专题04 语法知识点复习(选择性必修三)- 高二英语下学期期末知识点精讲+训练学案（外研版2019）

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专题04 语法知识点复习(选择性必修三)
内容提要
序号
单元
语法项目
1
选择性必修三Unit 1
主语从句(Subject Clauses)
2
选择性必修三Unit 2
表语从句(Predicative clause)
3
选择性必修三Unit 3
主谓一致 (Subject-verb agreement)
4
选择性必修三Unit 4
主谓一致(Subject-verb agreement)
5
选择性必修三Unit 5
非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语
6
选择性必修三Unit 6
非谓语动词作定语、 状语和补语


Part I 选择性必修三Unit 1语法知识点复习
主语从句(Subject Clauses)
一、主语从句的概念与类型
复合句中作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的词有从属连词that, whether以及连接代词who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever和连接副词when, where, why, how等。
*That she was chosen made us very happy.
她当选了使我们很高兴。
*Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否来还是一个问题。
*What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
是什么导致了这次事故还完全是一个谜。
*Which team will win the match is still unknown.
哪个队会赢得这场比赛还不知道。
*When they will start has not been decided yet.
他们何时出发还没决定。
*Whoever comes to the party will receive a present.
参加聚会的每一个人都将收到一份礼物。
(一)连接代词who , what , which, whatever, whichever, whoever (who, which, what可以和ever构成合成词, 和what一样引导从句, ever起到强调作用)。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导, 它们在句子中充当成分, 不能省略, 语序为陈述语序, 既有疑问含义, 又起连接作用, 同时在从句中充当各种成分。
*Which side will win is not clear.
哪一方会赢还不清楚。
*Whatever he did is right.
他做的一切都是对的。
(二) 连接副词when, where, how, why等。既有疑问含义, 又起连接作用, 同时在从句中充当各种成分。
*How this happened is not clear to anyone.
这件事是怎么发生的, 谁也不清楚。
*When we’ll start tomorrow will be told soon.
我们明天什么时候出发将很快被告知。
*Where the test will be given is not yet decided.
考试在哪里举行还没有决定。
二、主语从句与形式主语it
主语从句通常都是放在句首, 但有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免“头重脚轻”, 常用it作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。
*It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
她犯了这样一个错误, 真是遗憾。
*It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today.
他们是否今天去购物还得看天气情况。
(一)it作形式主语的常用句型
1. It is + adj. / n. +从句
It is a pity/shame that. . . 遗憾的是……
It is possible that. . . 很可能……
It is unlikely that. . . 不可能……
2. It +不及物动词+从句
It seems/appears that. . . 似乎……
It happened that. . . 碰巧……
3. It + be +过去分词+从句
It is said/reported that. . . 据说/报道……
It is known to all that. . . 众所周知……
It is believed that. . . 据信……; 人们相信……
It is suggested that. . . 有人建议……
例如:
*It is believed that at least a score of buildings were damaged or destroyed.
据信, 至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉。
*It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.
有人建议会议延期召开。
*It is reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were badly hurt.
据报道, 事故中三人丧生, 五人重伤。
*It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.
众所周知, 台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
(二)主语从句中的虚拟语气
1. 在 It + be + suggested/advised/ordered/requested/ insisted/required 中, that从句的谓语也应该用“should + 动词原形”的形式, should有时可以省略。主语从句中用陈述语序, 后面的谓语动词用第三人称单数。
*It is suggested that we (should) do the experiment a second time. 有人建议我们再做一次实验。
2. 用于 It is important / natural / necessary / impossible that. . . 句型中, 主语从句应使用虚拟语气, 用“should + 动词原形”的形式, should有时可以省略。
*It’s strange that he should have gone away without telling us.
他竟然没向我们说一声就走了, 真是奇怪。
三、主语从句引导词的区别
(一)that与what
what既有引导主语从句的作用, 同时又在从句中作句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)。这时what相当于all that/everything that. . . , 常译成“所……的(东西、事情、话等)”; 而that只起连接作用, 本身无实际意义, 在从句中也不充当任何句子成分。但that引导的主语从句放在句首时, 不能省略that。例如:
*What is done can’t be undone.
(谚语)已成定局, 无可挽回。
*What we can’t get seems better than what we have.
我们得不到的东西似乎比已得到的要好。
*That we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important.
我们应该制定一项计划来应付目前严峻的形势, 这一点非常重要。
*That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true.
一位新老师将来教我们地理, 这是真的。
(二)if和whether
if和whether引导动词后的宾语从句时一般可通用, 但介词后的宾语从句、主语从句(放在句首时)、表语从句常由whether引导。例如:
*Whether she will go home or not is unknown.
她是否回家还不得而知。
*Whether we shall raise ducks or geese remains to be decided.
我们是养鸭还是养鹅仍没决定。
=It remains to be decided whether/if we shall raise ducks or geese.
=If we shall raise ducks or geese remains to be decided.
(三)以it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句型的区别
“It be + adj. /n. + that-clause”与强调句型均有It be. . . that. . . 之类的语言标志, 但不同的是: ①前者中的that从句是主语从句。若删掉其中的It be和that, 则剩余部分不论结构还是语意都不能成为一个句子; 但若将后者中的It be和that去掉, 则剩余部分的结构和语意仍能构成一个完整的句子。②强调句型译为汉语时可加上“正是……”或“就是……”之类的字眼, 而主语从句则不可以。请比较下面两个句子:
*It is surprising that Lucy should have won the contest.
令人惊奇的是露西居然赢得了比赛。
*It is Lucy that has won the contest.
正是露西赢得了比赛。
第一句中的It是形式主语, that引导的是主语从句。句中的It is和that无法删除, 一旦删除句子就不成立。
第二句是强调句型, 其中的It is和that可以去掉, 因为没有It is和that句子仍然很通顺。
Part II 选择性必修三Unit 2语法知识点复习
表语从句(Predicative clause)
一、定义
　　在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句, 说明主语是什么或者怎么样。含表语从句的复合句的一般结构是“主语+系动词+关联词+表语从句”。 可以接表语从句的常见系动词(短语)有:
1. be(am, is, are, was, were)
2. feel, seem, look, appear, sound, taste, smell
3. stand, lie, remain, keep, stay
4. become, get, grow, turn, go, come, run, fall
5. prove, turn out
注意：表语从句的语序与时态
(1)表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是他何时能到达宾馆。
(2)不像宾语从句, 在有表语从句的复合句中, 主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
问题是谁明天和我一起去北京旅行。
The question is why he cried yesterday.
问题是昨天他为什么哭。
二、引导表语从句的关联词
　　引导表语从句的关联词有从属连词as, that, whether, 连接代词who, which, whatever等和连接副词how, why, whenever等, 以及as if, as though, because等连词。
*The trouble is that we are short of money.
困难是我们资金短缺。
*That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.
那就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏。
*It looks as if the farm is heading for another good harvest.
看上去农场今年又会获得一次丰收。
(一)由that引导
1. 主语常常是事实陈述性名词, 表语从句常用that引导。常见表达:
The fact/news/idea/reason/problem/difference/advantage/possibility/. . . is that. . .
*His sole requirement is that the system works.
他唯一的要求是这个制度能起作用。
*My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.
我的意见是我们马上就开始做准备工作。
*The reason why I’m late is that I missed the bus.
我迟到的原因是没赶上公共汽车。
2. 主语是what引导的主语从句时, 表语从句常用that引导。常见表达: What. . . should keep in mind/ What’s the most important/. . . is that. . . .
3. 主语是it, 但是它只是一个功能性的词, 没有实际意义。常见表达:
It seems/appears/proved/turned out that. . . .
*It seems to me that we should answer for this.
在我看来, 我们似乎应该对此事负责。
*It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has.
在她看来, 他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。
*It turned out that they were old acquaintances.
他们原来是老相识。
注意：
(1)当主语是表示建议、要求、命令、请求的名词时, 表语从句常常由that引导, 并且从句中要用虚拟语气(should +动词原形)。The suggestion/advice/proposal/demand/request/order. . . is that. . .
*My suggestion is that we (should) set off early tomorrow.
(2)that, why, because都可引导表语从句。表示原因的名词(reason, cause)作句子主语时, 后面的表语从句常用that 引导, 不可用because。
*The reason why he was late was that he missed the first train this morning.
(3)连词that的省略
引导表语从句的that通常不省略, 但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略。
*My idea is (that) we should do it right away.
我的意见是我们应该马上干。
(二)由whether引导
主语是表示问题、疑问、顾虑等意义的名词, 表语从句常用whether引导。常见表达: The(My/Our/. . . )question/problem/doubt/worry is whether. . . .
*The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
问题是这部电影是否值得看。
注意：
whether可引导表语从句, 但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
(三)由连接代词引导
连接代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句, 在句中作主语、宾语、表语, 连接代词不能省略。
*The problem is who we can get to replace her.
问题是我们能找到谁去替换她。
*(2018·北京高考)This is what my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
这是我父亲教我的东西——永远面对困难, 盼望最好的。
*You can be whoever you want to be.
你可以成为你想成为的人。
注意1：引导词that与what
what既有引导表语从句的作用, 同时又在从句中作句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)。这时what相当于all that/everything that, 常译成“所……的(东西、事情、话等)”; 而that只起连接作用, 本身无实际意义, 在从句中也不担当任何句子成分。但that引导表语从句时, 一般不能省略that。
*What is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to protect the environment.
最重要的是, 我们应该采取一些有效的措施来保护环境。
*China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer what it used to be.
中国变得越来越强大, 不再是过去的样子了。
注意2：
　　as if (as though)引导表语从句, 表语从句表示的情况发生的可能性较小时, 常用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反, 谓语动词用一般过去时; 若表示与过去事实相反, 用过去完成时; 表示将来的可能性不大, 用would (might, could)+动词原形。
*They treat me as though I were a stranger.
他们待我如陌生人。
从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实, 就用陈述语气。
*This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.
这肉尝起来似乎已经坏了。
注意3：
(1)because 可引导表语从句, 但与之同义的since, as, for等不用于引导表语从句。
(2)because 引导的表语从句说明的是原因, why 引导的表语从句说明的是结果。
*I was late for school this morning. That’s because I stayed up too late last night.
今天早上我上学迟到了, 因为昨晚我熬夜到太晚。
*I stayed up too late last night. That’s why I was late for school this morning.
我今天早上上学迟到是因为昨夜熬夜太晚。
Part III 选择性必修三 Unit 3语法知识点复习
主谓一致 (Subject-verb agreement)
一、集体名词作主语时, 若被看作一个整体, 谓语动词则用单数形式; 若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员, 谓语动词则用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
*The crowd are gone. 群众都散了。
*His family are watching TV. 他的家人正在看电视。
二、有些名词如police, cattle, people, clothes, trousers等没有单数形式, 作主语时, 谓语只用复数; 而有的名词则单、复数形式相同, 如sheep, aircraft, means等, 作主语时, 要根据意思来确定其谓语的单、复数形式。
*Shortly after the accident, the police were sent to keep order.
事故发生不久, 警察就被派去维持秩序。
*One day this white sheep was lost. 有一天, 这只白绵羊丢了。
三、当maths(mathematics), politics, physics等学科名词作主语时, 谓语用单数; 但前有物主代词修饰, 指某人的某方面知识时, 谓语用复数。用作书名、剧名、报刊名、国名、地区名称的复数名词作主语时, 谓语用单数。
*Politics is a complicated subject.
政治是一门复杂的学科。
*The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.
《天方夜谭》是一本很有趣的书。
四、“the+形容词”作主语时, 如果表示的是一类人, 那么谓语动词用复数形式; 如果指的是单个人或抽象概念, 谓语动词则用单数形式。
*The blind are taught skills in special schools. 盲人在特殊学校中学习技能。
*The sick is one of the students in our class. 那位病人是我们班的一个学生。
五、表示时间、距离、价格等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。
*Ten years isn’t a long time. 10年并不长。
*Five thousand kilometres is a long distance. 5 000千米是一段很长的距离。
Part IV 选择性必修三 Unit 4语法知识点复习
主谓一致(Subject-verb agreement)
　　主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致。高考试题对这一语法项目的考查重点是: 名词作主语时的谓语形式; 分隔情况下, 主语和谓语的一致; 分数、百分数、不定式、动名词作主语时的主谓一致。并列主语的主谓一致、定语从句中的主谓一致和倒装句中的主谓一致等。
1. 集体名词如: group, family, class, government, team, public, enemy, crowd, audience, club, party, crew等作主语时, 如果看成一个整体, 谓语动词用单数形式, 如果侧重其成员, 谓语动词用复数形式。集体名词如: people, cattle, police, youth等作主语时, 谓语动词常用复数形式。
*The police are looking for the thief.
警察正在寻找那个小偷。
*Cattle are not allowed to graze here.
这里不准放牛。
*My family has four people. My family all like watching football games.
我家有四口人。我的家人都喜欢看足球比赛。
2. 主语是单复数同形的名词如: deer, sheep, fish, series, means, works, aircraft等时, 视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数形式。
*Every means has been tried, but none proved successful.
每个办法都尝试过了, 但没有一个是成功的。
*Many means have not come into effect.
许多方法都没生效。
3. 代词none, neither, all以及what引导的从句等作主语, 谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所指代的内容。
*All we need is a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
我们所需要的就是一小块土地, 在这儿我们可以在一年的生长季节种植各种各样的果树。
*What they have are 200 computers.
他们拥有的是二百台电脑。
4. 当主语是不定代词somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, everything, nothing, something, anything等时, 谓语动词用第三人称单数。
*Somebody is waiting for you outside.
有人在外面等你。
*Nobody knows the answer.
没有人知道答案。
注意：不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
有些不定代词作主语时, 据意义确定谓语动词的单复数, 若不定代词所指为单数意义, 谓语用单数形式; 若不定代词所指为复数意义, 谓语用复数形式。这类词有: all, some, any, more, most, half等。
*All are happy to hear the news.
听到这个消息大家都很高兴。
*All that has to be done has been done.
该做的事都做了。
*Most of the surface of the earth is covered by water.
地球表面的大部分被水覆盖着。
*Half of the wood has been carried away.
一半的木头被搬走了。
5. 表示时间, 长度, 距离, 金额, 价值, 重量, 容量等的复数名词作主语时, 通常作整体看待, 即表示总量或总和, 谓语动词用单数形式。若把它们看作一个个的个体, 即强调其具体数量时, 谓语动词用复数形式。
*Twenty years is a long time to us.
二十年对我们来说是一段很长的时间。
*Two hundred miles is not a long distance.
两百英里不是一段很长的距离。
*Ten thousand US dollars is a lot of money.
一万美元是一大笔钱。
*There are ten minutes left.
还有十分钟。
6. 用and连接两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式。如果and连接的两个名词指的是同一人、事、物或概念(如: a knife and fork一副刀叉, the bread and butter奶油面包, my house and home我的家)时, 则谓语动词用单数形式。
*Many books and a pen are on the desk.
许多书和一支钢笔在桌子上。
*The pianist and composer has come to this small town.
这位钢琴家兼作曲家已经来到这个小镇。
7. 如果主语后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, including, like, rather than, no less than, in addition to等引导的短语时, 谓语动词的形式只与主语有关, 而与其后的短语无关。
*The teacher with three students was in the classroom then.
那时老师带着三个学生在教室里。
*Newspapers, as well as the Internet, play an important role in daily communication.
报纸, 还有互联网, 在日常交流中起到了重要的作用。
*None but Jim and Mike knows my secret.
只有吉姆和迈克知道我的秘密。
*Seven people, including a policeman, were killed.
包括一名警察在内的七人死亡。
8. 由or, either. . . or, neither. . . nor, not only. . . but also. . . 等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时, 以及以there开头的句子, 而主语不止一个时, 谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
*Not only his family but also he likes Chaplin’s movies.
不但他的家人而且连他也喜欢卓别林的电影。
*Are either you or your brother going to the party?
要么是你要么是你的弟弟将要去参加这个聚会吗?
*There are some envelopes and paper for you.
有一些信封和纸张给你。
9. population表示“人口”, 即一个国家或地区的居民数目, 它作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时, population是指一个国家或地区的全体居民, 它作主语时, 谓语动词一般用复数形式。
*The population of Canada is about 36 million.
加拿大的人口数大约是3600万。
*Eighty percent of the population in that country are farmers.
那个国家80%的人口是农民。
10. 由some, plenty, a lot, lots, most, the rest, all, half, part或分数、百分数+of+名词等短语作主语时, 谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。如果of后面所接名词为复数形式, 谓语动词用复数形式; 如果of后面所接名词为单数或不可数名词, 谓语动词就用单数形式。
*About one third of the books are well worth reading.
大约三分之一的书非常值得阅读。
*Over 30% of the work has been finished.
百分之三十以上的工作已经完成了。
*(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection is on display.
往往, 只有一小部分博物馆的藏品会展出。
11. 由a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of, 名词+of this kind(type, sort, part, piece, section, pair)等构成的短语作主语时, 谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。
*This kind of animals is dangerous.
*Animals of this kind are dangerous.
这种动物很危险。
12. “a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语, 谓语动词用单数形式。
“large amounts of+不可数名词”作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式。
“a good/great deal of+不可数名词”作主语, 谓语动词用单数形式。
*Vast amounts of money are being invested in the local market.
大量资金正被投放到当地的市场上。
Part V 选择性必修三 Unit 5语法知识点复习
非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语
一、非谓语动词的形式
动词的非谓语形式有三种:
1. 动词不定式: to + 动词原形
2. 动词-ing形式: v. -ing形式
3. 动词的过去分词形式: v. -ed形式
动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例):


二、非谓语动词的句法功能

三、非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语的用法
1. 非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式作主语
　　一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语, 而将真正的主语不定式结构放在句末, 以使句子保持平衡。
*To climb the mountain is hard work but to go down the mountain is great fun. 上山很艰难, 下山却很好玩。
*No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better to remain silent.
不论你多么能说会道, 有些时候保持沉默会更好。
(2)动词-ing形式作主语
　　常表示抽象的、泛指的概念; 也可用it作形式主语, 将真正的主语动名词结构放在句末。常用于固定句型:
It’s a waste of time doing. . . ;
It’s no use/good doing. . . ;
It is useless doing. . . ;
*Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 掌握基本的急救技能将有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速作出反应。
*It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
2. 非谓语动词作表语
(1)不定式作表语
　　常用来表示将要发生的动作, 也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设; 但当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时, 这时的不定式只作单纯的表语, 而不具有未来的含义。
*His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
*My job is to clean the rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打扫房间。
(2)动词-ing形式作表语
多指抽象的、概念性的动作, 可以是多次的、经常性的行为。
*Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
(3)过去分词作表语
　　过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或主语的感受, 这时过去分词可以看作一个形容词, 是形容词化的过去分词。常见的有seated, surprised, astonished, amazed, moved, exhausted, worried, devoted, pleased, inspired, encouraged, excited, delighted, satisfied, scared, frightened, disappointed 等。
*This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn’t get discouraged right after failures.
温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句名言告诉我们, 失败后我们决不能气馁。
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
(1)不定式作宾语
有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语
决心学会想希望, 拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划, 同意请求帮一帮。
即decide/determine, learn, want, expect, hope; refuse, manage, wish, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help等后一般只接不定式作宾语。
此外, afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten 等后也要用不定式作宾语。
*He was very ill for a time, but he managed to pull through.
有一段时间他病得很重, 但他最后痊愈了。
*We arranged to meet at the station but she didn’t turn up.
我们商量好在车站见面, 可是她没有露面。
(2)动词-ing形式作宾语
有些动词和动词短语后面只能接动词-ing形式作宾语。
考虑建议盼原谅, 承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练, 否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险, 不禁介意准逃亡。
即consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/ put off, fancy(想要); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can’t help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape等后一般只能接动名词作宾语。
*She admitted having read the letter. 她承认读过这封信。
*We don’t allow smoking on this plane.
在这架飞机上我们不允许抽烟。
*I appreciate being given this opportunity.
非常感谢给了我这个机会。
(3)下列动词或词组既可以跟动词-ing形式作宾语, 也可以跟不定式作宾语, 但意义上有区别, 要特别注意。
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事
remember to do sth. 记着要做某事
remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事
regret to do sth. 很遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
*I’ll try to catch up with my classmates this term.
这一学期我将尽力赶上同学们。
*I try reading the text without consulting my dictionary.
我试着不查词典来阅读课文。
注意：
①当 like, love, hate, prefer 与 would, should 连用时, 其后只能接不定式。
*I’d love to have a room of my own.
我想有一个自己的房间。
②当 begin, start 本身为进行时态或后接 know, realize, understand 等静态动词时, 其后的动词只能用不定式。
*I soon began to understand what was happening.
我很快开始明白了正在发生什么事。
③表示“需要”的 need, want 和 require 后接 -ing 形式的主动形式或不定式的被动式都可以。
*Your hair needs cutting [to be cut]. 你的头发该理了。
*The room wants cleaning [to be cleaned].
这房间需要打扫了。
④ 介词后接动词作宾语, 通常要用动词-ing形式, 但表示“除……外”的介词 but 和 except 后接动词作宾语要用不定式。若前面有行为动词 do, 其后的不定式不带 to; 若前面没有行为动词 do, 则其后的不定式通常带 to。
*There’s little we can do except wait.
除了等待我们什么也做不了。
*It had no effect except to make him angry.
除惹他生气外, 没产生任何效果。
Part VI 选择性必修三 Unit 6语法知识点复习
非谓语动词作定语、 状语和补语
1. 非谓语动词作定语
(1)不定式作定语
①不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
*The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
②不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等, 不定式后需要加相应的介词。
*He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
③不定式用来修饰序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词, 且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
*He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校, 最后一个离校。
④被修饰词是抽象名词时, 常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有: ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。
*The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
(2)分词作定语
①及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式有: 现在分词、“being+过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时, 用现在分词; 当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时, 用“being+过去分词”; 当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时, 用过去分词。
*The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine.
公园里人山人海, 人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
*We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)
*The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
②不及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有: 现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行; 过去分词只表示一个动作已完成, 不表示被动。
*falling leaves正在下落的叶子(正在进行)
*fallen leaves落叶(完成)
(3)动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
*a walking stick拐杖
*a reading room阅览室
*a sleeping car卧铺车
2. 非谓语动词作状语
(1)不定式作状语
①作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”, 可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性, 不定式前也可加in order或so as, 但so as to不能用于句首。
*To pass the College Entrance Examination, we must work hard.
为了通过高考, 我们必须努力学习。
*To make it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand.
为了与我们联系更方便一些, 你最好把这张卡片随身带着。
②作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果。
*Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场, 结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
③作原因状语
a. 常用于“主语(人)+系动词+形容词(过去分词)+to do”结构中。
形容词或过去分词作表语时, 后可接不定式作原因状语, 用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况, 常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish, 　astonished等。
*We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是, 这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
b. 常用于“主语(物)+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。
这类形容词有: easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等, 表示主语的特征或性质, 不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系, 但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
*The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬, 但实际上坐上去很舒服。
(2)分词作状语
分词包括现在分词和过去分词, 现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系, 且含有进行的意义; 过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系, 且含有完成的意义。
①作时间状语相当于when, while, before, since, as引导的时间状语从句。
*Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
→When the sentence was translated into English, it was found to have an entirely different word order.
被译成英语后, 我们发现这个句子有了一个完全不同的语序。
②作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。
*Not understanding this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
→Because he didn’t understand this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
因为不理解这个问题, 他问了老师。
*Defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
→Because he was defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
由于被同桌打败了, 他感到气馁。
③作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。
*Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
→If I’m given another hour, I can also work out the problem. 如果再给我一个小时, 我也能解决这个问题。
④作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果, 分词前可接thus。
*People from all the corners came to the city center, making it very crowded.
来自各个角落的人都来到了市中心, 这使市中心非常拥挤。
⑤作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作, 常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开, 相当于并列句。
*One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
→One evening Harry phoned me, and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里给我打电话, 要求我尽快去他的公寓。
⑥作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。
*Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
→Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
虽然被警告危险, 他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
3. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
(1)不定式作宾语补足语
有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾语补足语, 即“动词/动词短语+sb. +to do”。常见的这类动词有:
advise建议, allow允许, ask询问; 要求, beg乞求, cause导致, encourage鼓励, expect期望, forbid禁止, force强迫, invite邀请, order命令, persuade说服等。
*The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
*He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)分词作宾语补足语
①现在分词作宾语补足语时, 表示主动、进行。
*They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
②过去分词作宾语补足语时, 表示被动、完成。
*He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
他试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。
(3)非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾语补足语
①感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾语补足语有以下形式(以see为例):
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做了某事
*I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事
*The suspect was seen entering the building.
有人看见疑犯进入了大楼。
see sb. /sth. done看见某人/某物被……
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
在非洲提供了两年的医疗服务, 李医生回来后十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
②常见的使役动词有四个: have, make, let, get, 表示“使, 让”的含义。
have/make/let sb. do sth. 以及get sb. to do sth. 表示“让/使某人做某事”, 宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
*The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.
→The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.
放学后老师让一些学生待在教室里。
注意：
(1)make用于被动语态时, 其后要用带to的不定式作主语补足语。
*He was made to work day and night.
他被迫日夜工作。
(2)have/get+sb. /sth. +doing sth. 让某人/某物一直做某事
*He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.
他让灯亮了整晚, 这使他父母很生气。
(3)have sb. doing sth. 用于否定句中, 常与can’t, won’t等连用, 表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
*I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
(4)have/get/make+宾语+done让……被……/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)
*I’ll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
*He had his wallet stolen on his way home.
在他回家的路上, 他的钱包被偷了。

Part I 选择性必修三Unit 1语法知识点强化
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. ____________ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.
2. —What made her parents so angry?
—____________ she had failed in the examination.
3. Is ____________ they told me really true?
4. ____________ is important and necessary that we (should) keep the balance of nature.
5. It is necessary that the problem ____________ (settle)at once.  
6. ____________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
7. It is known to us ____________ where there is pollution, there is harm.
8. It remains a question ____________ we can get so much money in such a short time.
9. They lost their way in the forest and ____________ made matters worse was that night began to fall.
10. ____________ you do will be right because you are a wise and responsible man.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. ____________ at the party.  
要求所有成员都出席这次聚会。
2. ____________ such a good chance.  
你错过了这么好的机会, 真可惜。
3. ____________ remains unclear.  
会议是否会如期举行还不清楚。
4. ____________ is enough practice.  
学习英语最重要的是足够的练习。
5. ____________ ought to turn off the lights.  
谁最后离开房间, 谁就应该关灯。
Part II 选择性必修三 Unit 2语法知识点强化
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. I’ve got a cold; that’s ____________ I wouldn’t like to go out.
2. Fame and personal gain is ____________ they’re after.
3. The reason why Tom failed in the exam was ____________ he didn’t work hard.
4. What made the doctor upset was ____________ he should tell the patient the truth or not.
5. What is just beyond my imagination is ____________ fortune should bless me with a chance to realize my dream.
6. Chopin’s last request was that the Polish soil in the silver goblet should ____________ (cast)over his grave.  
7. She insisted that she did a good job, and that was ____________ she disagreed with her father.
8. The best time for Mark Twain was ____________ he worked on the Mississippi.
9. One of the great things about living in China is ____________ convenient it is to travel to different places.
10. It looked ____________ if it was going to rain.
Ⅱ. 句型转换
1. Most importantly, you can improve your Chinese by participating in the contest. (用主语从句、表语从句改写句子)
____________ is ____________.  
2. This is my question. How can I improve my writing as soon as possible? (用表语从句合并两个句子)
My question is ____________ improve my writing as soon as possible.  
3. Tom was late this morning. That is because he overslept. (用“The reason why . . . is that. . . ……的原因是……”句式改写句子)
The reason why ____________ is that ____________.  
4. Susan didn’t go to school today because she caught a bad cold. (改写为“That is because+表语从句”结构)
Susan didn’t go to school today. ____________
5. He made full preparations for the relay race, so he got the first prize unexpectedly. (用that’s because结构改写句子)
He got the first prize in the relay race unexpectedly; ____________.  
Part III 选择性必修三 Unit 3语法知识点强化
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Statistics ____________ (be) his most difficult subject and they are all worried that he won’t pass the test.
2. The Olympic Games ____________(be) held every four years.
3. The New York Times ____________(be) first published in the early 1860s.
4. Many people say 1, 000 dollars ____________(be) a lot of money.
5. The public ____________(be) the best judge because the public always ____________(express) their thoughts correctly.  
6. The rich ____________(be) not always happy.
7. Few of his family really ____________ (understand) him.
8. Ten weeks ____________(have) passed since the new term began.
9. All means ____________ (have)been tried to solve the problem.
10. The staff of the company ____________ (be) being trained to work more effectively.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. You probably have been using caffeine since childhood. Caffeine ____________(在你喝的第一杯可乐中).  
2. The audience ____________(欣赏音乐会) attentively.  
3. ____________ (十年已经过去了)since they graduated from college.  
4. The people on the scene ____________ (关心)the fire victims.  
5. Nowadays, a large amount of money ____________ (被用于建设各种娱乐场地)by our government.  
6. The government ____________(对危机反应很慢).  
7. There ____________ (许多绵羊)dotting the grass under the sky.  
8. The burnt that couldn’t flee in the fire ____________(满怀恐惧).  
9. For the sick being treated alone in hospital, several miles away from home ____________(是很长的一段距离).  
10. To our surprise, physics ____________(是她最喜欢的科目).  
Part IV 选择性必修三 Unit 4语法知识点强化
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. The first new college class since the election of Donald J. Trump ____________(arrive)on campus.  
2. Part of the profit from sales ____________ (be) available for the Everest Peakeers Association which has helped collect rubbish off the mountain.
3. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness ____________ (help) to create an atmosphere of good will and calm.
4. The government ____________ (believe) that people who don’t have the Internet can get left behind their friends who do.
5. The population of Jiangsu ____________ (have) grown to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million.
6. (2019·天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, ____________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.  
7. (2019·浙江高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody ____________ (have) to worry about fashion (时尚).  
8. (2019·江苏高考)The musician along with his band members ____________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.  
9. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it ____________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
10. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________ (be) regarded as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. E-mail, as well as telephones, ____________ daily communication.  
电子邮件, 还有电话在日常交流中起着重要的作用。
2. ____________ at rock concerts ____________ hearing loss in some teenagers.  
在摇滚音乐会听喧闹的音乐已经造成了一些青少年的听觉损耗。
3. ____________ to be fired. And not only you but also I am to be fired this time.  
不是他而是你要被解雇。这次不仅你而且我也要被解雇。
4. Neither you nor ____________ anything about it.  
你和其他任何人都不知道这件事。
5. ____________ to hand out the prizes to those gifted students in the meeting hall.  
要么我的老师要么我们的校长要在会议厅给那些有天赋的学生发奖品。
6. ____________ us something about volunteer workers now.  
一位英语老师兼班主任正给我们讲一些关于志愿者的事情。
Part V 选择性必修三 Unit 5语法知识点强化
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. Now linguists are taking action to prevent this incredible cultural heritage from ____________(disappear).
2. Our discussions in the debating group are helping us to become calm and consider ____________(win) and solving real problems as well.
3. Aiming ____________(carry)forward the spirit of peace, cooperation, openness for shared benefits through concrete projects, the New Silk Road has already received a warm response in the world.  
4. The cart got ____________(stick)in the mud, but the farmer made no effort to get it out.
5. I didn’t mean ____________(eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help trying it.  
6. But conservationists say that ____________(make) ivory legal to sell would lead to even more illegal hunting.
7. I don’t know whether you happen ____________(hear), but I’m going to study in the USA this September.  
8. In New Zealand we drive on the left-hand side of the road, so if you’re coming from somewhere like Germany, do remember ____________(take) things slow while you adjust to the change!  
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. ____________ can badly hurt the organs of the animals.  
吃塑料会严重伤害动物的器官。
2. As well as the weather, the relaxed atmosphere and nightlife ____________.  
除了天气, 轻松的气氛和夜生活也很吸引人。
3. It’s our duty ____________.  
照顾好老人是我们的责任。
4. If you ____________, do it every day.  
如果你坚持做某件事, 那就每天做。
5. Her job is ____________, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.  
她的工作是给孩子们上钢琴课, 但这个星期天她的工作是教孩子们跳舞。
6. The shout ____________ and the boys ____________.  
吼叫声很吓人, 把男孩们吓着了。
7. The squirrels were lucky that they just missed ____________.  
松鼠很幸运, 它们刚好没被抓住。
8. I can hardly imagine ____________ in five days.  
我简直不能想象彼得会在五天内横渡大西洋。
Part VI 选择性必修三 Unit 6语法知识点强化
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. In my opinion, giving someone a hug and holding their hands ____________(comfort) them can only be done in person.  
2. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ____________ (range) from butterflies to elephants.
3. I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train ____________ (catch).  
4. Many Chinese brands, ____________ (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.  
5. They are required ____________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.  
6. I was the first Western TV reporter ____________ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
7. The easiest way ____________ (accomplish) this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.  
8. In contrast to many other countries, lunch here is not a quick snack ____________ (consume) in front of the computer or on the way to a meeting.
9. From then on, his fear of talking before a big audience disappeared. Actually Jack had his confidence ____________ (build) up. Now he turns out to be a good speaker.
10. I’m very glad ____________ (invite) to attend the meeting.  
Ⅱ. 用非谓语动词的正确形式完成句子
1. ____________, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.  
如果给予正确的训练, 这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。
2. She patiently explained all the rules to the students and ____________
她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则, 并要求每个人都遵循这些规则。
3. As I got closer, ____________and breathing heavily.  
当我走近时, 我看见他的腿在空中乱踢, 并且呼吸沉重。
4. The doctor ____________, ensuring an exact examination.  
医生让病人直挺挺地躺在机器下面, 确保了准确的检查。
5. ____________, the boy was ashamed and embarrassed.  
那男孩因犯错而被嘲笑, 因此又羞愧又尴尬。
6. As far as I’m concerned, ____________.  
就我个人而言, 这本书很难理解。
7. More highways have been built in China, ____________from one place to another.  
中国建了很多高速公路, 这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
8. The battery was dead and I was alone ____________.  
我手机电池没有电了, 我独自一人, 没有办法和家人联系。