2020江苏高考英语二轮讲义：专题四任务型阅读




考情分析
命题规律
命题预测
高考任务型阅读主要考查考生在限定的时间内获取信息、加工处理信息、 综合概括信息和表达信息的能力。相对于阅读理解，它更注重对考生在语言输入的基础上加强语言输出能力的考查，要求对摄取信息进行分析、概括、整理、理解并根据需要进行综合运用，属于综合能力考查题。考题形式主要以表格形和树状形为主，文章体裁主要以议论文和说明文为主，阅读量大。统计数据表明：在近三年的江苏高考任务型阅读中，原词再现题与词义转换归纳题所占的比例较大。
1.文章一般在400－470词之间。
2．选材以议论文、说明文为主。
3．任务型阅读侧重考查语篇分析和文章脉络的剖析，即考查文章的结构和框架。考生要在分析了解文章篇章结构的基础上，认真对照图表上所要完成的任务，逐一对照原文进行信息的筛选。
4．任务型阅读要求考生不但要掌握具体事实情节，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等，掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想；既要理解文章的含义及逻辑关系，又要根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理，运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题。
5．大部分题目选择需从全文出发，根据前后语境或行文逻辑才能作出判断，体现了“突出语篇”的命题风格。
2020年高考任务型阅读将继续坚持在词汇转换、句式转换、段落归纳能力的考查的基础上，加强对考生文章大意、文章结构、提纲和框架的考查。同时会加大对题目信息的寻找难度，考查考生能力的考点会相对增加。

[学生用书P88]
一、常用阅读方法
1．扫读
扫读图表，分析表格结构和内容，理清其显示的层次关系，明确任务要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。一般题目的结构是：
(1)全文的标题：在标题中缺少一个关键词，根据文章填出所缺的关键词。
(2)各段大意：试题中给出各段大意，在给出的信息中缺少一些关键内容，学生把文章的各段对应起来，找准信息。
(3)对各段大意的详细的阐述：从文章各段或分散在全文的对应的信息点出发，这要求学生有高度驾驭语篇的能力，在文章中找到准确的信息完成填空。
2．略读
快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即主题句和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本框架结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目可能就是根据文章的结构而设计的。
3．细读
精读与空格中要填的信息有关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或从文中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当词的最恰当形式。如填写时要注意所填单词的结构和形式，看是否与表格中所给的格式相同，同时注意单词的拼写、短语的搭配、所填词汇的词性、所填单词是否符合题目要求，还要注意字母的大小写。
4．复读
填写表格后要通读所填内容，通观全篇，核对文章和任务，确保准确性。
二、常用突破方法
1．阅读文章前观察图表(表格的结构和填空句的结构)
认真阅读表格及其中的内容，注意其横向、纵向的类别规律和表达方式。
(1)是否有标题/是否需要填标题(利用所给标题了解文章大意)。
(2)浏览表格，大致了解文章结构(利用已给信息了解文章主线)。
(3)是否需要统一的形式(短语类还是句子类)。
2．阅读文章后进行填词
(1)通览全文，利用表格中的信息提示，准确地在文中找到答案的信息来源。
(2)选词要尽可能完整，准确地表达出文中信息(先确定词意，再确定词性，最后确定所选词的适当的词形变化)。
①动词要注意时态、语态和非谓语形式的变化。
②名词要注意数和格的变化。
③形容词、副词要注意各自不同的修饰功能和比较级、最高级。
④连词要注意行文的逻辑关系。
⑤注意字母的大小写。
3．填词后通读表格
(1)再次确保答案与表格内容的一致性。
(2)注意语意是否流畅，确保语意和语法两方面都正确。
[典例]　
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Have you ever wondered why there are so many skin colors in the world? Do you know why people living in particular areas usually have a certain color? Biology and history are the two reasons for this.
Skin contains something called melanin，which determines a person’s skin color.The more melanin a person has，the darker his or her skin will be.The amount of and the production of melanin are controlled by genetics，but can be affected by other things，such as sunlight.If a person lives in a place with less sunlight，a person’s body will produce less melanin，making the skin lighter.
Skin color is also affected by another source—vitamin D．Humans all need vitamin D to build bones.People can get it by eating foods such as fish and milk，or from sunlight，so sunlight absorbed by melanin cannot be used for vitamin D production.Therefore，a dark­skinned person will produce less vitamin D than a light­skinned person when they receive the same amount of sunlight.
The connection between vitamin D production and skin color is clear when we look at evolution.The earliest humans lived in Africa，and they produced less vitamin D because of their dark skin.As a result，their skin made less melanin，so they could get enough sunlight to produce vitamin D．Their skin gradually got lighter.Now，people living in areas with strong sunlight like Africa，have darker skin，while people living in other areas have lighter skin.The exception to this is the Inuit，who live in a place with little sunlight，but have dark skin because they eat a lot of fish and have enough vitamin D．
Evolution has given us a rainbow of skin colors.Humans have always had melanin to determine our skin color.What has changed through history is the environment where we have lived.This has in turn changed our melanin production，and eventually，skin color.
A World of Skin Color
Brief
1．__________________
People living in a particular 2.____________usually have the same skin color and there are many different skin colors in the world.
Reasons for skin colors
The reasons for different skin colors mainly 3.____________in biology and history.
Biology
reasons
•The amount of melanin，by which a person’s skin color is 4.____________，varies from people to people.The more melanin a person has，the 5.____________ his or her skin will be.
•Vitamin D is another source 6.____________ skin color.Vitamin D is necessary for humans to build bones.Sunlight contributes to vitamin D in the skin.
Historical
reasons
•The earliest people in Africa had dark skin.
•When they moved to places where they could not get enough sunlight to 7.____________ vitamin D，their skin color became lighter.
•Generally speaking，people in areas with strong sunlight，have darker skin 8.____________ people in other areas have lighter skin.
9.__________________
Melanin 10.____________ an important role in our skin color.With our living environment changing，melanin production is changed，which leads to the changes in our skin color.

1．审题
(1)审题目要求
①是否可用文中的词填写。
②弄清字数限制。
此任务阅读限定每个空格只填一个词；对是否用文中的词填写没有限制，即可用文中的词。
(2)审任务设置类型
①表格式。(结构常为对比陈述；通常分左右栏，左栏为文章提纲，右栏为文章细节。)
此短文设置为表格任务型。左栏为文章提纲：brief introduction，reasons for skin colors，biology reasons, historical reasons，conclusion；右栏为支撑每一topic的细节。
②树状式。(结构常为先总后分；通常分上下框，上框为topic sentences，下框为supporting sentences。)
2．阅读
(1)读图表(快速浏览，了解短文的写作提纲。)
浏览图表，了解：topic sentence 1→details；topic sentence 2→details...　
(2)读短文
①快读：快速浏览全文，抓住文章主题，同时结合图表，洞悉文章结构。
Paragraph 1→Topic sentence 1...
②细读：仔细阅读，获取充分信息，查出答题的对应信息点。
第一空Paragraph 1归纳结构类词；
第二空对应信息点为why people living_in_particular_areas usually have...。
第三空对应信息点为Biology and history are the two reasons for this.要求学会同义转换。
第四空对应信息点为which_determines_a person’s skin color。
第五空对应信息点为．..the darker his or her skin will be.。
第六空对应信息点为Skin color is also affected_by another source—vitamin D．。
第七空对应信息点为．..a dark­skinned person will produce less...。
第八空对应信息点为．..have darker skin，while people...。
第九空对应信息点为Paragraph 5归纳结构类词。
第十空对应信息点为．..had melanin to determine our skin color.。
3．答题
(1)结构类的词：
①熟记常见结构类词汇。归纳掌握常见的表达文章结构的概括性词汇：introduction(导入)，cause/reason(原因)，advantage(优点)，disadvantage(不足)，attitude(态度)，result/effect/consequence(结果)，suggestion/advice/tip(建议)，dos和don’ts等。
②确定答案。
a．联系图表左栏的上下栏，确定用词及词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋­ing等)
b．联系图表左栏与之相对应的右栏的细节，归纳结构类用词和词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋­ing等)
(2)细节类的词：
①明确信息点。细读文章，明确答题的相应信息点在文中的具体位置，确定用词后归纳用词。
②联系上下前后。
a．对照短文中的信息点，联系图表右栏的上下栏目，确定用词。(文中原词或归纳的词的形式——大小写、单复数、动词＋­ing等)
b．对照短文中的信息点，联系所填词的前后，确定用词(文中原词或归纳的词)的形式。
③敲定答案。根据短文信息点，联系填空上下前后，敲定答案。
第一空 introduction；第九空conclusion，联系图表上下前后开头字母大写、单数。
第二空信息点为areas，联系前后搭配a...故用area。
第三空同义转换 are→lie in。
第四空信息点为．..which determines...，联系前后搭配．..color is...转换为determined。
第五空信息点为．..the darker his or her...，故用darker。
第六空信息点为．..is also affected by...，联系前后句子结构故用affecting作后置定语。
第七空信息点为．..will produce less vitamin...联系前后to...，故用原形produce。
第八空信息点为．..skin，while people living in other...，故用while。
第十空信息点为．..had melanin to determine our...联系前后搭配故用plays。
4．检查
检查单词的拼写、大小写、单复数、时态、语态等。
[答案]　1.introduction　2.area　3.lie　4.determined
5．darker　6.affecting　7.produce　8.while
9．Conclusion　10.plays
三、常用训练方法
1．信息查找题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息。常用方法是带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记。如：
(1)5W and 1H：who，what，when，where，why，how
(2)时间先后：first，then，after that，next，finally
(3)因果：because，thus，lead to，cause，as a result of
(4)比较：similarly，differently，likeness，unlike，alike，common，just as，either...or
(5)转折：but，while，however，instead，on the contrary
2．信息转换题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息，加工分析并转换成另一种表达方式。
常见的转换方式有：
(1)词性转换。即练习将一种词类转换成另一种词类，主要包括动词与名词转换、形容词与副词转换、形容词与名词转换等。解题方法很简单，只要在文中找到关键词即可。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文：Many young people listen to classical music without realising.
转换成表格中：Many young people don’t 78.____________some music they listen to is classical.
分析：抓住关键词realising，将它转换为动词。答案为realise(realize)/know/recognise (recognize)。
②原文：Also，some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas：
转换成表格中：Classical ideas provide a 79.____________for producing new music.
分析：抓住关键词based，将它转换为名词。答案为basis。
③原文：...it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912，but it is now used by young people in pop music.
转换成表格中：Young people now 80.____________ rap in popular music.
分析：抓住关键词used，将其被动形式转换为主动形式。答案为use。
④原文： Nowadays，you don’t need to get aching arms from practising.A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.
转换成表格中：A young man can write and make music on a computer 82.____________ in his bedroom.
分析：抓住关键词comfort，将其名词形式转换为副词。答案为comfortably。
⑤原文：...but when it comes to enjoying classical music，it depends on the piece of music.
转换成表格中：Classical music may still be 85.____________ by young people today.
分析：抓住关键词enjoying，将其转换为enjoyed。答案为enjoyed。
(2)句子结构转换。做此类题首先要理解题意，其次仔细比较原句和题目，明白出题人的意图，只要找出题眼就不难得出答案。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文：...if you look at the audience at a classical concert，the majority is over the age of fifty.
转换成表格中：77.____________of the audience at a classical concert are over fifty.
分析：句中the majority＝most of the audience。答案为Most。
②原文：A final point to bear in mind is that the term “classical music” is used to refer to a great variety of music，from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队)．
转换成表格中：“Classical music”can refer to various 83.____________ of music.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐可以被用来指各种各样的音乐。句中a great variety of＝various kinds/types/sorts of。答案为kinds/types/sorts。
③原文：A final point to bear in mind is that the term “classical music” is used to refer to a great variety of music，from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队)．　
转换成表格中： Classical music 84.____________ from jazz to pieces for large orchestras.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐的范围包含爵士乐到大的管弦乐队。答案为ranges(范围从……到……变化)。　
(3)同义词和反义词转换。即练习将一词的反义词找出来。做此类题的技巧如下：
①以前缀和后缀来表示，例如happy—unhappy，like—dislike等。例如：
原句：She thought her husband was faithful to her.But the discovery shocked her.
转换为：The discovery that her husband was____________to her was a shocking to her.
分析：由原句中的后半句可知Her husband was not faithful to her。因此需要找出一个词和not faithful意义相同的词。答案：unfaithful。
②有很多词并没有前缀和后缀形式标志，如old—young，long—short，different—same等。例如：
原句：He seldom visited his friend Tom after the quarrel last time.
转换为：But for the quarrel last time，he would be a ____________visitor to his friend Tom.
分析：仔细分析原句，可知本题关键是找出seldom的反义词，而且能修饰visitor。答案：frequent。
③以词组形式出现，如：be good at—be weak in，get into—get out of，turn on—turn off，turn down—turn up，be awake—be asleep，catch up with—fall behind，both...and...—neither...nor...等。例如：
原句：Everything in the house was neat and tidy.But the naughty boy changed it thoroughly.
转换为：The naughty boy left everything in the house in a ____________．
分析：本题关键是找出一个和in搭配的固定短语作为neat and tidy的反义短语。答案：mess。
3．信息归纳题
(1)解题关键：根据问题查找定位信息，找出共性的东西。
(2)归纳词的特征：
①概括性(在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息)
②针对性(量体裁衣，大小适度)
③准确性(简洁)
(3)一般来说，左边一栏基本都是概括题型，有定义、标题概括，建议、方法概括，结论概括。
①定义、标题概括，此类题一般在图表的第一空，可以在文章第一段找出信息，都是对本文title 的一个定义解释。如
a.

The definition
of advertising
Advertising is the business of drawing public attention to goods and services，and performed through various media.
b.

Topic
Learning to understand
c.

Introduction
Destructive forces of nature refer to natural disasters like tsunamis and earthquakes.
②建议、方法概括。

_Suggestions/Advice/Tips
•Nod in agreement and make some sounds of understanding while a difficult person is speaking.
•Repeat some words that you have heard.
•Collect information about the person’s expressions and find his intention.
•Give a summary of what the person has said.
•Confirm that the person gains satisfaction from speaking his thoughts.
③结论概括。
把握文章的中心思想，抓住作者的写作意图，最终得出一个结论。
a.

Conclusion
Sunshine has both positive and negative effect on health and it determines the mood of people.Balance is needed in enjoying sunshine.
b.
Conclusion
Children should be taught what life is and how to deal with it.
c.

Comment
You may unlock the doors to difficult people’s minds after you listen and understand.
d.
Summary
These terrible disasters couldn’t be avoided.
e.

Consequences
•When these terrible disasters occur in some parts of the world，they destroy properties and lives.
•People in these parts go through the suffering that only exists in our imagination.
• Some people out there have to stay where they are.They can’t afford to move away，as jobs in other places might not be available.
四、常用词汇及词组转换
[归纳类常用词汇]
原因与结果：reason(for)，cause(of)；result，effect，consequence　
异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity；advantage/benefit，
disadvantage
功能：function
观点与态度：opinion，view(on/about)，viewpoint，idea；attitude to/towards
评论、评价：comment(on)，remark(on/upon)，assessment
表方式、方法：way(to do sth./of doing sth.)，means，method(of)；solution，approach(to doing sth.)；take measures to do sth.
目的：purpose，aim，goal
积极与消极：positive；negative
建议： advice，suggestion，tip
概括、总结：summary，conclusion
特点：feature，characteristic
种类：kind，type，category，class
精神上与身体上：mentally；physically
影响：influence，impact，effect(on)
情形、状况：situation，condition
建立：build，create，establish，found
出现：appear，occur(­red)
实现、完成：reach，realize，accomplish
必要与必需：necessity；must
方面与项目、条款：aspect；item
材料：materials
知识与消息：knowledge；information
计划与日程：schedule；agenda
百分比：percentage
性别：sex
年龄：age
满意：satisfaction
忧虑、担忧、焦急：concern
(不)熟悉：familiar /unfamiliar
个人，个人的：individual
细节：description，detail
文化：culture
责任：(take)responsibility
贡献：(make)contributions to
重要：value，importance，significance
比较：contrast，comparison
时期：period，time
存在：existence，exist
花费：cost，expense
人口：population
天气与气候：weather；climate
位置：location
主题：theme，topic
背景：setting，background
情节：plot
高潮：climax
结尾：ending，consequence
反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter
[转换类常用词汇]
1．100 years＝1 century＝10 decades
2．take advantage of＝make use of
3．parental attention＝with the help/aid/assistance of parents　
4．oppose the move＝be against the move＝object to the move＝disagree with the move
5．consider...＝take...into consideration/account
6．at the beginning＝at first
7．be responsible for＝take/shoulder/bear responsibility for
8．since the beginning of human evolution＝throughout human history 　
9．in search of better job opportunities＝seeking/searching/looking for better job opportunities
10．housing­related reasons＝reasons related/linked/relevant to/connected with housing
11．take an active part in＝take part in sth.actively
12．encourage participation in quiet activities＝encourage sb.to participate in/take part in/play a role in quiet activities
13．be hooked on headphones＝be addicted to headphones
14．valuable information＝information of great value
15．understand clearly＝have a clear understanding of sth.
16．affect＝have an effect/influence/impact on sth.
17．matter＝count＝be very important＝be of importance＝make sense＝make a difference
18．kill sb.＝claim one’s life
19．make an apology＝apologize to sb.
20．be over＝end＝put...to an end
21．despite＝in spite of
22．share less than 2%＝account for less than 2%＝make up less than 2%
23．online＝on the Internet
24．learn good citizenship＝learn to be good citizens
25．list the things that you are good at＝list what/all you are good at
26．explain sth.＝make an explanation
27．offer sth.to sb.＝provide/supply sth.for sb.
28．besides＝on top of＝in addition to＝apart from
29．be better than＝be superior to
30．approve of＝subscribe to＝be in favor/support of＝favor
31．have access to＝be acceptable/accessible/available to
32．stop＝quit＝give up
33．compensate for＝make up for
34．in part＝partly
35．every year＝yearly＝annually
36．use up＝run out of(主动)
37．run out＝give out＝be used up(被动)
38．be accused of＝be charged with
39．most of the people＝the majority of the people
40．cater to/for one’s needs/demands/requirements＝satisfy/meet one’s...
41．starve to death＝die of hunger/starvation
42．be tired out＝be worn out＝be exhausted
43．socially responsible＝social responsibility
44．sth.benefits sb.＝be beneficial to sb.＝be of benefit to sb.＝sb.benefits from sth.
45．commit oneself to doing sth.＝promise to do sth.
46．make full use of＝make the most/best of
[即学即练1]
根据所给句子的意思填上适当的词。每个空格只填一个单词。
1．That will increase the possibility of your getting all the way through the book.
→Popular books might make it ____________ for intermediate­level readers to read them from cover to cover.
答案：possible
2．Another great way to keep yourself motivated over the holidays is to find a friend who is interested in reading the same book.
→Ways to keep up your ____________ for reading.
答案：motivation
3．Use colored pens for different topics to catch the eye and make things stand out.
→Write in different ____________ for different topics.
答案：colors
4．Take an active part in the discussion.
→Speak ____________ in group discussion.
答案：actively
5．The players don’t like the new rule.
→They ____________ the new rule and wish it to be changed.
答案：dislike/hate
6．It advised people not to take large amount of cash while traveling，especially during the approaching Spring Festival season，which always witnesses a large number of crimes.
→Theft and robbery accounted for 80%；women and elderly people were mostly targeted for；people were advised to____________ taking a large amount of cash.
答案：avoid
7．Greeting other people is the first and most important social event in our lives.
→Greeting ____________ is our first and most important social event.
答案：others
8．The third aspect concerns the words chosen.
→The ____________ of words usually contains the word “good”．
答案：choice
9．Students taking part in the program are responsible for representing different countries.
→Students taking part in the program have ____________ for representing different countries.
答案：responsibility
10．Fairview Elementary School has long been suffering from a near total lack of parental involvement.
→Their parents didn’t get actively ____________ in their children’s school life.
答案：involved
11．Children must be trained to understand the freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution(宪法)．
→Children are trained to get a better ____________of the freedom.
答案：understanding
12．Now we surround children with noisy toys and personal listening devices that can permanently damage their hearing.
→Now we surround children with noisy toys and listening devices which cause ____________ damage to hearing.
答案：permanent
13．The League for the Hard of Hearing urges parents to encourage participation in quiet activities.
→Encourage children to ____________ in quiet activities.
答案：participate
14．Their beautiful colors and sound also bring much excitement during this most important traditional Chinese festival.
→Their beautiful colors and sound also make people ____________．
答案：excited
15．They light the fuse(导火线)nervously，run away in a hurry，...　
→Feeling nervous and running away ____________ when lighting the fuse.
答案：hurriedly/quickly
16．...cover their ears with their hands and watch the colorful display with a big smile on their faces.
→Covering the ears with hands and ____________the colorful display joyfully.
答案：watching
17．Taking a gap year and going to university offer valuable experience in similar ways...
→____________ between taking a gap year and going to universities.　
答案：Similarities
18．To achieve success，you need to have a clear aim and strong determination.
→If you are to succeed，you should be ____________．
答案：determined
19．As far as I can remember，my friends and I didn’t find out we were depressed until we were in high school.
→We never experienced ____________ when we were in childhood.
答案：depression
20．The crop circles have been found in fields all over the world.
→Crop circles ____________ all over the world.
答案：appeared/existed
[即学即练2]
根据所给句子的意思填上适当的词。每个空格只填一个单词。
1．...discuss plot lines or vocabulary issues with each other by SMS or e­mail.
→...____________ views on plot lines or vocabulary to achieve your common goals.
答案：exchange
2．Apart from your class time，you organize your own time and place for studying.
→Study ____________ and wherever you want to after class.
答案：whenever
3．Learn how to read with your eyes rather than your throat.
→Read ____________ and don’t move your lips.
答案：silently
4．NBA referees are not letting players complain too long or too loudly about a referee’s call.
→The players are not ____________ to complain too much about a referee’s call.
答案：allowed/permitted
5．Kids should pay attention to improving their skills and play their best.
→Kids should pay attention to ____________ up their skills and play their best.
答案：polishing/building
6．All players need to learn that you control one thing in a game，and that’s your own performance.
→All players can control nothing ____________ except their performance.
答案：else
7．Please greet other people whenever you can and wherever you are.
→Please greet others whenever ____________ and wherever you are.
答案：possible
8．Topics discussed include everything from the threat of nuclear terrorism to poverty.
→Discussing topics____________ everything from the threat of nuclear terrorism to poverty.
答案：including/covering
9．Learning anything you can that’s beyond your own borders really will help you so much.
→Learning something that has ____________ to do with you will help you so much.
答案：nothing/little
10．Parents play a more active role in their children’s school life.
→Parents take a more active ____________ in their children’s school life.
答案：part
11．List building plays a major role in developing good relationships with your site’s customers.
→List building has a great ____________ on developing good relationships with your customers.
答案：influence/effect/impact
12．What comes first is to keep an open mind，because everyone’s ideas deserve consideration.
→Keep an open mind to everyone’s ____________．
答案：opinions/views/thoughts
13．You are encouraged to keep records of the sources used by each person，which helps you trace back to the origin of the problems that may happen unexpectedly.
→Keep records of the sources just in ____________．
答案：case
14．Michel became hooked on headphones in his early teens.
→A boy lost much of his hearing due to being ____________ to headphones.
答案：addicted
15．We attend rock concerts，weddings，parties and sports events at which the music is so loud that you can hardly hear the person sitting next to you.
→...the music at rock concerts，weddings，parties and sports events which ____________ us from hearing someone nearby.
答案：prevents
16．People who don’t get enough vitamin A can’t see well in the dark.
→____________ vitamin A causes people unable to see well at night.
答案：Lacking/Lack of
17．Footprints are one of the few pieces of hard evidence supporting the idea that there is Yeti.
→Footprints are one of the few pieces of hard evidence that support the ____________ of Yeti.
答案：existence
18．The most effective people never change character from one situation to another.
→Never change character in ____________ situations.
答案：different
[即学即练3]
根据所给句子的意思填上适当的词。每个空格只填一个单词。
1．Don’t forget there may also be some other problems.
→Do ____________ there may also be some other problems.
答案：remember
2．Sometimes they make mistakes when they are speaking because they are shy and nervous.
→Shyness and ____________ make it easy to make mistakes.
答案：nervousness/tension
3．28 of the 33 gold medalists wore the body covering Rastskin suit.
→Rastskin suit was ____________ by 28 of the 33 gold medal winners at the Sydney Olympics.
答案：worn
4．To accomplish the goal，you need to study hard and have strong determination.
→If you are to ____________ the aim，you should be determined and study hard.
答案：achieve
5．Don’t speak in an angry way.
→Don’t speak ____________．
答案：angrily
6．After­school programming is an effective method to help young people become contributing members of society.
→After­school programming is an effective method to help young people make ____________to society.
答案：contributions
7．The wall of water，a kilometer high，rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometers an hour.Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned.
→A tsunami(海啸)hits southern Africa，____________ cities on the African coast，and ____________ millions of people.
答案：destroying；drowning
8．People who don’t have enough experience can’t do well in the position.
→____________ experience causes people unable to do well in the position.
答案：Lack of/Lacking
9．Skin color is also affected by another source vitamin D．
→Vitamin D is another source____________ skin color.
答案：affecting
10．We should consider what the other person needs and expects.
→Needs and ____________ of others should be taken into ____________．
答案：expectations；consideration/account
11．The cheating athlete is not easy to catch out.
→The cheating athlete is not ____________ caught out.
答案：easily
12．Building a list can be difficult.
→A list can be difficult to ____________．＝It can be difficult to build a list.
答案：build
13．It should offer important information.
→It’s ____________ to offer important information.
答案：necessary
14．About half of the piece is destroyed，but the remaining part hits the South Atlantic at 200 times faster than sound.
→One piece hits the South Atlantic at 200 times the ____________ of sound.
答案：speed/rate
15．Please help others wherever you go.
→Please help others wherever ____________.
答案：possible
16．It’s worth taking the time.
→The time you spend will be ____________．
答案：worthwhile
17．You are encouraged to take notes in class before you forget.
→You are encouraged to take notes in class just in ____________ you forget after class.
答案：case
18．People play indoor sports in all weathers.
→ People play indoor sports ____________ the weather.
答案：whatever
19．Most of the parents care about their children’s skills.
→Most of the parents are ____________ of their children’s skills.
答案：aware/conscious
20．These amateur athletes will probably never become rich or famous.They must work at their jobs while training.
→These amateur athletes will probably never become rich or famous and they must ____________ their work with training.
答案：combine
[即学即练4]
根据所给句子的意思填上适当的词。每个空格只填一个单词。
1．What should we do so that our communication will be effective?
→What should we do to communicate ____________？
答案：well/effectively
2．Good communication ____________ on(取决于) good personal qualities.
答案：depends
3．The total ____________ of libraries in North America is over 135，000.
答案：number
4．In this way all works can be easily located by readers.
→In this way readers will have little ____________ locating what they want.
答案：difficulty/trouble
5．All you have to do is to take control of your emotions and make them positive instead of letting them control you.
→You have to control your emotions and make them positive instead of being ____________ by them.
答案：controlled
6．The way of keeping yourself motivated is to find a friend who likes playing.
→The way of keeping up your ____________ for playing is to find a good friend.
答案：motivation
7．Advertising agencies appeared in the latter part of the 19th century.
→Advertising agencies came into ____________ in the latter part of the 19th century.
答案：appearance/being
8．Advertising spending has increased dramatically in recent years.
→There has been a ____________ in advertising spending.
答案：rise
9．We prefer to be a little cautious at this stage.
→More ____________ is needed at this stage.
答案：caution
10．In the early 1900s the birth rate began to fall and the divorce rate began to rise.
→The birth rate was on the ____________ and more people got divorced.
答案：decrease/decline
11．2.6 billion people lack proper wastewater treatment.
→2.6 billion people are ____________ of proper wastewater treatment.
答案：short
12．The UN aims to cut in half the population unable to reach or afford safe drinking water.
→The UN aims to cut in half the population having no ____________ to safe drinking water.
答案：access
13．Your own weight is the amount of the force that holds you to the earth.
→The force that holds you to the earth is ____________ to your own weight.
答案：equal
14．Studies have shown that the presence of natural green spaces and plants is connected with a 50 percent reduction in the incidents of violent crime.
→The incidents of violent crime have ____________ in places where there are natural green spaces and plants.
答案：decreased/declined
15．Most of the world’s rain forests are tropical rain forests that grow in warm places near the earth’s equator.
→The ____________ of the rain forests are tropical rain forests，while another...
答案：majority
16．The trees take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.
→The trees ____________ carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.
答案：absorb
17．Conservationists are looking for ways that people can use the forests without destroying them.
→Conservationists are trying to use the forests without causing ____________．
答案：destruction
18．You should walk fast enough to cause you to breathe hard.
→Walk fast enough to cause you to breathe with __________．
答案：difficulty
19．The drawbacks of hosting the Olympics should be taken into careful consideration.
→The drawbacks of hosting the Olympics need to be carefully ____________ as well.
答案：considered
20．She is considered as a role model and an inspiration by many of her peers.
→She is really a role model，____________ many people.
答案：inspiring
21．The viewers who watch it five times a week learn more than those who watch it occasionally.
→____________ viewers learn more than occasional ones.
答案：Regular
22．Their marriage lasted until 1990.
→Their marriage ____________ up in 1990.
答案：broke
23．They should concentrate on improving their skills.
→They should focus on the ____________ of their skills.
答案：improvement
24．As China’s economy continues to steam ahead，once popular forms of entertainment appear to be losing their appeal.
→With China’s ____________ development，some forms of entertainment no longer appeal to people.
答案：economic
25．They are far better than those of the West.
→They are ____________ to those of the West.
答案：superior
[学生用书P97]
A
(2019·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm3. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200－1400 cm3. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. It’s not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(颅骨). It’s even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2－3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest­time energy. Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search of food.Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It’s hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can’t win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and had a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra­large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat­eating animals.

The Cost of Thinking
Introduction
•Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two 71.____________ of human beings.
The 72.____________ of large human brains
•The larger brains may not be better because of the cost.
•The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy.
•The animal brain requires less 73.____________ when the body is at rest.
•Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.
The 74.____________ of walking upright
•Walking upright makes it easy to find food or 75.____________ against enemies.
•Freed hands can serve some 76.____________ purposes and perform complex tasks.
•Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and 77.____________ the size of brains.
•Walking upright results in 78.____________ sufferings.
Conclusion
•With a large brain, human beings 79.____________ other beings in terms of intelligence.
•Weak and marginal, human beings remained 80.____________ of meat­eating animals.
【解题导语】　脑子大与直立行走是人区别于其他动物的主要特征，这两个特征都各有利弊。
71．characteristics　解析：根据第一段中的“all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。
72．disadvantages　解析：根据表格右栏内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑子大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。
73．energy　解析：根据第三段中的“the brain accounts for...the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest­time energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑需要较少的能量，故本题答案为energy。
74．impact(s)　解析：根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。
75．guard　解析：根据第四段中的“it’s easier to find food or enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard。
76．other　解析：根据第四段中的“are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。
77．limits　解析：根据第五段中的“had a relatively small head...especially when the bones had to support an extra­large skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的尺寸有限制。
78．physical　解析：根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。
79．beat　解析：根据最后一段内容可知，脑子大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat。
80．fearful/afraid　解析：根据文章最后一句中的“lived in constant fear of meat­eating animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。
B
(2018·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。
How Arts Promote Our Economy
When most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonderful piece of music, or an award­winning performance in the theater. But arts groups bring broader value to our communities. The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.
Another group of folks is needed to help market the event. “If you build it they will come” is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10，000 people as full­or part­time employees or independent contractors.
A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect (连锁反应) throughout a community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $ 1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year­round arts education programs in 2008. Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth. Today，there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.
TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35，000 to get nearly $400，000 in public and private sector support during the two­year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts­based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support 44，000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.
The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported, the entire small­business community benefits.
It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit. But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns. If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill­advised to have a plan B． But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.

Arts as an economic driver
Our communities 71.____________ from arts in terms of economy.
72.______
__________
of arts’ 　　
promoting　
our economy
Arts activity demands a(n) 73.____________effort.
It involves creation, performance, and 74.____________．　
◆Artists make a living through their creative work.
◆Others get paid by marketing the event.
Arts have a gradually spreading 75.____________．
They could help promote other industries whether they lie inside or outside arts.
◆Besides tickets, some jazz lovers will pay their 76.____________ to and from the events.
◆Arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience and renew their energy.
Investment in arts could produce potential 77.____________ economic results.
◆TeCo used a $35，000 art investment to attract an overall support of $400，000.
◆In Dallas, one dollar invested in arts could harvest an extraordinary return of nearly $300.
◆In Philadelphia the arts have created about 35，000 job opportunities for workers 78.____________ arts industry.
Art students
making a
good living
With these 79.____________ in mind, art students need not worry about their career and have a(n) 80.____________ plan.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了艺术是如何促进经济发展的。
71．benefit　解析：根据第一段第二句“But arts groups bring broader value to our communities.”可知，从经济方面来讲，我们的社区从艺术中得到了很多的好处。短语benefit from“从……中受益”，故填benefit。
72．Ways　解析：根据表格的提示和文章内容可知，此处讲述了艺术推进经济发展的几种途径，故填Ways。
73．joint/collective　解析：根据文章第二段中的“The arts create jobs that help develop the economy.Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists，technical experts，managers, musicians，or writers to create an appealing piece of art.”可知，艺术活动需要艺术家、科技专家、经理、音乐家或作家的共同努力，故填joint/collective。
74．promotion/marketing　解析：根据文章第三段中的“Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.”可知，还需要另一些人帮助推销，故填promotion/marketing。
75．effect　解析：根据第四段中提到的一系列数据可推知艺术有逐渐扩大的影响，故填effect。
76．fares　解析：根据第四段最后一句“Nearly 40 percent of jazz...in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.”可知，除了票的费用之外，一些爵士乐爱好者还要支付往返活动场所的费用，故填fares。
77．positive　解析：第六段讲述的是艺术方面的投资能够产生潜在的积极的经济效益，故填positive。
78．outside/beyond　解析：根据第六段最后一句“...actually lie outside the arts industry...”中的outside的提示可知这里填outside/beyond。
79．statistics/data/analyses　解析：最后一段是总结，上面通过一系列数据来说明艺术能带来经济效益，故填statistics/data/analyses。
80．alternative　解析：根据文章最后一段中的“If you are a student studying the arts，chances are you have been ill­advised to have a plan B．”可知，艺术生不需要担心他们的工作，他们有选择的机会，故填alternative。
[学生用书P99]
A
(2019·苏州学业质量阳光指标调研)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Public Speaking
Public speaking can be defined as the act of making a speech in front of a group of listeners. Compared with conversation, usually public speaking is more of a “one­way” talking.
There are three types of public speaking. An informative speech has a purpose to inform, or give knowledge to its audience about something that they probably did not know before. The important thing to watch is not to put in too much information. Besides, the speaker would try to change the mindset, perception, or behavior of the audience for their own good. The speaker needs to look for common ground with the audience and try to relate to what they might agree on. The last type is a ceremonial speech. It tends to be less formal and more personal than the other types of speeches. No matter how well you know the person you are giving speech about, try not to say bad things about them, even if it is meant to be a joke.
The key to perfecting anything is through practice, including public speaking. Aside from it, a speaker is to know who the audience will be. Try to get as much information as possible regarding this particular area. Knowing the “battlefield” in advance will give the speakers a huge advantage. They would be able to plan beforehand, for example, where they want to stand, and how they are going to face the audience. Last, as is mentioned above, practice is necessary. Sparing some time to practice will help build confidence and help determine how long the presentation will last.
Language is the main aspect a speaker needs to pay attention to while giving a speech. It needs to be used clearly. A speaker needs to choose their words carefully and make it clear to the audience what they mean by it. Often, when given a speech, the audience look to the speaker to give them something new and useful. Thus, the speaker needs to know how to deliver their speech to fulfill the audience’s expectations. Language and delivery alone will not be sufficient if the speaker does not have the body language. The movement and gesture of a speaker also affect the audience. For example, if the speaker keeps pacing around the room, it will distract the audience from the topic and confuse them. When speaking in front of a small audience, you can look briefly from one person to another, but in a larger audience, it is not better to do so. While closing the speech or presentation, speakers can restate their main points, just to remind the audience of the important things that have been said. They can also end it with a special message and encourage the audience to ask questions.

Public Speaking
A common
phenomenon
In public speaking, often a speaker gives a talk, others just listening, without
1.____________ information.
Types of
public
speaking
·An informative speech is to 2.____________ the audience with an appropriate brand new knowledge.
·A persuasive speech is used to convince the audience. Therefore, finding
3．____________ between a speaker and the audience is important.
·A ceremonial speech is relatively 4.____________ and private. However, don’t say bad things even if they are acquaintances.
Making
5．____________for the speech
·Know the listeners’ identities and get much information about the topic.
·Know how the “battlefield” is 6.____________ out in advance to plan beforehand.
·Spare time to practice to build confidence and decide the 7.____________ of the presentation.
续　表

Public Speaking
Presenting the speech
·8.____________ using ambiguous words and know how to meet the audience’s expectations.
·Use the body language, 9.____________ glancing at a small audience from one person to another.
·Restate important points when closing the speech to give the audience a deep 10.____________．
·End a speech or presentation with a special message and encourage the audience to ask questions.
答案：1.exchanging/swapping　2.provide/equip
3．similarity/similarities　4.informal/casual
5．preparations　6.laid　7.length/duration/time
8．Avoid　9.like　10.impression
B
(2019·苏北三市高三质量检测)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Emojis Catch Fire; Creators Seek IP Protection
Emojis(表情符号) are part and parcel of a great many messages exchanged by users of instant message apps, social media, email and the like. As the latest form of intellectual property(IP) in China, they are turning out to be a money­spinner and also an IP worth further protection in China.
Consider Rumi, a panda­like emoji, which has been downloaded on social media more than 340 million times, representing more than one fourth of China’s entire population. More and more users love to use emojis because they help spice up their messages with slick meanings, moods or states of mind that are best expressed quickly, not in words, but through interesting or funny images.
Not only do they use, they also tip. China’s largest social media platform WeChat told China Daily that more than 6.9 million users tipped emoji artists in 2017, part of nearly 14 million yuan($2 million) in all. It can be handsome return. Zhang Xuchen, 39, a part­time emoji creator from Tianjin, said that he earned a good income of the tens of thousands of yuan a year simply through tipping from customers, which supplements(贴补) his job as a forklift truck driver.
StarMoly, founded in 2016, is the developer of Rumi. It owns more than 30 emojis, which have been downloaded more than 1.4 billion times. “Driven by the wide use of social media in nearly every corner in China, emojis are undoubtedly a promising IP，” said Lin Dongdong, president of StarMoly. Unlike traditional IPs, the company’s emojis will change their costumes and status according to different situations, which brings the digital­based images alive.
StarMoly has also cooperated with a great number of companies to develop its IPs. It has authorized its emojis to The Shape of Water, an Oscar­winning film, to use them in domestic publicity. “To protect our IPs, we select our partners with great caution. We only choose those well­known and high­quality brands including Lay’s, Microsoft, Discovery and Taobao to make sure that our IPs are protected，” Lin said, noting that there are indeed many cases of abuse and piracy in the emojis and their related sectors in China.
“Emojis are very likely to be pirated because most of them are in digital forms, which are very easy to be copied and used again，” said Cheng Yanbo, an analyst. “Besides, it is a brand­new and wild area that is not effectively supervised(监管)．”
A good example, he said, is the facepalm emoji, one of the country’s most widespread characters. It was recently registered as a trademark by a clothing maker from Zhejiang province instead of the emoji’s creator, WeChat.
“To protect these emoji IPs, related rules and regulations are needed to protect the IP rights of both creators and companies，” he said, adding that education on the subject is supposed to keep up.

Passage Outline
Supporting Details
Introduction
Emojis, instant messages used online, bring in a large fortune to creators and 1.____________ further IP protection as well.
Reasons for
emojis’
2.____________
·Emojis help users 3.____________ their meanings, moods, or states of mind more quickly than words.
·Emojis help create interesting，
exciting and funny images.
4.____________
in point
·Rumi, an emoji 5.____________ like a panda, has been downloaded by over a quarter of China’s entire population.
·Zhang Xuchen created emojis part­time but earned a good income because customers 6.____________ him.
·The president of StarMoly, which 7.____________ Rumi, recognizes emojis as a promising IP.
Problems with
emojis
·Emojis are very likely to be pirated because the 8.____________ of them are in digital forms.
·There is a(n) 9.____________ of effective supervision because it’s a brand­new industry.
Solution
Related rules and regulations are needed to protect the IP rights of both creators and companies, and education should 10.____________ closely.
答案：1.deserve　2.popularity/currency　3.express/convey　4.Cases　5.looking　6.tipped　7.developed/created/produced/made　8.majority
9．lack/shortage/absence　10.follow

任务型阅读(一)[学生用书P151(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·江苏四星级学校联考)When you listen to artists like Jay­Z, or Common, just the thought of freestyle rap might be frightening enough to make your shy away. Scientific research shows that rap might offer you an opportunity for self­exploration and expression. Besides, freestyle rap might improve your brain’s creative power, too, and when it does, it can free you from boredom and relax you from everyday tasks. Here’s how.
In a study, brain researcher Siyuan Liu and his colleagues compared freestyle rap and rehearsed rap of native English speakers to see how their brains operated under both conditions. When you perform a rehearsed act, the lateral prefrontal cortex(PFC)(额叶前皮层), which is instrumental in thought control and recall, is activated. But they found that for more spontaneous(自发的) singing, the lateral PFC is not activated because you rely more on strong emotions to find the right language without the distraction of prepared melodies. When trying to complete a task, your focused brain is essential. But for creativity, your brain must go into regrouping mode to avoid habits and form new ideas. Freestyle rap will train you to access this capacity in your brain.
During this rap study, left­sided brain regions which are responsible for language and movement were also activated. These regions are usually activated by the act of speaking, so there was no surprise that rapping had the same effect. However, freestyle rap causes these regions to be activated above normal, which indicates that something special occurs. Freestyle rap requires you to find novel words and phrases that rhyme. This search for unique language patterns is a way to train your brain to become more creative. However, words are not all the same. By making freestyle rap part of your everyday routine, you will add emotional weight to your words, allowing you to communicate in a more effective and accurate way.
The rehearsed and freestyle rappers in the study had no difference in movement. They produced the same number of syllables, and the primary movement areas in the brain were similar in both groups. However, there was greater involvement of secondary movement areas in freestyle rap. When secondary movement areas engage, the movement is more enriched. This is similar to the way an inspired figure skater moves as opposed to that of a well­rehearsed skater who goes on technically but without the same beautiful sense of timing. Secondary movement in rap reflects the demand for rap speed, the rushed need to find the best words, and the way such words fit with a rhythm. Consequently, when you want to express yourself at greater speed to catch someone’s attention or create a bigger impact in a meeting or something like that, your essay in freestyle rap can be of great help to you.
To understand the connections between the different brain regions, the researchers of the study expanded to further analyses. The results indicated that freestyle rap requires the brain to access special regions involved with emotion and motivation. This makes sense when you think about the emotional intensity(强度) behind Jay­Z’s rap tracks that require him to process information and storylines. In this way, freestyle rap reminds you to invest in what you truly care about. Rather than functioning like a robot in your day­to­day life, you can put your unique spin on things.

Benefits of
freestyle rap
★It might enable you to explore and express yourself.
★It may empower your brain with creativity.
★It can help you 1.________ yourself of boredom and daily tasks.
Four waysfreestyle
rap 2．______
a betteryou

You learn to let go
★Unlike rehearsed rap, performing freestyle rap 3.________ to activate the lateral PFC.
★When completing freestyle rap, you turn to your emotions and your brain becomes more focused.
★Freestyle rap trains your brain to be creative—no longer under the 4.________ of your habits and forming new ideas.
You gain
5．_____
to powerful words
★Freestyle rap can also activate your brain regions 6.________ for language and movement.
★With freestyle rap, you need to search for novel words and phrases in rhyme.
★Freestyle rap helps give emotional weight to your words, allowing you to communicate effectively and accurately.
续　表
\
You become a fascinating speaker
★Besides the primary movement areas’7.________ in both rapper groups, secondary movement areas are more activated in freestyle rap.
★Secondary movement in rap signals the need for speed, word selection and ways to make words arranged in rhyme.
★Your attempt at freestyle rap can 8.________ you in attracting others on occasions like a meeting.
You find emotional richness and
motivation
★Freestyle rap requires the brain to access special regions concerning emotion and motivation.
★Freestyle rap makes 9.________ on rappers to process information and storylines.
★Freestyle rap reminds you to devote yourself to what really 10.________ you.
答案：1.rid　2.unlocks/makes　3.fails　4.control
5．access　6.responsible　7.involvement　8.benefit
9．demands　10.interests
B
(2019·江苏四校高三下学期调研)Generally speaking, people often quickly return to a set level of happiness despite life’s ups and downs. For instance, people who win the lottery(彩票抽奖) tend to return to roughly their original level of happiness after the novelty of the win has worn off. The same is true for those who are in major accidents and lose the use of their legs. The change in the ability can be damaging at first, but people generally return to their pre­accident levels of happiness after the habituation period. This phenomenon is called hedonic adaptation(享乐适应)．
There are activities that are more or less affected by hedonic adaptation. Some of these activities are known as pleasures. They can lift your mood and leave you feeling great, but their effects can be relatively temporary. What’s more, we get used to them relatively quickly. If you have the same meal every day for a week, for example, you may find it to be less pleasurable by the end of the week. Satisfactions are also such activities affected by hedonic adaptation. They can get us into a feeling of “flow” where we don’t notice the passage of time and are thoroughly devoted to what we’re doing. Satisfactions are activities that require more effort and thought, but the payoff is higher as well. The more we devote, the more we enjoy!
Knowing that pleasures are temporary in their effects may make them seem less worth the effort than satisfactions. There are reasons why they can be perfect for certain situations, however. First, they bring a quick lift in the mood without a great deal of effort. This is actually quite valuable because there is significant research that shows that a lift in the mood can lead to a chain reaction of positive feelings. Second, satisfactions do take more effort, so when you only have a few minutes or a very limited amount of energy, pleasures are often the simpler and more accessible option.
Thankfully, we can do something to move away from the limiting effects of hedonic adaptation and participate in activities that can create a greater level of happiness in life. For example, be sure to make time for hobbies! It doesn’t really matter what the hobby is; as long as it’s one you enjoy, you’ll benefit from it, and these benefits will extend into the rest of your life. It’s also a good idea to help other people as this can make your life more meaningful, and thus create greater happiness. Enjoying your positive experiences is also a great way to maximize the positive in your life. So at the end of the day, a few days a week, write about three things you enjoyed that day. Then you’ll be reliving these positive experiences as you write about them, and can relive them again when you read.

Hedonic Adaptation
The 1.______ of hedonic
adaptation
Hedonic adaptation is a phenomenon where people 2.________ to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness in spite of major positive or negative events or life changes.
Activities influenced by
hedonic adaptation
★Pleasures
·They are helpful in keeping our spirits up and making us feel cheerful, but such positive effects go 3.________．
·The longer they stay, the less happy people may feel. That is, people’s 4.________ to them occurs after a very short period of time.
★Satisfactions
·Compared with pleasures, they take us more effort but can bring more lasting results. In other words, they are less affected by hedonic adaptation.
·The enjoyment people get from satisfactions is in direct 5.________ to the effort and thought they devote.
6.________ of pleasures over
satisfactions
★Pleasures can lighten our mood quickly and are 7.________ to achieve.
★Pleasures are a better choice when our time or energy is limited.
8.________ on reducing the effects of hedonic
adaptation
★Take up hobbies, whatever they are, which 9.________ to you, and enjoy the benefits from them.
★Help others and it can make you live in a happier and more 10.________ way.
★Enjoy your positive experiences by regularly recording them and relive them in the course of your writing and reading.
答案：1.definition　2.tend　3.quickly　4.adaptation
5．proportion/relation　6.Advantages　7.easy
8．Tips/Suggestions/Advice　9.appeal
10．meaningful
任务型阅读(二)[学生用书P153(单独成册)]
(建议用时：30分钟)
A
(2019·江苏七市调研)As the concept of emotional intelligence(EI) has gone global, we’ve watched professionals fail as they try to improve their emotional intelligence because they either don’t know where to focus their efforts or they haven’t understood how to improve these skills on a practical level. In our work consulting with companies and coaching leaders, we have found that if you’re looking to develop particular EI strengths, it helps to consider areas for improvement others have identified along with the goals you want to achieve—and then to actively build habits in those areas rather than simply relying on understanding them conceptually.
The first step is to get a sense of how your self­perception (how you see yourself) differs from your reputation (how others see you)．
This is especially true for the development of emotional intelligence because we can be blind to how we express and read the emotional components of our interactions. For example, most of us think that we’re good listeners, but very often that’s really not the case. Without this external reality check, it will be difficult for you to identify the ways that your actions affect your performance. Getting feedback from others can also provide proof of the necessity of shifting our behavior and motivation to do so.
To give you the best sense of where the differences lie between your self­perception and reputation, you should use a 360­degree feedback assessment that takes the multiple facets of EI into account. The key is to find one that guarantees confidentiality to those giving you feedback and that is focused on development and not on performance assessment.
Secondly, when you get your feedback from an assessment, let that inform what you want to improve. But also consider what your goals are. When it comes to cultivating strengths in emotional intelligence, you’re at a huge disadvantage if you’re only interested because others said you should be. Your emotional intelligence is so tied up in your sense of self that being intrinsically(内在地) motivated to make the effort matters more when changing longstanding habits than it does when simply learning a skill.
That means the areas that you choose to actively work on should lie at the intersection of the feedback you’ve gotten and the areas that are most important to your own aspirations(渴望). Understanding the impacts of your current EI habits relative to your goals will keep you going over the long haul as you do the work of strengthening your emotional intelligence.
Once you’ve determined which EI skills you want to focus on, identify specific actions that you’ll take. If you’re working on becoming a better listener, for example, you might decide that when you’re conversing with someone you’ll take the time to pause, listen to what they have to say, and check that you understand before you reply. Keep it specific. You should also take every naturally occurring opportunity to practice the skill you’re developing, no matter how small.
By starting to change your routine reactions, you’ll be well on your way to figuring out the old habits that aren’t serving you well and transforming them into new, improved ones that do.

Passage outline
Supporting details
Introduction
Though globally acknowledged, EI still 1.________ professionals, for they aren’t aware how to improve it.
Approaches to strengthening EI
Spot the
2.________ between self­perception and reputation
·With the external reality check, we are 3.________ of
understanding our
interactions accurately.
·We are 4.________ to change our behavior by getting outside feedback.
·We are expected to 5.________ how self­perception differs from reputation in all aspects.
Find out what 6.________ to us
·We should clearly 7.________ our goals and focus our effort on improving ourselves instead of just learning a skill.
·8.________ the outside feedback with our goals can give us support on the way to strengthening our EI.
Identify what changes we will make
Be 9.________ about the actions and take advantage of every possible opportunity to practice EI skills.
续　表

Passage outline
Supporting details
Summary
10.________ useless old habits and develop new ones in areas for improvement.
答案：1.confuses/puzzles　2.differences　3.capable
4．motivated　5.assess　6.matters/counts　7.recognize/know/identify　8.Combining　9.specific/clear/explicit　10.Remove/Abandon/Quit
B
(2019·苏州高三调研)
Are We More Narcissistic Than Ever Before?
Like the flower, narcissism(自恋) has continued to flourish in modern civilization, which has become such a part of culture.But narcissism in psychology is more than a single question can capture, which really has three types of narcissism.Problems arise when people discuss narcissism without identifying the form.
Grandiose(浮夸) narcissism is the outgoing, extraverted(外向) form.The narcissistic individual believes he or she is smarter, better­looking and more important than others.And, of course, he or she gets special treatment for this fact.In fact, some of them can be very charming, likable and enjoy people.On the opposite side, narcissistic relationships are often not very emotionally warm or caring.
Vulnerable(脆弱) narcissism is the second flavor of narcissism.It is harder to see than grandiose narcissism.Vulnerable narcissists think they have the right to get special treatment and greatness but actually have low self­confidence and are not typically extraverted.Imagine someone living in his mum’s small room.He spends his evenings watching The X Factor believing he should be the next famous star singing act.Unfortunately, he hasn’t the confidence to do it and instead becomes a netizen, who posts offensive, controversial, or divisive materials on an Internet community.
The third form of narcissism occurs when narcissism is extreme and causes clinically serious problems in a person’s life—marriages fall apart, friends are lost, a career is over.When this occurs narcissism can be identified as a personality disorder—narcissistic personality disorder (also known as NPD), containing a mix of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
Can you change narcissism or NPD? There is no simple answer to this.For grandiose narcissism, what I often do is suggest practicing caring and compassion, doing what you are passionate about rather than what gets your attention and being responsible for your mistakes as well as successes.For vulnerable narcissism I would add to this list with practices that reduce depression and anxiety.Develop a sense of belonging or a friendship network; participate in physical exercise; or practice a form of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings.For NPD, there is no single, scientifically affirmed treatment of choice.But pay attention to the following.First, people with NPD are often reluctant to enter treatment because in their mind they do not have a problem—everyone else does.Second, it is challenging for doctors to keep individuals with NPD in treatment.
Narcissism is increasing and while social media hasn’t been proven to actually create narcissists, it does give them a new platform to gain attention and admiration.Still, I remain optimistic that people can change if they are motivated, have the right tools, and know what type of narcissism they are dealing with.
Are We More Narcissistic Than Ever Before？
Current situations about narcissism　
·Narcissism has developed to become a part of culture.
·Narcissism is more 1.________ than expected in psychology.
2.____________ of narcissism in divided types
·A narcissist is outgoing and socially confident, sometimes showing loveliness.
·A narcissist considers himself to be such an unusual person as to be treated 3.____________．
·A narcissist is often cold and likely to 4.____________ care in emotion towards others.
·Vulnerable narcissism is more 5.____________ than grandiose narcissism.
·A narcissist isn’t actually confident though in his opinion he 6.____________ special things.
·Narcissism is quite extreme to cause serious problems in the clinic, affecting the personal life.
The approaches to treating narcissism or NPD
·Be more considerate, do favorite things and take 7.____________ for whatever they do.
·Try to 8.____________ by making more friends, doing exercise and so on.
·Help people with NPD to realize they have problems and not to 9.____________ treatment.
The future trend　
·Narcissism is increasing perhaps because of social media.
·Narcissism can be 10.____________ if handled actively in proper ways.
答案：1.complicated/complex　2.Features/Characteristics
3．specially　4.lack　5.hidden/concealed　6.deserves
7．responsibility　8.relax　9.refuse　10.changed/changeable
任务型阅读(三)[学生用书P155(单独成册)]
(建议用时：30分钟)
A
(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)Technologies are often viewed as transformative. For William Kochevar, the term is justified. Mr Kochevar is paralysed(使瘫痪) below the shoulders after a cycling accident, yet has managed to feed himself by his own hand. This remarkable action is partly thanks to poles implanted in his right arm. But the real magic lies higher up. Mr Kochevar can control his arm using the power of thought. His intention to move is reflected in neural activity in his motor cortex(皮层); these signals are detected by implants in his brain and processed into commands to activate the electrodes in his arm.
An ability to decode thought in this way may sound like science fiction. But brain­computer interfaces(接口), BCIs, like the BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar provide evidence that mind control can work. Researchers are able to tell what words and images people have heard and seen from neural activity alone. Information can also be encoded and used to activate the brain.
The pace of research into the BCI and the scale of its ambition are increasing, but skeptics dismiss it. Taking medical BCIs out of the lab into clinical practice has proved very difficult. The BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar was developed more than ten years ago, but only a handful of people have tried it out. Turning implants into consumer products is even harder to imagine. The path to the mainstream is blocked by three major barriers—technological, scientific and commercial.
Start with technology. Non­invasive(无创的) techniques struggle to pick up high­resolution brain signals through intervening layers of skin, bone and membrane. For the time being at least, the most ambitious applications require implants that can interact directly with nerve cells. And existing devices have lots of drawbacks. They involve wires that pass through the skull; they cause immune responses; they communicate with only a few hundred of the 85bn nerve cells in the human brain.
Clear the technological barrier, and another one appears. The brain is still a foreign country. Scientists know little about how exactly it works, especially when it comes to complex functions like memory formation. Research is more advanced in animals, but experiments on humans are hard.
The third obstacle is the practical barriers to commercialization. It takes time, money and expert knowledge or skill to get medical devices approved officially. And consumer applications will take off only if they perform a function people find useful. Some of the applications of brain­computer interfaces are unnecessary—a good voice assistant is a simpler way to type without fingers than a brain implant, for example.
All of these suggest that a route to the future imagined by the neurotechnology pioneers is tough, but within a few years, improved technologies may be opening up new channels of communication with the brain. Many of the first applications hold out the unambiguous promise of movement and senses restored. But a host of concerns will arise. Privacy is an obvious one: the hiding place of an inner voice may disappear. Security is another: if a brain can be reached on the Internet, it can also be hacked. Inequality is a third one: access to superhuman abilities could be beyond all except a privileged few.

The 1.________ of mind control
·William Kochevar is physically
challenged, but with the help of technology, he manages to control his arm movement by mind.
·Researchers can decode information from neural activity, and in turn, the information 2.________ from neural activity can be encoded and used to stimulate the brain.
The 3.________ for doubts about BCIs
·It is no easy job to put BCIs into clinical practice.
·It is even harder to put implants on the 4.________.
The barriers to BCIs’
becoming the mainstream
·Technological barrier：
The existing devices which are supposed to have direct interaction with neurons are far from 5.________．
·Scientific barrier：
There is a lack of 6.________ of the brain; experiments on humans are harder and less advanced than those on animals.
·Commercial barriers：
►It takes a lot of effort to get the authorities to 7.________ agree to the medical devices.
►Being useful to people is a must for consumer applications being widely accepted.
►Some applications are unnecessary, thus 8.________ BCIs from becoming commercially successful.
续　表
The concerns
about BCIs
·Privacy: With nowhere to hide your inner voice, you may 9.________ your privacy.
·Security: With anyone able to reach your brain on the Internet, you may have your brain broken into.
·Inequality: The technology may only be 10.________ to the advantaged.
答案：1.possibility　2.received　3.reasons　4.market
5．perfect　6.understanding/knowledge　7.officially
8．preventing/stopping/keeping　9.lose
10．available/accessible
B
If you followed the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, you may have noticed that several athletes, including U．S. swimmer Michael Phelps, had circular bruises(瘀伤) on their bodies. These bruises were the results of “cupping therapy(拔火罐疗法)”， a traditional Chinese medicinal practice that has been around for more than 2，000 years.
Cupping therapy involves attaching circular cups to the skin using suction(吸力). The suction is created either by heating the cup inside or by using a hand－held pump. This suction pulls the skin upward into the cup. Sometimes it can leave dark red bruises, other times there is no mark at all.
Many athletes say that they have benefited from the therapy. Phelps used the therapy in the fall of 2014 and has used it about twice a week since, reported ABC News. Another U．S. swimmer, Dana Vollmer, also believes that “It really helps with blood flow, and helps pull swelling(肿胀) out of different areas.”
However, some have said that the supposed health effects result from people feeling that the treatment works, rather than any physical effect of the treatment.
To figure out whether cupping therapy has any physical effects, last year researchers from Germany carried out a test in which a sham(假的) treatment was provided.
In the study, the same type of cups was used in the real treatment and the sham treatment. But in the sham treatment, the cups had a hole at the top so that they couldn’t create the proper suction.
The tested patients, who suffered from a disorder that causes a lot of pain, were told that they would receive either traditional cupping or “soft cupping”. But they were not informed that the so－called “soft cupping” was a sham treatment.
It turned out that most patients correctly guessed which kind of cupping they had received. In both groups, patients also experienced about the same reductions in pain. The results suggest the effects of cupping therapy might come from factors that are not necessarily part of the treatment itself, the researchers told the Live Science website.
The question of whether cupping therapy works still needs to be answered. But because the treatment is relatively safe and it could be helpful for some people, “the therapy can be used as a part of a comprehensive treatment program involving other exercises, nutritional choices and lifestyle interventions(干预)”， Dr Brent Bauer, director of a U．S.’ medicine program, told Live Science.

Title：Is Cupping Therapy Really Useful？
Introduction
Cupping therapy was 1.________ to Chinese medicinal practice dating back to more than 2，000 years ago.
The working principle of it
People usually use suction—created either by heating the cup inside or by using a 2.________—to pull people’s skin upward into the cup which can be 3.________ to the skin.
People’s
4．________ attitudes to it
·Many athletes think it is 5.________， which not only can help with blood flow but also can relieve swelling.
·Some think it’s people’s 6.________ effects that result in its health effects actually.
A test
conducted to prove
its effects
·Researchers provided a 7.________ treatment (traditional cupping) and a sham treatment (soft cupping) for patients.
·Most patients could give the 8.________ guess of which kind of treatment they had received.
·The result is that both treatments were 9.________， which proves that the benefit of cupping therapy might not totally depend on the treatment itself.
Conclusion
It can be accepted as a part of comprehensive treatment programs due to its 10.________ and efficiency.
答案：1.applied　2.pump　3.attached　4.different
5．beneficial　6.mental/psychological　7.real　8.correct　9.effective　10.safety