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【尖子生暑假拔高】初中英语专题讲义：4不定式（教师版+学生版）
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这是一份【尖子生暑假拔高】初中英语专题讲义：4不定式（教师版+学生版），文件包含4不定式学生版docx、4不定式教师版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共50页， 欢迎下载使用。
课程主题：4不定式
学习目标
掌握不定式及动名词的用法并灵活运用于各种语境和题型中，如语法填空和翻译题型。
一、不定式
1．动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。它们的句法作用见下表：
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾补
主补
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
动名词
√
√
√
√
分词
√
√
√
√
√
口诀：不定式本领强，六种成分都能当；
动名词不示弱，主宾表定用得上；
两分词不相让，表定状补争亮相。
（一）不定式：不定式由“t+动词原形”构成，其否定形式为“nt t d”。不定式有时态和语态的变化，具体结构如下表：
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
t d
t be dne
进行式
t be ding
完成式
t have dne
t have been dne
完成进行式
t have been ding
1、不定式的用法
1）作主语
不定式短语作主语时，一般表示具体的、个别的、一次性完成的或者具有将来意义的动作。
T master a freign language requires painstaking effrt.
T cmbine thery with practice is a gd way f learning.
该结构用it作形式主语时有以下4种形式：
①It + 动词+ 宾语等 + t d sth.
It makes me sick t think abut it.
It des yu a lt f gd t swim in the rivers.
②It + be + 表语 + t d sth.
It was right t give up smking.
It was beynd me t help him.
③It +be + 表语 + fr sb.t d sth./fr sth. t be dne.
It is imprtant fr yu t attend that meeting.
It is a gd idea fr the bks t be given t her.
④It +be + 表语 + f +名词/代词 + t d sth.
It is very kind f yu t ffer me this lvely hliday.
It was careless f yu t leave yur umbrella n the bus.
2) 作宾语
①以下动词可用于：主语 + 动词 + t d(宾语)
三个希望两答应：hpe wish want agree prmise
两个要求莫拒绝：demand ask refuse
设法学会做决定：manage learn decide
不要假装在选择：pretend chse
除此之外，还有：
动词不定作宾语，期希渴欲承担起；
愿意碰巧又出现，假装安排不拒绝；
准备计划却失败，好像提供又犹豫；
企图要把目标证，爱恨要求做选择。
expect hpe wish desire affrd
(wuld) like happen appear, pretend arrange refuse
prepare plan fail, seem ffer hesitate
attempt aim prve, lve/like hate demand chse
例句：I cannt affrd t pay such a price.
We decided nt t g ut because f the weather.
②以下动词可用于：主语 + 动词 + it + 宾补 + t d (宾语)
I dn’t think it necessary t g n with the experiment.
I cnsider it my duty t write t yu and thank yu.
除此之外，还有：
believe, cnsider, cunt, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, knw, prve, realize, reprt, see, shw, suppse, suspect, take, think, understand
③以下动词可用于：主语 + 动词 + there t be + 名词或代词
expect, hate, like, prefer, want
I expect there t be n argument abut this.
Wuld yu like there t be a meeting t discuss the questin?
3) 作表语
What we shuld d nw is t study hard.
The imprtant thing fr me t d nw is clear up the mess.
The nly thing yu can d is wait and see.
主语部分有动词d的定语或从句时，作表语的不定式可不带t.
4)作定语
举例：She has finally made a decisin t leave.
The farmers thught f ways t prtect their crps.
It was the first bk t have appeared n the subject.
He was the first ne t have been invited t the party.
不定式作定语有时几乎等于一个定语从句，有时具有情态意义，大都用于表示即将发生的动作，如：
He is nt a man t bw befre difficulties.
She usually has a lt f meetings t attend in the evening.
It isn’t a thing t talk abut.
We’ll have mre activities like this in the few weeks t cme.
①在某些由动词派生的名词后常接不定式作定语
agreement, arrangement, attempt, claim, decisin, refusal等，
例：I dn’t trust his prmise t cme fr a visit.
He has persisted in her refusal t spend Christmas in Bursley.
②在某些形容词派生的名词后常接不定式作定语
ability, ambitin, anxiety, capability, curisity, eagerness, freedm, patience, readiness, willingness等，
③用于说明某些名词的内容，常接不定式作定语
pprtunity, curage, chance, effrt, evidence, psitin, way, reasn等，
例：Yu must have the curage t say “N”.
We have gd reasn t believe that he is lying.
④在the nly、序数词（the first, the secnd）、顺序词（the last, the next）或者形容词最高级修饰的名词后用不定式作定语
the nly;序数词：the first, the secnd;
顺序词：the last, the next；形容词最高级 + 名词 + 不定式
例句：Linda was the nly ne t stay fr the whle perfrmance.
The yungest persn t enter the prgramme was just furteen.
⑤作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词或，不定式后必须有相应的介词。
He is lking fr a rm t live in.
Please give me a knife t cut with.
I have n idea whm t give this message t.
5)作状语
①不定式作目的状语：（有以下4种方式）
A. (In rder) t + 动词原形
In rder t accmplish the task, we must wrk very hard.
We turned the lights ff in rder nt t waste electricity.
B. s as t + 动词原形(通常不置于句首)
Check yur cmpsitin s as t avid mistakes.
The test questins are kept secret s as t prevent cheating.
t + 动词原形(不定式本身有自己的主语)
My father bught a new bk fr me t read.
I stpped and waited fr her t catch up.
D. fr there be
Fr there be n mistake, yu must recheck the results.
The teacher was waiting fr there t be cmplete silence.
②不定式作结果状语：（有以下5种方式）
A. t... t + 动词原形
如果该结构中的形容词为anxius, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, surprised, willing,其后的不定式表示肯定。
例句：She was t surprised t see hw angry her father was.
We were t willing t ffer them what we had.
当but, all, nt, never, nly, quite, really等后接t...(t)时，“t”= “very”
例句： I’m nly t glad t stay at hme.
It’s never t late t learn.
B. (nly)t d和nly ding
◆ nly t d 的意思是“不料（却）……，结果（却）……", 表示一个没有料到的结果。
I hurried t the supermarket, nly t find it was clsed.
我匆忙赶到超市,不料它已经关门了。
He made a lng speech nly t shw his flishness.
他讲了一大通，结果只是显露了他的愚蠢。
I went t see him, nly t learn that he had left the city the night befre.
我去看他，不料听人家说他已经在前夜离开这个城市。
◆ nly ding 的意思是“结果就……",表示一个意料之中的结果。
He died, nly leaving nthing but debts. 他死了，结果只留下了一身债务。
He drpped the plate, nly breaking it int pieces.
盘子从他手中掉下来，结果摔成了碎片。
He aimed, fired, nly bringing dwn a red-necked bird.
他瞄准，射击，结果打下了一只红颈鸟。
C. t + 动词原形
例句：The huse is s high and narrw as t resemble a twer.
She sang s well as t bring dwn the huse.
D. be such as t +动原
例句: His remarks were such as t anny everyne at the meeting.
The pain in her ft wasn’t such as t stp her walking.
E. such + 名词 + as t + 动原
翻译：人口的快速增长导致食物短缺。
There is such a rapid grwth/increase in ppulatin as t cause a fd shrtage.
他不是一个笨到连那个都看不到的人。
He is nt such a fl as nt t be able t see that.
③ 不定式作条件状语
例句： T lk at him, yu wuld like him.
T hear him talk, yu wuld think he wned the whle wrld.
④不定式作原因状语(不定式的动词先于谓语动词，大部分表示情感等的原因)
例句： I rejiced t learn that his sn was admitted t the university.
I am glad t see her in such gd health.
We were very excited t hear the news.
The by was rude t speak t the teacher like that.
6) 作宾语补足语
①“动词 + 宾语 + t d”
advise, allw, ask, beg, cause, challenge, cmmand, dare, determine, direct, discver,
drive, enable, expect, encurage, frbid, frce, get, infrm, invite, blige, permit,
persuade, prepare, recmmend, remind, request, require, teach, urge
例句：我们应该请求组委会考虑我们的提案。
We shall suggest the cmmittee t cnsider ur suggestin .
我推荐你买这本字典。
I recmmend yu t buy this dictinary.
②感官动词和使役动词用于“动词+宾语+ d”结构，即：省略t的不定式的一种情况：
一感（feel），二听（hear， listen t），三使役（make, let, have），
五看（see, lk at, watch, ntice, bserve）
例句：We felt the huse shake.
They made the by g t bed early.
Culd yu have him call me when he gets back?
I saw her leave the classrm early.
说明：这些句子如果变被动结构必须带t
③ “动词+宾语+ t be + 形容词或名词”
believe, cnsider, cunt, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, knw, prve, realize, suppse, think
例句：I believe him t be hnest.
Everybdy knws this t be a fact.
He declared himself t be a member f the club.
7) 不定式作独立成分
T tell the truth, I dn’t agree with yu.
常用的这类短语还有：
t be frank t be exact
t be sure t begin with
t say the least needless t say
t say nthing f... t make a lng stry shrt
8）疑问词+不定式在句中起名词作用：
What t d next has nt been decided yet.
One f the main prblems is hw t d away with pllutin.
I can’t decide which t chse.
The discussin centered n hw t increase their strength.
2.不定式的时态语态
a. 不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的：
（1）一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。
例：They made plans t live in Paris. 他们计划住在巴黎。（t live 发生在 made plans之后）
T talk with him is a great pleasure.
（2）进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。
例：He pretended t be listening t me carefully.
I am very glad t be wrking with yu.
（3）不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
例：I am srry t have kept yu waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
（t have kept发生在I am srry所表示的时间之前）
补充：不定式的完成式表示没有实现的愿望。表示“本打算，原希望”
例：I intended t have cme t see yu.
I was t have met him at the statin, but he didn’t cme.
（4）不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。
例：He was happy t have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。
b. 不定式的语态
不定式的时态是以逻辑主语为依据的：
例：The sprts meeting n the weekend has t be put ff. 周末的运动会被迫推迟。
注意：意义上被动形式上主动的不定式
在“名词（代词）＋ be easy(difficult, fit等形容词) ＋ 不定式”结构中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语fr us, fr me , fr yu 等。
例：The bk is difficult t read.
The grass is smth t walk n.
3.不带t的不定式
1）一感，二听，三使役，五看
2）在下列结构的than之后常接不带t的不定式
wuld rather d than d, wuld sner d than d, rather than d, d nthing than d,
d (n)mre than
例： He insisted n ging back t his wrk rather than stay in hspital.
In the curse f a day students d far mre than just attend classes.
3) 在下列结构的but 之后常接不带t的不定式。
cannt but, cannt chse but, cannt help but, d nthing but, have nthing t d but
例： I cannt but admire his curage.
She culd nt help but weep at the sad news.
She culd d nthing but cry.
4) 当as well as 前是带t的动词不定式时，其后接动词不定式不带t。例如：
We cannt expect her t d hmewrk as well as lk after the baby.
例1．What peple learned frm China Gt Talented was that there were s many talented peple ut there waiting ______(discver).
【答案】t be discvered
例2．--D yu have anything mre , sir?
--N. Yu can have a rest r d smething else.
A. typing
B. typed
C. t typing
D. t type
【答案】D
例3．观众在进入体育馆前须把个人物品寄存在入口处的储物柜中。(require)
【答案】The audience were required t leave their persnal belngings in the lckers at the entrance befre entering the stadium/gym.
例4．Mr. Smith—ur English teacher, is said t England fr hliday last week.
A. t return
B. returning
C. t have returned
D. having returned
【答案】C
例5．There were s many peple in the restaurant, s we culdn’t but there.
A. t wait
B. waiting
C. waited
D. wait
【答案】D
例6．After finishing the lecture, I started t listen t my student _______（discuss）the scial prblems mentined in my lecture.
【答案】discuss
例7．I have tried everything I can ________ (persuade) him t stay, but withut success, s I wish him gd luck.
【答案】t persuade
例8．Mst students in ur class prefer taking pains in ur studies t __________ with a better educatin..
A. equip
B. equipping
C. be equipped
D. being equipped
【答案】C
例9．Dr. James Naismith is believed the game f basketball, a sprt lved by peple all arund the wrld.
A. t invent
B. t have invented
C. inventing
D. having invented
【答案】B
例10． It is the duty f a teacher ________ (stimulate) the interest f students and pass n knwledge t them.
【答案】t stimulate
例11．The first black president f the United States f America, Barack Obama, wn the electin in the end, but it remains, f curse, _________(see) whether he can vercme the present difficulties.
【答案】t be seen
例12．Tm has decided ftball in rder t finish his hmewrk as sn as pssible.
A. t play
B. playing
C. nt t play
D. nt playing
【答案】C
例13．为了让各类型的无线网络系统都能更快速连线，5G连线将使用毫米波的频率。（available）
【答案】T make faster cnnectin available fr all typed f wireless system, 5G cnnectins wil use millimeter wave frequencies.
例14．Mr. Green is said an experiment t prve the efficiency f the methd when he was yung.
A. t have dne
B. t d
C. t be ding
D. t have been ding
【答案】A
例15．________ (prevent) glbal temperature rising, the UN Climate Change Cnference was held in Cancun, Mexic last year.
【答案】T prevent_
例16．It's t late. G t bed right away. Yu need t get up as early as yu can the first schl bus.
A. catch
B. catching
C. caught
D. t catch
【答案】D
例17．Having lived all by herself fr many years, the ld lady is smetimes very difficult______(get) alng with.
【答案】t get
例18．There is n dubt that a gal，ne needs nt nly knwledge but als gd persnalities．
A. achieve
B. achieving
C. t achieve
D. achieved
【答案】C
例19．A red light is a warning t drivers and staff that anther train is dangerusly clse and that adjustments need _________ (make).
【答案】making/t be made
例20．Many farmers in the cuntryside have gne t cities t lk fr wrk and left their children behind _________ (raise) by their grandparents.
【答案】t be raised
例21．I find the prblems are easy ___________.
A. t be wrked ut
B. t wrk them ut
C. t wrk ut
D. t be wrked them ut
【答案】C
二、词组
例1．1.他排了好几个小时的队才买到这个新的iPhne。（release）
2.一件雕塑赠予了城市博物馆，以纪念两个城市间的珍贵友谊。（present）
3.他一进饭店，就被告知这家饭店可以手机扫描二维码点餐。（hardly）
4.虽说忠言逆耳利于行，这个年纪的孩子很叛逆，你越劝，他可能越不会听。（advice）
【答案】
1.He had queued up fr several hurs befre he bught this newly-released iPhne.
2.A statue was presented t the city museum in hnr f the precius friendship between the tw cities.
3.Hardly had he had entered the restaurant when he was infrmed that he culd rder a meal by scanning the QR cde.
4.Althugh gd idea is unpleasant t ear, it is beneficial. Children f this age is very s rebellius that the mre yu persuade , the less likely he will be t fllw it.
课堂练习
1．All the Chinese peple are expecting the gvernment’s fur-thusand-billin financial plan arund the cuntry, t imprve the current ecnmic situatin．
A. carried ut, intending
B. being carried ut, intended
C. t be carried ut, intending
D. t be carried ut, intended
2．Mercedes is the first team ________ (win) the race this year, fllwing Buttn’s victry in Australia last year.
3．If there's a lt f wrk , I'm happy t just keep n until it is finished.
A. t d
B. t be ding
C. dne
D. ding
4．The gvernment will cme up with mre vlunteer prjects just ______(prmte) the vlunteer industry.
5．Tday we have chat rms, text messaging, e-mailing … but we seem the art f cmmunicating face-t-face.
A. lsing
B. t be lsing
C. t be lst
D. having lst
6． I’d like t see yur prblem ________ (slve) befre the end f this term.
The flu is believed by viruses that like t reprduce in the cells inside the human nse and thrat.
A. causing
B. being caused
C. t be caused
D. t have caused
8．出乎我意料的是收纳盒可以这么方便地使东西变得井井有条。（keep）
9．What made the parents wrried mst was that little Helen did nthing but ___________all day lng and always made a lt f truble.
A. t play
B. played
C. play
D. playing
10． _____the early flight，we rdered a taxi in advance and gt up very early.
A. Catching
B. T catch
C. Caught
D. Catch
11．A reprter’s task is t infrm readers f the events that happened, ________(draw) cnclusins.
12．There is nthing mre I can try yu t stay, s I wish yu gd luck.
A. being persuaded
B. persuading
C. t be persuaded
D. t persuade
13．Quite a few peple used t believe that disaster if a mirrr was brken.
A. was sure f striking
B. was sure f having struck
C. was sure t be struck
D. was sure t strike
14．There are five pairs _________ (chse frm), but I’m at a lss which t buy.
15．David threatened his neighbur t the plice if the damages were nt paid.
A. t be reprted
B. reprting
C. t reprt
D. having reprted
16．What made the parents wrried mst was that little Helen did nthing but____all day lng and always made a lt f truble.
A. t play
B. played
C. play
D. playing
17．The mther felt herself cld and her hands trembled as she read the letter frm the battlefield.
A. grw
B. grwn
C. t grw
D. t have grwn
18．The mre active yu are, the mre likely yu'll be new friends．
A. made
B. t make
C. making
D. t have made
19．It was unbelievable that the fans waited utside the gym fr three hurs just a lk at the sprts stars.
A. had
B. having
C. t have
D. have
20．A ttal f 264,302 peple in the cuntry were reprted _________(infect) with HIV by the end f last September.
21． --- Mum, why d yu always make me eat an egg every day?
---_______ (Get) enugh prtein and nutritin as yu are grwing up.
22．There is a man at the receptin desk wh seems very angry and I think he means__truble
A. making
B. t make
C. t have made
D. having made
23．— Tm’s still angry with me.
— Yu are . Hw dare yu call him a liar! He’s the last persn .
A. t be blamed; lying
B. t be blamed; t lie
C. t blame; lying
D. t blame; t lie
24．An army spkesman stressed that all the sldiers had been rdered clear warnings befre firing any shts.
A. t issue
B. being issued
C. t have issued
D. t be issue
25．A cmputer des nly what thinking peple have it ________ (d)
26．Energy drinks are nt allwed in Australia but are brught in frm New Zealand.
A. t make
B. t be made
C. t have been made
D. t be making
27．The bank is reprted ______ in brad daylight yesterday.
A. being rbbed
B. having been rbbed
C. t have been rbbed
D. t have rbbed
28．I regret yu that yu have missed the deadline f the applicatin.
A. infrming
B. having infrmed
C. t infrm
D. t be infrmed
29．The students expected there ______(be) mre reviewing classes befre the final exams.
30．Limited natural resurces shuld be made full use f the need f energy.
A. meeting; increased
B. t meet; increased
C. meeting; increasing
D. t meet; increasing
31． (B)
Befre I went t the British Ki Keepers’ Annual Shw, I didn’t understand (1) __________ peple culd take fish s seriusly. Hwever, the mre I learned abut ki, the mre interested I became. As ne expert tld me, “Cllecting ki is far mre addictive than yu might think. They’re as beautiful as butterflies and very calming t watch.” Freddie Mercury, the lead singer f Queen, wuld have agreed----the pl in his specially built Japanese garden was hme t 89 ki, (2) __________ cst up t £10,000 each.
At the shw I met ki enthusiast Jean Kelly. “Ki are getting mre and mre expensive,” she tld me. “One recently sld fr £250,000.” I was shcked-----that’s almst as much as I paid fr my huse. “Well, that was a recrd,” (3) __________ (admit) Jean. “The nrmal price is nwhere near as high as that.”
Nevertheless, serius cllectrs can pay up t ￡15,000 fr a fully (4) __________ (grw) ki, which is nearly as expensive as a new luxurius car, and the bigger they are, the mre they cst. The cheapest I (5) __________ find was ￡75 each, but they were nly abut twice as big as my gldfish. Jean wasn’t impressed by ne f the ki n sale either. “Actually, these ki aren’t any nicer than (6) __________,” She cmmented. “(7) __________ they are slightly bigger than the nes I’ve gt, I paid cnsiderable less than this.”
I wasn’t quite as enthusiastic as Jean, but I did cnsider (8) __________ (buy) ne. Then I remember that all but 5 f Freddie Mercury’s ki died when smene accidentally turned ff the electricity supply t their pl. Jean assured me that with all the new equipment available the survival rate was getting better and better, and that lking (9) __________ ki was n harder than taking care f any ther pet. Hwever, in the end f I decided t stick with my gldfish. They’re nt nearly as beautiful as ki—but they’re a great deal cheaper (10) __________ (replace)!
32． (A)
Space is a dangerus place, nt nly because f meters but als because f rays frm the sun and ther stars. The atmsphere again acts (1)__________ ur prtective blanket n earth. Light gets thrugh, and this is essential fr plants (2) __________ (make) the fd which we eat. Heat, t, makes ur envirnment endurable. Varius kinds f rays cme thrugh the air frm uter space, but enrmus quantities f radiatin frm the sun (3) __________ (screen) ff. As sn as men leave the atmsphere they are expsed t this radiatin but their spacesuits r the walls f their spacecraft, (4) __________ they are inside, d prevent a lt f radiatin damage.
Radiatin is (5) __________ (great) knwn danger t explrers in space. The unit f radiatin is called "rem". Scientists have reasn t think that a man can put up with far mre radiatin than 0.1 rem withut (6) __________ (damage); the figure f 60 rems has been agreed n. The truble is (7) __________ it is extremely difficult t be sure abut radiatin damage - a persn may feel perfectly well, but the cells f his r her sex rgans may be damaged, and this will n be discvered (8) __________ the birth f defrmed children r even grandchildren. Missins f the Apll flights have had t crss belts f high amunt f rems. S far, n dangerus amunts f radiatin have been reprted, but the Apll missins have been quite shrt. We simply d nt knw yet (9) __________ men are ging t get n when they spend weeks and mnths utside the prtectin f the atmsphere, wrking in a space labratry. Drugs might help t decrease the damage (10) __________ (d) by radiatin, but n really effective nes have been fund s far.
33．1.他的致命的弱点令他再次失去了获得提拔的好机会（cst）
2. 就学习而言，只有劳逸结合才能事半功倍（balance）
3. 许多人养成了快走的习惯，但要注意频率和强度，以防膝盖受伤。（in case）
4. 这道题目涉及到过多抽象思维，普通中学生是无能为力的。（ ）
课程主题：4不定式
学习目标
掌握不定式及动名词的用法并灵活运用于各种语境和题型中，如语法填空和翻译题型。
一、不定式
1．动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。它们的句法作用见下表：
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾补
主补
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
动名词
√
√
√
√
分词
√
√
√
√
√
口诀：不定式本领强，六种成分都能当；
动名词不示弱，主宾表定用得上；
两分词不相让，表定状补争亮相。
（一）不定式：不定式由“t+动词原形”构成，其否定形式为“nt t d”。不定式有时态和语态的变化，具体结构如下表：
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
t d
t be dne
进行式
t be ding
完成式
t have dne
t have been dne
完成进行式
t have been ding
1、不定式的用法
1）作主语
不定式短语作主语时，一般表示具体的、个别的、一次性完成的或者具有将来意义的动作。
T master a freign language requires painstaking effrt.
T cmbine thery with practice is a gd way f learning.
该结构用it作形式主语时有以下4种形式：
①It + 动词+ 宾语等 + t d sth.
It makes me sick t think abut it.
It des yu a lt f gd t swim in the rivers.
②It + be + 表语 + t d sth.
It was right t give up smking.
It was beynd me t help him.
③It +be + 表语 + fr sb.t d sth./fr sth. t be dne.
It is imprtant fr yu t attend that meeting.
It is a gd idea fr the bks t be given t her.
④It +be + 表语 + f +名词/代词 + t d sth.
It is very kind f yu t ffer me this lvely hliday.
It was careless f yu t leave yur umbrella n the bus.
2) 作宾语
①以下动词可用于：主语 + 动词 + t d(宾语)
三个希望两答应：hpe wish want agree prmise
两个要求莫拒绝：demand ask refuse
设法学会做决定：manage learn decide
不要假装在选择：pretend chse
除此之外，还有：
动词不定作宾语，期希渴欲承担起；
愿意碰巧又出现，假装安排不拒绝；
准备计划却失败，好像提供又犹豫；
企图要把目标证，爱恨要求做选择。
expect hpe wish desire affrd
(wuld) like happen appear, pretend arrange refuse
prepare plan fail, seem ffer hesitate
attempt aim prve, lve/like hate demand chse
例句：I cannt affrd t pay such a price.
We decided nt t g ut because f the weather.
②以下动词可用于：主语 + 动词 + it + 宾补 + t d (宾语)
I dn’t think it necessary t g n with the experiment.
I cnsider it my duty t write t yu and thank yu.
除此之外，还有：
believe, cnsider, cunt, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, knw, prve, realize, reprt, see, shw, suppse, suspect, take, think, understand
③以下动词可用于：主语 + 动词 + there t be + 名词或代词
expect, hate, like, prefer, want
I expect there t be n argument abut this.
Wuld yu like there t be a meeting t discuss the questin?
3) 作表语
What we shuld d nw is t study hard.
The imprtant thing fr me t d nw is clear up the mess.
The nly thing yu can d is wait and see.
主语部分有动词d的定语或从句时，作表语的不定式可不带t.
4)作定语
举例：She has finally made a decisin t leave.
The farmers thught f ways t prtect their crps.
It was the first bk t have appeared n the subject.
He was the first ne t have been invited t the party.
不定式作定语有时几乎等于一个定语从句，有时具有情态意义，大都用于表示即将发生的动作，如：
He is nt a man t bw befre difficulties.
She usually has a lt f meetings t attend in the evening.
It isn’t a thing t talk abut.
We’ll have mre activities like this in the few weeks t cme.
①在某些由动词派生的名词后常接不定式作定语
agreement, arrangement, attempt, claim, decisin, refusal等，
例：I dn’t trust his prmise t cme fr a visit.
He has persisted in her refusal t spend Christmas in Bursley.
②在某些形容词派生的名词后常接不定式作定语
ability, ambitin, anxiety, capability, curisity, eagerness, freedm, patience, readiness, willingness等，
③用于说明某些名词的内容，常接不定式作定语
pprtunity, curage, chance, effrt, evidence, psitin, way, reasn等，
例：Yu must have the curage t say “N”.
We have gd reasn t believe that he is lying.
④在the nly、序数词（the first, the secnd）、顺序词（the last, the next）或者形容词最高级修饰的名词后用不定式作定语
the nly;序数词：the first, the secnd;
顺序词：the last, the next；形容词最高级 + 名词 + 不定式
例句：Linda was the nly ne t stay fr the whle perfrmance.
The yungest persn t enter the prgramme was just furteen.
⑤作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词或，不定式后必须有相应的介词。
He is lking fr a rm t live in.
Please give me a knife t cut with.
I have n idea whm t give this message t.
5)作状语
①不定式作目的状语：（有以下4种方式）
A. (In rder) t + 动词原形
In rder t accmplish the task, we must wrk very hard.
We turned the lights ff in rder nt t waste electricity.
B. s as t + 动词原形(通常不置于句首)
Check yur cmpsitin s as t avid mistakes.
The test questins are kept secret s as t prevent cheating.
t + 动词原形(不定式本身有自己的主语)
My father bught a new bk fr me t read.
I stpped and waited fr her t catch up.
D. fr there be
Fr there be n mistake, yu must recheck the results.
The teacher was waiting fr there t be cmplete silence.
②不定式作结果状语：（有以下5种方式）
A. t... t + 动词原形
如果该结构中的形容词为anxius, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, surprised, willing,其后的不定式表示肯定。
例句：She was t surprised t see hw angry her father was.
We were t willing t ffer them what we had.
当but, all, nt, never, nly, quite, really等后接t...(t)时，“t”= “very”
例句： I’m nly t glad t stay at hme.
It’s never t late t learn.
B. (nly)t d和nly ding
◆ nly t d 的意思是“不料（却）……，结果（却）……", 表示一个没有料到的结果。
I hurried t the supermarket, nly t find it was clsed.
我匆忙赶到超市,不料它已经关门了。
He made a lng speech nly t shw his flishness.
他讲了一大通，结果只是显露了他的愚蠢。
I went t see him, nly t learn that he had left the city the night befre.
我去看他，不料听人家说他已经在前夜离开这个城市。
◆ nly ding 的意思是“结果就……",表示一个意料之中的结果。
He died, nly leaving nthing but debts. 他死了，结果只留下了一身债务。
He drpped the plate, nly breaking it int pieces.
盘子从他手中掉下来，结果摔成了碎片。
He aimed, fired, nly bringing dwn a red-necked bird.
他瞄准，射击，结果打下了一只红颈鸟。
C. t + 动词原形
例句：The huse is s high and narrw as t resemble a twer.
She sang s well as t bring dwn the huse.
D. be such as t +动原
例句: His remarks were such as t anny everyne at the meeting.
The pain in her ft wasn’t such as t stp her walking.
E. such + 名词 + as t + 动原
翻译：人口的快速增长导致食物短缺。
There is such a rapid grwth/increase in ppulatin as t cause a fd shrtage.
他不是一个笨到连那个都看不到的人。
He is nt such a fl as nt t be able t see that.
③ 不定式作条件状语
例句： T lk at him, yu wuld like him.
T hear him talk, yu wuld think he wned the whle wrld.
④不定式作原因状语(不定式的动词先于谓语动词，大部分表示情感等的原因)
例句： I rejiced t learn that his sn was admitted t the university.
I am glad t see her in such gd health.
We were very excited t hear the news.
The by was rude t speak t the teacher like that.
6) 作宾语补足语
①“动词 + 宾语 + t d”
advise, allw, ask, beg, cause, challenge, cmmand, dare, determine, direct, discver,
drive, enable, expect, encurage, frbid, frce, get, infrm, invite, blige, permit,
persuade, prepare, recmmend, remind, request, require, teach, urge
例句：我们应该请求组委会考虑我们的提案。
We shall suggest the cmmittee t cnsider ur suggestin .
我推荐你买这本字典。
I recmmend yu t buy this dictinary.
②感官动词和使役动词用于“动词+宾语+ d”结构，即：省略t的不定式的一种情况：
一感（feel），二听（hear， listen t），三使役（make, let, have），
五看（see, lk at, watch, ntice, bserve）
例句：We felt the huse shake.
They made the by g t bed early.
Culd yu have him call me when he gets back?
I saw her leave the classrm early.
说明：这些句子如果变被动结构必须带t
③ “动词+宾语+ t be + 形容词或名词”
believe, cnsider, cunt, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, knw, prve, realize, suppse, think
例句：I believe him t be hnest.
Everybdy knws this t be a fact.
He declared himself t be a member f the club.
7) 不定式作独立成分
T tell the truth, I dn’t agree with yu.
常用的这类短语还有：
t be frank t be exact
t be sure t begin with
t say the least needless t say
t say nthing f... t make a lng stry shrt
8）疑问词+不定式在句中起名词作用：
What t d next has nt been decided yet.
One f the main prblems is hw t d away with pllutin.
I can’t decide which t chse.
The discussin centered n hw t increase their strength.
2.不定式的时态语态
a. 不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的：
（1）一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。
例：They made plans t live in Paris. 他们计划住在巴黎。（t live 发生在 made plans之后）
T talk with him is a great pleasure.
（2）进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。
例：He pretended t be listening t me carefully.
I am very glad t be wrking with yu.
（3）不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
例：I am srry t have kept yu waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
（t have kept发生在I am srry所表示的时间之前）
补充：不定式的完成式表示没有实现的愿望。表示“本打算，原希望”
例：I intended t have cme t see yu.
I was t have met him at the statin, but he didn’t cme.
（4）不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。
例：He was happy t have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。
b. 不定式的语态
不定式的时态是以逻辑主语为依据的：
例：The sprts meeting n the weekend has t be put ff. 周末的运动会被迫推迟。
注意：意义上被动形式上主动的不定式
在“名词（代词）＋ be easy(difficult, fit等形容词) ＋ 不定式”结构中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语fr us, fr me , fr yu 等。
例：The bk is difficult t read.
The grass is smth t walk n.
3.不带t的不定式
1）一感，二听，三使役，五看
2）在下列结构的than之后常接不带t的不定式
wuld rather d than d, wuld sner d than d, rather than d, d nthing than d,
d (n)mre than
例： He insisted n ging back t his wrk rather than stay in hspital.
In the curse f a day students d far mre than just attend classes.
3) 在下列结构的but 之后常接不带t的不定式。
cannt but, cannt chse but, cannt help but, d nthing but, have nthing t d but
例： I cannt but admire his curage.
She culd nt help but weep at the sad news.
She culd d nthing but cry.
4) 当as well as 前是带t的动词不定式时，其后接动词不定式不带t。例如：
We cannt expect her t d hmewrk as well as lk after the baby.
例1．What peple learned frm China Gt Talented was that there were s many talented peple ut there waiting ______(discver).
【答案】t be discvered
例2．--D yu have anything mre , sir?
--N. Yu can have a rest r d smething else.
A. typing
B. typed
C. t typing
D. t type
【答案】D
例3．观众在进入体育馆前须把个人物品寄存在入口处的储物柜中。(require)
【答案】The audience were required t leave their persnal belngings in the lckers at the entrance befre entering the stadium/gym.
例4．Mr. Smith—ur English teacher, is said t England fr hliday last week.
A. t return
B. returning
C. t have returned
D. having returned
【答案】C
例5．There were s many peple in the restaurant, s we culdn’t but there.
A. t wait
B. waiting
C. waited
D. wait
【答案】D
例6．After finishing the lecture, I started t listen t my student _______（discuss）the scial prblems mentined in my lecture.
【答案】discuss
例7．I have tried everything I can ________ (persuade) him t stay, but withut success, s I wish him gd luck.
【答案】t persuade
例8．Mst students in ur class prefer taking pains in ur studies t __________ with a better educatin..
A. equip
B. equipping
C. be equipped
D. being equipped
【答案】C
例9．Dr. James Naismith is believed the game f basketball, a sprt lved by peple all arund the wrld.
A. t invent
B. t have invented
C. inventing
D. having invented
【答案】B
例10． It is the duty f a teacher ________ (stimulate) the interest f students and pass n knwledge t them.
【答案】t stimulate
例11．The first black president f the United States f America, Barack Obama, wn the electin in the end, but it remains, f curse, _________(see) whether he can vercme the present difficulties.
【答案】t be seen
例12．Tm has decided ftball in rder t finish his hmewrk as sn as pssible.
A. t play
B. playing
C. nt t play
D. nt playing
【答案】C
例13．为了让各类型的无线网络系统都能更快速连线，5G连线将使用毫米波的频率。（available）
【答案】T make faster cnnectin available fr all typed f wireless system, 5G cnnectins wil use millimeter wave frequencies.
例14．Mr. Green is said an experiment t prve the efficiency f the methd when he was yung.
A. t have dne
B. t d
C. t be ding
D. t have been ding
【答案】A
例15．________ (prevent) glbal temperature rising, the UN Climate Change Cnference was held in Cancun, Mexic last year.
【答案】T prevent_
例16．It's t late. G t bed right away. Yu need t get up as early as yu can the first schl bus.
A. catch
B. catching
C. caught
D. t catch
【答案】D
例17．Having lived all by herself fr many years, the ld lady is smetimes very difficult______(get) alng with.
【答案】t get
例18．There is n dubt that a gal，ne needs nt nly knwledge but als gd persnalities．
A. achieve
B. achieving
C. t achieve
D. achieved
【答案】C
例19．A red light is a warning t drivers and staff that anther train is dangerusly clse and that adjustments need _________ (make).
【答案】making/t be made
例20．Many farmers in the cuntryside have gne t cities t lk fr wrk and left their children behind _________ (raise) by their grandparents.
【答案】t be raised
例21．I find the prblems are easy ___________.
A. t be wrked ut
B. t wrk them ut
C. t wrk ut
D. t be wrked them ut
【答案】C
二、词组
例1．1.他排了好几个小时的队才买到这个新的iPhne。（release）
2.一件雕塑赠予了城市博物馆，以纪念两个城市间的珍贵友谊。（present）
3.他一进饭店，就被告知这家饭店可以手机扫描二维码点餐。（hardly）
4.虽说忠言逆耳利于行，这个年纪的孩子很叛逆，你越劝，他可能越不会听。（advice）
【答案】
1.He had queued up fr several hurs befre he bught this newly-released iPhne.
2.A statue was presented t the city museum in hnr f the precius friendship between the tw cities.
3.Hardly had he had entered the restaurant when he was infrmed that he culd rder a meal by scanning the QR cde.
4.Althugh gd idea is unpleasant t ear, it is beneficial. Children f this age is very s rebellius that the mre yu persuade , the less likely he will be t fllw it.
课堂练习
1．All the Chinese peple are expecting the gvernment’s fur-thusand-billin financial plan arund the cuntry, t imprve the current ecnmic situatin．
A. carried ut, intending
B. being carried ut, intended
C. t be carried ut, intending
D. t be carried ut, intended
2．Mercedes is the first team ________ (win) the race this year, fllwing Buttn’s victry in Australia last year.
3．If there's a lt f wrk , I'm happy t just keep n until it is finished.
A. t d
B. t be ding
C. dne
D. ding
4．The gvernment will cme up with mre vlunteer prjects just ______(prmte) the vlunteer industry.
5．Tday we have chat rms, text messaging, e-mailing … but we seem the art f cmmunicating face-t-face.
A. lsing
B. t be lsing
C. t be lst
D. having lst
6． I’d like t see yur prblem ________ (slve) befre the end f this term.
The flu is believed by viruses that like t reprduce in the cells inside the human nse and thrat.
A. causing
B. being caused
C. t be caused
D. t have caused
8．出乎我意料的是收纳盒可以这么方便地使东西变得井井有条。（keep）
9．What made the parents wrried mst was that little Helen did nthing but ___________all day lng and always made a lt f truble.
A. t play
B. played
C. play
D. playing
10． _____the early flight，we rdered a taxi in advance and gt up very early.
A. Catching
B. T catch
C. Caught
D. Catch
11．A reprter’s task is t infrm readers f the events that happened, ________(draw) cnclusins.
12．There is nthing mre I can try yu t stay, s I wish yu gd luck.
A. being persuaded
B. persuading
C. t be persuaded
D. t persuade
13．Quite a few peple used t believe that disaster if a mirrr was brken.
A. was sure f striking
B. was sure f having struck
C. was sure t be struck
D. was sure t strike
14．There are five pairs _________ (chse frm), but I’m at a lss which t buy.
15．David threatened his neighbur t the plice if the damages were nt paid.
A. t be reprted
B. reprting
C. t reprt
D. having reprted
16．What made the parents wrried mst was that little Helen did nthing but____all day lng and always made a lt f truble.
A. t play
B. played
C. play
D. playing
17．The mther felt herself cld and her hands trembled as she read the letter frm the battlefield.
A. grw
B. grwn
C. t grw
D. t have grwn
18．The mre active yu are, the mre likely yu'll be new friends．
A. made
B. t make
C. making
D. t have made
19．It was unbelievable that the fans waited utside the gym fr three hurs just a lk at the sprts stars.
A. had
B. having
C. t have
D. have
20．A ttal f 264,302 peple in the cuntry were reprted _________(infect) with HIV by the end f last September.
21． --- Mum, why d yu always make me eat an egg every day?
---_______ (Get) enugh prtein and nutritin as yu are grwing up.
22．There is a man at the receptin desk wh seems very angry and I think he means__truble
A. making
B. t make
C. t have made
D. having made
23．— Tm’s still angry with me.
— Yu are . Hw dare yu call him a liar! He’s the last persn .
A. t be blamed; lying
B. t be blamed; t lie
C. t blame; lying
D. t blame; t lie
24．An army spkesman stressed that all the sldiers had been rdered clear warnings befre firing any shts.
A. t issue
B. being issued
C. t have issued
D. t be issue
25．A cmputer des nly what thinking peple have it ________ (d)
26．Energy drinks are nt allwed in Australia but are brught in frm New Zealand.
A. t make
B. t be made
C. t have been made
D. t be making
27．The bank is reprted ______ in brad daylight yesterday.
A. being rbbed
B. having been rbbed
C. t have been rbbed
D. t have rbbed
28．I regret yu that yu have missed the deadline f the applicatin.
A. infrming
B. having infrmed
C. t infrm
D. t be infrmed
29．The students expected there ______(be) mre reviewing classes befre the final exams.
30．Limited natural resurces shuld be made full use f the need f energy.
A. meeting; increased
B. t meet; increased
C. meeting; increasing
D. t meet; increasing
31． (B)
Befre I went t the British Ki Keepers’ Annual Shw, I didn’t understand (1) __________ peple culd take fish s seriusly. Hwever, the mre I learned abut ki, the mre interested I became. As ne expert tld me, “Cllecting ki is far mre addictive than yu might think. They’re as beautiful as butterflies and very calming t watch.” Freddie Mercury, the lead singer f Queen, wuld have agreed----the pl in his specially built Japanese garden was hme t 89 ki, (2) __________ cst up t £10,000 each.
At the shw I met ki enthusiast Jean Kelly. “Ki are getting mre and mre expensive,” she tld me. “One recently sld fr £250,000.” I was shcked-----that’s almst as much as I paid fr my huse. “Well, that was a recrd,” (3) __________ (admit) Jean. “The nrmal price is nwhere near as high as that.”
Nevertheless, serius cllectrs can pay up t ￡15,000 fr a fully (4) __________ (grw) ki, which is nearly as expensive as a new luxurius car, and the bigger they are, the mre they cst. The cheapest I (5) __________ find was ￡75 each, but they were nly abut twice as big as my gldfish. Jean wasn’t impressed by ne f the ki n sale either. “Actually, these ki aren’t any nicer than (6) __________,” She cmmented. “(7) __________ they are slightly bigger than the nes I’ve gt, I paid cnsiderable less than this.”
I wasn’t quite as enthusiastic as Jean, but I did cnsider (8) __________ (buy) ne. Then I remember that all but 5 f Freddie Mercury’s ki died when smene accidentally turned ff the electricity supply t their pl. Jean assured me that with all the new equipment available the survival rate was getting better and better, and that lking (9) __________ ki was n harder than taking care f any ther pet. Hwever, in the end f I decided t stick with my gldfish. They’re nt nearly as beautiful as ki—but they’re a great deal cheaper (10) __________ (replace)!
32． (A)
Space is a dangerus place, nt nly because f meters but als because f rays frm the sun and ther stars. The atmsphere again acts (1)__________ ur prtective blanket n earth. Light gets thrugh, and this is essential fr plants (2) __________ (make) the fd which we eat. Heat, t, makes ur envirnment endurable. Varius kinds f rays cme thrugh the air frm uter space, but enrmus quantities f radiatin frm the sun (3) __________ (screen) ff. As sn as men leave the atmsphere they are expsed t this radiatin but their spacesuits r the walls f their spacecraft, (4) __________ they are inside, d prevent a lt f radiatin damage.
Radiatin is (5) __________ (great) knwn danger t explrers in space. The unit f radiatin is called "rem". Scientists have reasn t think that a man can put up with far mre radiatin than 0.1 rem withut (6) __________ (damage); the figure f 60 rems has been agreed n. The truble is (7) __________ it is extremely difficult t be sure abut radiatin damage - a persn may feel perfectly well, but the cells f his r her sex rgans may be damaged, and this will n be discvered (8) __________ the birth f defrmed children r even grandchildren. Missins f the Apll flights have had t crss belts f high amunt f rems. S far, n dangerus amunts f radiatin have been reprted, but the Apll missins have been quite shrt. We simply d nt knw yet (9) __________ men are ging t get n when they spend weeks and mnths utside the prtectin f the atmsphere, wrking in a space labratry. Drugs might help t decrease the damage (10) __________ (d) by radiatin, but n really effective nes have been fund s far.
33．1.他的致命的弱点令他再次失去了获得提拔的好机会（cst）
2. 就学习而言，只有劳逸结合才能事半功倍（balance）
3. 许多人养成了快走的习惯，但要注意频率和强度，以防膝盖受伤。（in case）
4. 这道题目涉及到过多抽象思维，普通中学生是无能为力的。（ ）
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