(耳蜗)implant, a kind of computer, inside his skull. This type of implant connects to auditory nerves and allows a deaf person to hear again. Around the world, over 300,000 people have now been fitted with cochlear implants.
These examples of cyborg technology have enabled people to enhance or change their abilities and improve their lives. But does everyone want to use cyborg technology? It might be too late to decide. Cyborg scientist Amber Case argues that most of us are already cyborgs. Anyone who uses a computer or a smartphone, Case claims, is a cyborg. Consider the data that you have in your smartphone. It keeps information for you so you don’t have to remember it: notes, phone numbers, email addresses, messages. It also allows you to communicate with friends and family via telephone, text messages, email, and social networks.
The potential benefits of cyborg technology are evident, but can this new technology be harmful, too? Could we become too dependent on cyborg technology—and become less than human? These still remain questions.
57．According to the passage, the cyborg ________.
A．is similar to human beings B．took root in fiction characters
C．first appeared in space industry D．has some device attached to the body
58．Among the following, which one can be considered as an “evolved cyborg”?
A．a cyclist in a helmet B．an astronaut in a spacesuit
C．a man with a heart pacemaker D．a secretary using a typewriter
59．Amber Case probably thinks that ________.
A．technology makes cyborgs become common
B．cyborg technology is crucial to modern society
C．the use of mobiles improves cyborg technology
D．cyborg technology helps improve human memory
60．What is the author’s attitude toward cyborg technology?
A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Skeptical. D．Optimistic.

Passage 16（2022春·北京·高一北京师大附中校考期末）
【话题】精准农业提高产量，减少浪费，降低伴随着农业不确定性不可避免地的经济和安全风险。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U5 Working the land
As the world’s population grows, farmers will need to produce more and more food. And large farms are increasingly using precision farming to increase yields (产量), reduce waste, and reduce the economic and security risks that inevitably accompany agricultural uncertainty.
Traditional farming relies on managing entire fields—making decisions related to planting, harvesting, irrigating, and applying pesticides and fertilizer (农药和化肥)—based on regional conditions and historical data. Precision farming, by contrast, combines sensors, robots, GPS, mapping tools and data-analytics software to customize（量身定制）the care that plants receive without increasing labor. Robot-mounted sensors and camera-equipped drones (无人机) wirelessly send images and data on individual plants to a computer, which looks for signs of health and stress. Farmers receive the feedback in real time and then deliver water, pesticide or fertilizer in adjusted doses（剂量）to only the areas that need it. The technology can also help farmers decide when to plant and harvest crops.
As a result, precision farming can improve time management, reduce water and chemical use, and produce healthier crops and higher yields—all of which benefit farmers’ bottom lines and conserve resources while reducing chemical runoff.
Many small businesses are developing new software, sensors, and other tools for precision farming, as are large companies such as Monsanto, John Deere, Bayer, Dow and DuPont. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration all support precision farming, and many colleges now offer course work on the topic.
In a related development, seed producers are applying technology to improve plant characteristics. By following individual plants over time and analyzing which ones flourish in different conditions, companies can relate the plants’ response to their environments with their genomics (基因组学). That information, in turn, allows the companies to produce seed varieties that will grow well in specific soil and weather conditions. This advanced technology may also help to improve crop nutrition.
Farmers do not universally welcome precision agriculture for various reasons, such as high equipment costs and lack of access to the Internet. The technology may bring great challenges to experienced farmers who are not good at computers. And large systems will also be beyond the reach of many small farming operations in developing nations. But less expensive, simpler systems could potentially be applied. For others, though, cost savings in the long run may reduce the financial concerns. And however reticent some farmers may be to adopt new technology, the next generation of farmers are likely to warm to the approach.
61．Precision farming differs from traditional farming partly because it ________.
A．guarantees high yields with more labor
B．relies on regional conditions and historical data
C．offers plenty of water, pesticides and fertilizer
D．provides real time information about target crops
62．About precision farming, we can learn that________.
A．the government holds a cautious attitude
B．it draws positive responses from businesses
C．seed producers have already made huge profits
D．large systems will soon be built in developing nations
63．The underlined word “reticent” in the last paragraph probably means ________.
A．disappointed B．confused
C．unwilling D．shocked
64．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Precision Farming Increases Crop Yields
B．More Challenges Faced by Modern Farmers
C．Development of Farming Systems in the U.S.
D．Traditional Farming is Gradually Disappearing

Passage 17（2022春·广东珠海·高一统考期末）
【话题】意大利的科学家们计划运用机器人来重建庞贝古城的建筑特征。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U2 Looking into the future
Imagine you have a jigsaw puzzle (拼图) with 10,000 pieces but no picture on a box. In fact, you don’t even have the box-it was destroyed nearly 2,000 years ago. These puzzle pieces are parts of wall paintings in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii. How would you solve this puzzle?
Scientists in Italy have a plan: send in the robot. Their project-RePAIR (Reconstructing the Past: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics meet Cultural Heritage)-combines robotics, AI (Artificial Intelligence) and archaeology in an attempt to reconstruct architectural features of Pompeii, because they’re either too difficult or would require impossible amounts of human labor and time.
Over the next several months, the Italian researchers and their helpers will build, train, test and manage a robot to piece together ruined wall paintings in two buildings. If the project succeeds, the technology can be used to rebuild a variety of destroyed cultural artifacts whose rebuilding has remained “out of humans’ reach”.
RePAIR’s robot must have a combination of brains, strength and a sensitive touch. The brains will come from a mix of high-tech computer vision to scan the puzzle pieces of wall paintings, machine-learning algorithms (算法) to solve the puzzles and human expertise to guide the AI. “We think that using an AI-based system will not be enough,” says Pelillo, whose group is developing the puzzle-solving Al together with another team at a university.
The researchers are in the process of digitizing (数码化) every piece of wall paintings in the two test sites to create a digital database for the RePAIR robot. Once the whole system is fully operational, “we’ll have the robot doing the scanning process itself, and humans are free to handle more difficult tasks. The idea is to work towards automating (使……自动化) as much as possible this quite time-consuming and also boring activity of digitizing cultural heritage.”
65．Why does the author mention the jigsaw puzzle in paragraph 1?
A．To express his doubts. B．To state his argument.
C．To give an example. D．To introduce the topic.
66．What did the Italian researchers do to reconstruct the wall paintings?
A．Make a difficult jigsaw puzzle. B．Work with leading archaeologists.
C．Make use of advanced technology. D．Devote much human labor and time.
67．What can be inferred from the last 2 paragraph?
A．The robot can scan ruined puzzle pieces by itself.
B．The digital database has been fully operational.
C．A team develops the AI robot independently.
D．The robot aims to combine Al and digital-based systems.
68．Which word can best describe the author’s attitude toward RePAIR?
A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Indifferent. D．Uncertain.

Passage 18（2022春·云南曲靖·高一校考期末）
【话题】研究人员发现大熊猫的颜色有助于它们隐藏在大自然中，介绍了其研究过程以及大熊猫身上不同的颜色的不同功能。
【链接高考】（2022·全国甲卷B篇）一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉
It seems like giant pandas might not be the best at hide-and-seek. With their noticeable black and white coats, they would appear to have a hard time blending (融合) into so many environments. But a new study finds that the symbolic markings help them disappear into their surroundings.
For their study, researchers analysed photos of giant pandas in their natural habitat. They found that the animals are good at visually (视觉上地) hiding in their environments because they use habitats with dark and lighting conditions, and also snow during some of the year.
They found that the black fur blends mainly into shade and dark tree trunks (树干). But it also matches the ground, rocks, and leaves. The white fur matches snow, rocks, and bright leaves. Sometimes pandas also have pale brown fur that blends into rocks, ground, leaves, and shady background areas.
As a last step, the researchers used a color map technique to compare how giant pandas resemble their background with other species that are considered able to visually hide in their environments. They found that pandas fell in the middle of this list.
It might seem a bit confusing because giant pandas are very easy to discover at a zoo. But the viewer and environment make a difference. “We modeled their coloration through predators’(捕食者的) eyes as well as how humans see them so we are sure of the results,“ study author Tim Caro of the University of Bristol says. ”It seems that giant pandas appear eye-catching to us because of short viewing distances and specific backgrounds: when we see them, either in photographs or at the zoo, it is almost always from close up, and often against a background that doesn’t reflect their natural habitat,“ says author Nick Scott—Samuel of the University of Bristol.
69．What did the researchers find out about giant pandas?
A．Their coloring helps them hide in nature.
B．They are well protected in nature reserves.
C．They can always find their favourite surroundings.
D．They have difficulty adapting to new environments.
70．What is explained in Paragraph3?
A．Pandas take cover in trees. B．Brown pandas are very unique.
C．There’re many types of giant pandas. D．Different colors serve different functions.
71．What does the underlined word “resemble” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．Stay in. B．Look like. C．Come from. D．Get familiar with.
72．What do the study authors Caro and Nick intend to do in the last paragraph?
A．To tell us the importance of pandas’ living in natural habitats.
B．To show the living conditions of giant pandas in a zoo.
C．To give a further explanation to clear people’s doubts.
D．To list people’s different points of view on their study.

Passage 19（2022春·四川资阳·高一统考期末）
【话题】一款机器人可以帮助生病的孩子缺课时感到不那么孤独。
【链接高考】（2022·新高考I卷C篇）一个旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目
Patients with a long-term illness can be very bored while recovering at home. This can be especially true of children. They may feel out off from their friends and classmates. Now, these children may have a high-tech friend to help feel less lonely. That friend is a robot.
The robot is called Avatar 1(AV1). It takes their place at school. Through the robot, the children can hear their teachers and friends. They also can take part in classes from wherever they are recovering. And the children's school friends must help. They carry the robot between classes and place the robot on their desks.
A Norwegian company called No Isolation created the robot. There are another two co-founders: Karen Dolva and Marius Aabel.
Dolva explains how the robot works. She says from home the child uses an iPad or a phone to start the robot, control the robot's movements with touch, and talk through it. The child can take part in classroom activities. The robot is equipped with speakers, microphones and cameras that make communicating easy. So it's the eyes and the ears and the voice of the child at school. Inside AVI is a small computer connected to a 4G network.
AVI was designed to be tough. It won't allow water to pass through it and can take a fall from a desk without damage. AVI is large and looks like a human for a reason. Dolva says it can't be just a tiny camera because the other kids can't pick it up and take it with them. This is important because the robot is supposed to be a friend to the children.
Hopefully AVI will help some children feel less lonely while they are absent from class.
73．How may AVI be started according to the passage?
A．Through a camera. B．Through an iPad.
C．Through a computer. D．Through a speaker.
74．What does the underlined word “tough” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Strong. B．Amazing. C．Attractive. D．Humorous.
75．Where does this passage probably come from?
A．A tourist guidebook. B．An exhibition guide.
C．A math textbook. D．A science report
76．What is the passage mainly about?
A．The robot can make friends with sick children.
B．The robot has been used widely in many fields.
C．The robot may help sick children feel less lonely.
D．The robot will take sick children to different places.

Passage 20（2022春·湖南邵阳·高一统考期末）
【话题】科学家们发现一种寻找矿物的新方法——利用树木和植物来寻找矿产。
【链接教材】（人教版选择性必修第一册）U2 Looking into the future
Flying over a desert area in an airplane, two scientists looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour’s flight one of the scientists wrote in his book, “Look here for probable metal.” Scientists in another airplane, flying over a mountain area, sent a message to other scientists on the ground, “Gold possible.” Walking across hilly ground, four scientists reported, “This ground should be searched for metal.” From an airplane over a hilly wasteland a scientist sent back by radio one word: “Uranium(铀).”
None of the scientists had X-ray eyes: they had no magic power of looking down below the earth’s surface. They were merely putting to use one of the newest methods of locating minerals in the ground…trees and plants as signs that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees and plants are growing.
This newest method of searching for minerals is based on the fact that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow in the surface.
At Watson Bar Greek, a brook six thousand feet high in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box was carefully marked. In a scientific laboratory the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested. Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it.
Study of the roots, branches, and seeds showed no silver. But there were small amounts of gold in the roots and a little less gold in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunks had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.
77．Scientists were flying over a desert or a hilly wasteland or a mountain area in order to search for _______ in the ground.
A．gold B．silver C．metals D．minerals
78．The study of trees, branches and roots shows that _______.
A．there were larger amounts of gold in the branches than in the seeds
B．there were smaller amounts of gold in the roots than in the branches
C．there were less amounts of gold in the seeds growing on the ends of branches than seeds growing nearest to the tree trunks
D．there was more gold in the branches than in the roots
79．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of a tree that can help find minerals?
A．Leaves. B．Roots. C．Branches. D．Seeds.
80．Which is the best title suggested below?
A．Scientists Searching for Metals with Special Power
B．The Importance of Searching for Minerals
C．Gold Could Be Found by Trees and Plants
D．A New Method of Searching for Minerals — Using Trees and Plants