北京高考英语阅读表达专项训练

这是一份北京高考英语阅读表达专项训练，共41页。

阅读表达
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英语回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Scientists are increasingly warning that sitting for long periods even if you also exercise regularly could be bad for your health. And it doesn’t matter where the sitting takes place at the office, at school, in the car or before a computer or TV — just the overall number of hours it occurs. Several studies suggest people who spend most of their days sitting are more likely to be fat, have a heart attack or even die.
In an editorial published this week in the British Joumal of Sports Medicine, Elin Ekblom-Bak of the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences suggested that authorities rethink how they define physical activity to highlight the dangers of sitting.
While health officials have issued guidelines recommending minimum amounts of physical activity, they haven’t suggested people try to limit how much time they spend in a seated position. “After four hours of sitting, the body starts to send harmful signals,” said Ekblom-Bak. She explained that sitting too long slows the metabolism-which affects our ability to regulate blood sugar and blood pressure, and metabolise fat-and may cause weaker muscles and bones.
Even for people who exercise, spending long periods of time sitting at a desk is still harmful. Tim Armstrong, a physical activity expert at the World Health Organization, said people who exercise every day-but still spend much time sitting-might get more benefits if that exercise was spread across the day, rather than in a single bout (一回).
Experts said more research is needed to figure out just how much sitting is dangerous, and what might be possible to offset (抵消) those effects.
“People should keep exercising because that has a lot of benefits,” Ekblom-Bak said. “But when they are in the office, they should try to interrupt sitting as often as possible,” she said.
1．What are the possible bad effects of sitting for a long time?
________________
2．What is the next step for the current research on sitting long hours?
________________
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Ø Sitting for long periods is bad for your health. However, doing exercise once a day is enough to get rid of the impact of sitting too much.
________________
4．What habits do you think are good for your health? Why?
________________

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Before ending upon a supermarket shelf, an avocado(牛油果) has produced 1.3 kilograms of carbon into the atmosphere. Its production alone consumes 60 gallons of water. Despite this, the fruit will often be thrown away as household waste.
Household food waste is the result of mismanagement. Much of the waste is avoidable and the food may have been eaten had it been better managed. To reduce household food waste, a growing number of food retailers decide to remove date labelling(标签), such as the “use-by” or “best-before” date, from some fresh food items.
Past studies have confirmed the importance of date labelling. Almost 60% of western European consumers surveyed said they “always” check date labels while purchasing. But date labelling has long come under criticism because failure to truly understand date labelling often leads to unreasonable decision making. Indeed, consumers commonly don’t accept edible(可食用的), but date-expired(过期的) food.
The removal of date labelling is therefore a promising start. Without date labels, information that may affect consumers’ understanding of what is edible, is removed. Instead, consumers are encouraged to sense-check fresh food items.
In the case of an avocado, the advice given to consumers is that when ripe, it should have a “pleasant and slightly sweet aroma(气味)”, while the skin should be “dark green or brown”. Information is also provided on how an avocado should look, taste, and feel when “overripe”. It is hoped that a better informed consumer will be less likely to blindly throw away food due to an expiration date.
5．What do food retailers decide to do to reduce household food waste?
_______________________________________________________________________________
6．Why has date labelling long been criticized?
_______________________________________________________________________________
7．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
ØIf consumers can be better informed, they will not accept edible, but date-expired food.
_______________________________________________________________________________
8．Once date labels are removed from some fresh food items, what problem(s) might be caused? (In about 40 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life.
Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.
Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.
In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to spot spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time.
“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”
9．What makes writing by hand a thing of the past?
_______________________________________________________________________________
10．What did Berninger’s study published in 2009 focus on?
_______________________________________________________________________________
11．Decide which part is false and underline it and explain.
Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
_______________________________________________________________________________
12．What’s your idea about spelling plays an important role in our daily life? Explain why.( In about 40 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________

阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在答题卡相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. Volunteers were showing up by the thousands and I also took part in what was the largest animal rescue operation ever.
A warehouse was turned into a rescue center near the habitat and hundreds of pools were built to hold about 100 oiled birds each. When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. Cleaning them all seemed like an impossible task. But we had to carry on like doctors in an emergency room. There was no time for doubt. Cleaning oil off a penguin wasn’t easy. Even with more than 12,500 volunteers, it took a month to bathe all 20,000 birds at the center.
While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. But we already had our hands full with 20,000 recovering birds. If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them.
One researcher came up with an idea: What if the penguins were temporarily moved out of harm’s way? Experts decided to have a try. Volunteers rounded up the penguins and released them 500 miles away. The hope was that by the time the seabirds swam home, the oil would be gone. The plan worked! Another 20,000 penguins were saved.
The entire penguin rescue took about three months. More than 90% of the oiled penguins were successfully returned to the wild. Looking back on the rescue, I am still amazed by the work of the volunteers. What I could hardly believe was that we accomplished an impossible task.
13．What threatened the African penguins’ lives?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
14．How did the author feel when walking into the rescue center?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
15．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
16．What do you think of the rescue? Give your reasons. (In about 40 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The Best Response to Criticism
When someone criticizes you, your natural reaction is mostly to feel bad about it or defend yourself. If you lack confidence or if you have no clear opinion about yourself, you may also feel pain and even accept the criticism as true. Living in this world, we have to deal with the opinions of others and keep ourselves safe from their negativity.
Sometimes, you will face genuine criticism from others. If you are too caught up in defensive attitude and not being open minded, you may not receive the criticism well and may not perceive the truth in it. When you are criticized, remember that your opinion of yourself is probably more genuine than the opinion of another who does not know you as much as you know about you.
Yet, we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us. It is natural because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are. The truth is, in many respects, criticism is a reflection of the person who indulges in it rather than you. A critic’s criticism reveals more about him and his judgment rather than the object of his criticism.
Criticism is a personal opinion of the critic. It very much depends upon the person, his or her thinking, beliefs, knowledge, attitude and values. It is a product of his worldview, upbringing, values, beliefs, likes and dislikes, knowledge and ignorance. It also depends upon his relationship and attitude towards the person for whom the criticism is intended.
A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.
Every criticism helps you know about you or those who engage in it. Use it to improve yourself or your relationships. If you understand this truth, you will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.
17．According to this passage, what is the natural reaction when one gets criticized?
__________________________________________________
18．Why do we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us?
__________________________________________________
19．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
„Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.
__________________________________________________
20．How do you usually respond to criticism?（In about 40 words）
__________________________________________________

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids. He knew there had to be a better portable drink solution and decided to innovate from something he saw in his own home: fruit infused (浸泡) water.
Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. “I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains.
The bottle is made with a strainer (滤网) that allows the great tastes and natural sugars of the various fruits and vegetables you choose to come through the water, without any of the seeds or skins flowing through.
Tom is proud of his design and excited to be selling the Fun Bottle on his website and in stores, but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG).
Tom has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innovator remains humble. When asked what advice he’d give other entrepreneurial youth, he says, “Prepare and have your family’s support. It is important to know from the beginning that there are a lot of highs and lows, and there is no such thing as overnight success.”
21．What did Tom witness at his own school?
22．Where did Tom get the idea for the original model for the Fun Bottle?
23．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG.
24．Among Tom’s qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us? Why?(In about 40 words)

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
Panda Pride
Pandas are not only a national treasure, but are loved around the world.
Recently, a giant panda cub (幼崽) born in August at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo, US, was given the name Xiao Qi Ji, which is translated into English as “little miracle”. The choice was the result of a five-day online vote that drew nearly 135,000 voters in the US.
This cub’s birth proved to be quite inspiring—and at a time when inspiration was truly needed. “Xiao Qi Ji’s birth is a true miracle that has been so uplifting to all of us during the pandemic,” Chinese Ambassador to the US Cui Tiankai said in a video congratulatory message. “We are connected again in the growth of our little ambassador, and in our shared joy and friendship.”
The furry black-and-white animals have played an important role in China’s diplomacy, known as “panda diplomacy”.
In the 1950s, China sent pandas as gifts to friendly countries with no strings attached. The most successful donation being that of two pandas to the US in 1972, a move announced during President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China which marked the beginning of normalized Sino-US relations.
By 1982, China had given 23 pandas to nine different countries. However, most of them have died mainly because they don’t have enough to eat. Adult giant pandas consume about 40 kilograms of fresh bamboo daily. It takes 10 years for a new crop of bamboo to mature, and many countries do not have an environment suitable for bamboo growth.
In acknowledgement of the decline in panda numbers, the Chinese government stopped giving them as gifts. Instead the animals were “loaned”, usually via renewable 10-year rental terms. If a foreign zoo wants to rent a panda, it must first draw up a feasible research program that will help panda conservation. China also banned any form of overseas panda tours for private profit.
The nature of panda exchanges since then has changed into an exercise focused on protecting the species through collaborative research. The government is hoping that cooperation between Chinese and foreign scientists can develop new ways of saving the panda and the entire $1 million annual rental fee goes toward protection and research.
Countries are trying their best to facilitate this special type of diplomacy. “We don’t own the pandas, but the whole world wants to help save the panda, and we do that through our knowledge exchange. The concern for the vulnerable animal unites all citizens regardless of nationality, class or political persuasion.” Steven Monfort, director of the Smithsonian’s National Zoo, told China Daily.
25．Why is Xiao Qi Ji, the giant panda cub’s birth so inspiring?
______________________________________________________
26．What may cause the death of pandas in other countries?
______________________________________________________
27．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Pandas were loaned to other countries to make profit and boost domestic economy.
______________________________________________________
28．Apart from pandas, what else can be a cultural ambassador representing China? Name one and explain how it may help China improve international relations. (about 40 words)
______________________________________________________

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
One of the basic expectations the public have of doctors is honesty. But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 percent of doctors admitted to lying to their patients? It is inexcusable, surely? Extremely unprofessional and uncaring; a clear break of the doctor-patient relationship. Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. This seems unimaginable but, if I am honest, I have told exactly the same lie to several patients whose spouses had died. Mrs. Walton was in her eighties and desperate to see her husband. She’d been in hospital after a fall and was in pain. She called out for him frequently and couldn’t understand why he wasn’t there to comfort her. She was becoming more and more distressed and would try to get up to find him, despite being at risk of falling again.
“He’s on his way, don’t worry,” the nurses would say and this would calm her down. I confess I said the same thing to her. She’d smile and roll her eyes and say how he was always late for things and tell the same story about him being late for their wedding nearly 60 years ago. But he wasn’t on his way. It was a lie. He’d died two years ago. The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes.
Part of the natural history of many of the dementias, in particular Alzheimer’s disease which is what Mrs. Walton had, is that the sufferer loses their short-term memory and the memory of recent events, but retains memories from the distant past. Sufferers are trapped forever in a bewildering past that many realise bares little connection to the present, but are at a loss to explain. It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children confused and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still toddlers. How does one deal with this? I have had countless families break down in tears in outpatient clinics or on wards, not knowing what to say or how to react as their loved one moves further and further away from them back into their distant past and they are left behind in the present. And how, as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients, does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with having no knowledge of your life for the past 10 or 20 years? The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies — they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. That’s not to say that lying to patients with dementia unnecessarily is right or defensible or that there are not times when of course they have the right to know the truth. But what compassionate person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning, for the first time again and again, repeatedly throughout the day, that their beloved one has died. It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy.
29．Write a title for this article.
30．Why do people with dementia feel upset, scared, and confused even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family?
31．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
32．The author says sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy. Do you agree or disagree? Why? (In about 40 words)

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Is it possible to improve your brain function? The answer is “yes”.
Information in your brain is collected, stored and recalled by neural pathways. These pathways are responsible for your abilities to solve problems, remember familiar faces and tasks, without paying a ton of efforts. Millions of these neural pathways begin developing from the time when you are growing into a baby. To keep our memory healthy, we need to create new pathways continually.
As we age, our lifestyles often change, stopping those pathways from being developed. Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory. Our brain requires consistent stimulation, regardless of our age, and looking for ways to excite the production of new pathways is critical. Just like your physical muscles need to be used in different ways to make them stronger, our brain needs change to help challenge its abilities.
One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.
Challenge your brain with puzzles, a new language or learning how to play an instrument. Anything different and new can stimulate your brain and memory. The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.
Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise. When you exercise your body, you are also working out your mind, because regular activity helps to improve the chemicals in your brain and to protect brain cells.
33．According to the passage, what can negatively affect our brain and memory?
34．Why are the best activities the ones outside of your comfort zone?
35．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks.
36．What else can you do to improve your brain function? (In about 40 words)

阅读下面短文，根据短文内容写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
I’m addicted to volunteering. Is that selfish?
“You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse club.
I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?
37．What is the parent’s attitude towards the request for volunteers?
38．How do the parents feel in the process of volunteering?
39．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
40．Briefly present the benefits that a memorable volunteering experience brings to you. (In about 40 words)

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Almost every community in the world has some form of rules and some way of carrying them out. A community is a group of people who are united by a number of factors, including geography, language, and values. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like cheating and rule-breaking is that fairness is programmed into our brains. They have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. The findings concluded that fairness is a basic human need along with food and social contact.
Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.
Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict.
External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority — this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation. Rewards, such as job promotions, awards, and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests.
People need their communities to function smoothly. Because of this, humans most often behave in orderly, fair, and predictable ways. If there were no rules, the majority of people would probably continue to interact positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not, with serious consequences. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to become a reality any time soon — at least not in the real world. (390 words)
41．Why do we have rules and follow them?
42．How do social controls influence our behavior?
43．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then change it and explain why.
Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.
44．If you could change a rule at your school/home/community, which one would you like to change? Why? (In about 40 words)

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The Power of Determination
Your quest for success and happiness begins with right intentions. It culminates (达到顶点) when you reach your chosen goals. What sustains your effort in between is your determination. What carries you towards your goals is your determination. It means the firmness of purpose or intention.
If there is one gift that you can give to yourself in your life to be what you want to be, it is the power of determination. Without it you are a mere passive spectator in the drama of your life. If there is one quality that makes a difference between a winner and a loser or a leader and a follower, it is the power of determination. Without it, you may dream wild dreams, but you will not accomplish much in life. If you have determination, nothing can stop you and deter you from following your course of action to achieve your goals or realize your dreams.
Obstacles may arise and obstruct your progress. They may delay your success, disturb you temporarily, and may even mislead you, but they cannot withstand the power of determination. It is the power that you generate within yourself to remain committed to your path and conviction, and march towards your cherished goals. Before you take up any project or goal, you should know whether you have the determination to stick to your plans and reach your goals. Your determination has to arise from within and derive its reinforcement from your thinking and beliefs rather than circumstances. Only then will you be able to sustain your effort, even when the going gets tough. Determination is your inner strength. Like the hardwood inside a tree, it gives you the power to stand tall and face the winds of turmoil.
With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you. You can find your way through the most difficult situations. Determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. He is not interested in being tough for toughness sake, but to overcome obstacles and reach his goals. Hence, he remains open-minded about possibilities and opportunities, but firm in his commitment and convictions. Discipline and determination go together. If you have them, you become unstoppable.
45．According to the passage, what is determination?
46．What would happen if one does not have determination?
47．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes.
48．How does being determined benefit you? (In about 40 words)

阅读下面的短文和问题，根据短文内容，在相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。答语要结构正确，书写工整，字迹清楚。
So many things can keep you from seeing your loved ones in person, from busy schedules to long distances to a rather unexpected pandemic (流行病). Fortunately, thanks to modem technology, the people we miss are often only a phone call or text message away. But if you’re someone who prefers typed out messages to verbal ones, you may want to reconsider. According to science, if you want to feel more connected to the people you’re talking to, you should call them instead of texting.
A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, found that communication interactions that included voice, like a phone call or video chat, created stronger social bonds than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.
In the study, researchers used various experiments to gauge connectedness. In one, they asked 20 people to make predictions about what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend by email or by phone and then assigned it on people at random to do one or the other. Although people anticipated that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better. “People reported they did form a significantly stronger bond with their old friend on the phone versus email, and they did not feel more awkward,” study co-author Amit Kumar, an assistant professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business, said in a statement.
In another experiment, the researchers had strangers connect by either texting, talking over video chat, or talking using only audio. They found that both forms of voice communication -whether video or audio only-made the strangers feel significantly more connected than when they communicated via texting.
Sabrina Romanoff, a Harvard trained clinical psychologist based in New York City, says people tend to text or email instead of calling because of convenience, as they see it as a controlled form of communication where they can “correspond information exactly in the way they intend without unexpected additions by the other person”.
Romanoff says that in reality, texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the net effects of the message” she explains. “Each party is more present, and therefore able to gauge the meaning behind the content without thinking about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.”
49．What did the new study published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology find?
50．In the first experiment mentioned in the passage, how do people feel actually when they connected with an old friend by phone?
51．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
➢ According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
52．If you are going to reconnect old friends, will you text them or call them directly? Why? (In about 40 words)

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体), whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception (感知), attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
“We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia,” said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
“Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors,” noted Huang. “As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.”
53．What may an online profile photo reflect?
54．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos?
55．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
56．Apart from cultural differences, what other factors might influence one’s choice of profile photo on social media?

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse. What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are so used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.
This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works — and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap:
People are given a box of tacks (大头钉) and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly. Typically, the subjects try tacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to fix it with melted wax (石蜡). The tacks are too short, and the candle doesn’t fasten to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task? The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.
To think of that, you have to look beyond the box’s usual role as a container just for tacks and reimagine it serving an entirely new purpose. That is difficult because we all suffer — to one degree or another — from functional fixedness. The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society. The political theorist Hannah Arend coined the phrase frozen thoughts to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should. In Arendt’s eyes, the complacent reliance on such accepted “truths” also made people blind to ideas that didn’t fit their worldview, even when there was ample evidence for them. Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”
Another context in which frozen thinking can turn truly dangerous is medicine. If you land in the hospital, it’s natural to want to be treated by the most experienced physicians on staff. But according to a 2014 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), you’d be better off being treated by the relative novices.
57．What does “functional fixedness” mean?
58．How is the candle attached to the wall?
59．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
▶Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ.
60．How can you avoid frozen thoughts in your daily life? (In about 40 words)















参考答案：
1．They are more likely to be fat, have a heart attack or even die. 2．More research is needed to figure out just how much sitting is dangerous, and what might be possible to offset those effects. 3．Because even for people who exercise, spending long periods of time sitting at a desk is still harmful. 4．We should not sit still for a long time and try to break the sitting time as much as possible, because sitting for a long time does great harm to our health.

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究表明，一天中大部分时间坐着的人更容易发胖、患心脏病甚至死亡，久坐对我们的身体有着很大的伤害。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Several studies suggest people who spend most of their days sitting are more likely to be fat, have a heart attack or even die.(几项研究表明，一天中大部分时间坐着的人更容易发胖、患心脏病甚至死亡)”可知，久坐的人可能更容易发胖、患心脏病甚至死亡。故答案为They are more likely to be fat, have a heart attack or even die.
2．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“Experts said more research is needed to figure out just how much sitting is dangerous, and what might be possible to offset (抵消) those effects.(专家表示，需要更多的研究来弄清楚坐多久是危险的，以及怎样才能抵消这些影响)”可知，目前关于久坐的研究的下一步是需要更多的研究来弄清楚坐多久是危险的，以及怎样才能抵消这些影响。故答案为More research is needed to figure out just how much sitting is dangerous, and what might be possible to offset those effects.
3．考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段“Even for people who exercise, spending long periods of time sitting at a desk is still harmful. Tim Armstrong, a physical activity expert at the World Health Organization, said people who exercise every day-but still spend much time sitting-might get more benefits if that exercise was spread across the day, rather than in a single bout.(即使对经常锻炼的人来说，长时间坐在办公桌前也是有害的。世界卫生组织的体育运动专家蒂姆•阿姆斯特朗说，每天锻炼但仍有很多时间坐着的人，如果把锻炼时间分散到一天中，而不是一回合，可能会获得更多好处)”可知，在下列陈述中，每天做一次运动就足以摆脱久坐的影响这个说法是错误的，因为即使对经常锻炼的人来说，长时间坐在办公桌前也是有害的。故答案为Because even for people who exercise, spending long periods of time sitting at a desk is still harmful.
4．考查推理判断。根据最后一段““People should keep exercising because that has a lot of benefits,” Ekblom-Bak said. “But when they are in the office, they should try to interrupt sitting as often as possible,” she said.(“人们应该坚持锻炼，因为锻炼有很多好处，”埃克布洛姆-巴克说。“但当他们在办公室时，他们应该尽可能多地打断坐着的时间，”她说)”可推知，我们不要长时间地坐在某个地方不动，应该尽可能多地打断坐着的时间，因为久坐对我们的身体有很大的危害。故答案为We should not sit still for a long time and try to break the sitting time as much as possible, because sitting for a long time does great harm to our health.
5．Food retailers decide to remove date labelling. 6．Because failure to truly understand date labelling often leads to unreasonable decision making. 7．If consumers can be better informed, they will not accept edible, but date-expired food.
Because consumers are encouraged to sense-check fresh food items, and the information is also provided on how the food should look, taste, and feel when “overripe”. So if consumers can be better informed, they will be likely to accept edible, but date-expired food. 8．Removing date labels from some fresh food items can prevent consumers from knowing the edible information of the food.Without date labels, consumers are encouraged to sense-check fresh food items.


【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了为了减少家庭食品浪费，越来越多的食品零售商决定取消一些新鲜食品的日期标签，例如“使用日期”或“最佳食用日期”。尽管人们在购买食品时，大部分人会查看日期标签，但是日期标签有时候却对人有误导作用而造成浪费。在施行取消标签后，人们可以通过“望闻”的方法判断食物。
5．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段内容“To reduce household food waste, a growing number of food retailers decide to remove date labelling, such as the ‘use-by’ or ‘best-before’ date, from some fresh food items.(为了减少家庭食物浪费，越来越多的食品零售商决定从一些新鲜食品上去掉日期标签，比如“截止食用日期”或“最佳食用日期”。)”可知，食品零售商决定去掉一些新鲜食品上的日期标签以减少浪费。故答案为：Food retailers decide to remove date labelling.
6．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段内容“But date labelling has long come under criticism because failure to truly understand date labelling often leads to unreasonable decision making.(但日期标签长期以来一直受到批评，因为未能真正理解日期标签往往会导致不合理的决策。)”可知，日期标签长期受到批评是因为日期标签未能得到真正理解而导致不合理的购买决策。故答案为：Because failure to truly understand date labelling often leads to unreasonable decision making.
7．考查细节理解。根据文章第五段内容“Information is also provided on how an avocado should look, taste, and feel when “overripe”. It is hoped that a better informed consumer will be less likely to blindly throw away food due to an expiration date. (还提供了牛油果“过熟”时的外观、味道和感觉的信息。人们希望，一个更了解情况的消费者不太可能因为过期而盲目扔掉食物。)”可知，“If consumers can be better informed, they will not accept edible, but date-expired food.(如果消费者能更明智，他们不会接受可食用的，但过期的食品。)”中“they will not accept edible, but date-expired food”是错误的，如果消费者对食物信息更了解一些，那么就有可能接受可食用但过期的食品。故答案为：If consumers can be better informed, they will not accept edible, but date-expired food. Because consumers are encouraged to sense-check fresh food items, and the information is also provided on how the food should look, taste, and feel when “overripe”. So if consumers can be better informed, they will be likely to accept edible, but date-expired food.
8．本题为开放性试题，要求考生结合文章根据自己的见解进行作答，言之有理即可。供参考：根据文章第四段“
Without date labels, information that may affect consumers' understanding of what is edible, is removed.
（如果没有日期标签，可能会影响消费者了解什么是可食用的的信息被删除。）”可知，没有日期标签，消费者可能无法了解
该食品的可食用信息。故答案为Removing date labels from some fresh food items can prevent consumers from k
nowing the edible information of the food.Without date labels, consumers are encouraged to sense-check f
resh food items.


9．The usage of new technologies in teaching. 10．He focused on the differences between writing by hand and on a computer. 11．Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
According to the passage, it is connected with ideas. 12．With the development of technologies, computers and smart phones are becoming more and more common. People have been accustomed to using them to work and study instead of the basic writing style and spelling skills. Characters is a form of showing our emotion, but sometimes we can’t remember how to write them. I strongly advocate using handwriting more instead of computers help to pass down the charm of Chinese characters.

【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述的是随着现代科技的发展，书写渐渐被人们所忽视，但是Berninger的研究表明，书写在现代教学中应该占有一席之地，因为拼写能力与写作能力密切相关并且对孩子有更长久的影响,加强拼写有助于学生的发展。
9．考查细节理解。根据第一段“The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life.(学生无休止地从黑板上抄字母和句子的做法已经成为过去。随着电脑和智能手机等新技术的出现，手写已经成为一种怀旧的技能。然而，尽管今天的教育工作者在教学中使用越来越多的技术，许多人认为基本的书写技能仍然是学生成功的必要条件——无论是在学校还是在生活中。)” 可知，在教学中使用新技术让手写成为历史。故答案为The usage of new technologies in teaching.
10．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.(Berninger和她的同事进行了一项研究，考查学生完成各种写作任务的能力，包括用电脑和手写。这项发表于2009年的研究发现，当参与者用笔和纸写字时，他们写的文章更长，句子更完整，单词生成速度更快。)”可知Berninger在2009年发表的研究把重点放在手写和用电脑写作之间的区别上。故答案为He focused on the differences between writing by hand and on a computer.
11．考查细节理解。根据第四段第二句“‘Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.’Berninger said.(‘拼写使大脑的一些思考部分变得活跃，这有助于我们获取词汇、单词的含义和概念。它让我们的书面语言与思想联系起来。’Berninger说。)”以及第五段第一句“Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. (拼写可以帮助学生首先在脑海中把想法转换成单词，然后再将‘脑海中的单词转换成纸上、键盘上和屏幕上的符号’，研究称。)”可知拼写与思想是有联系的。故答案为Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
According to the passage, it is connected with ideas.
12．考查个人观点与语言表达。根据第一段第二句“With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill.(随着电脑和智能手机等新技术的出现，书写已经成为一种怀旧的技能。)”可知现在人们工作学习中应用电脑、手机越来越常见，运用手写越来越少。根据第四段第二句“‘Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.’Berninger said.(‘拼写使大脑的一些思考部分变得活跃，这有助于我们获取词汇、单词的含义和概念。它让我们的书面语言与思想联系起来。’Berninger说。)”可知书写有助于传达我们思想与文化，而且在想要表达时不会提笔忘字。故答案可表述为With the development of technologies, computers and smart phones are becoming more and more common. People have been accustomed to using them to work and study instead of the basic writing style and spelling skills. Characters is a form of showing our emotion, but sometimes we can’t remember how to write them. I strongly advocate using handwriting more instead of computers help to pass down the charm of Chinese characters.
13．An oil spill. 14．The author felt shocked. 15．Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together.
Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins. 16．I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind.

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者参与的一次挽救企鹅的志愿者活动。因为燃油的泄露，大量的非洲企鹅被困，命在且夕，志愿者们经过三个多月把它们带到了安全的地方，最后把企鹅放归野外。通过这篇文章，作者告诉我们众人拾柴火焰高，人类的力量是伟大的。
13．考查细节理解。由第一段中的“In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. (2016年夏天，MV Treasure号沉没，造成漏油。1300吨的燃油正流向非洲企鹅栖息地的中央。很快，石油覆盖了大约20000只企鹅。没有迅速的帮助，企鹅就没有生存的机会)”可知，由于石油泄露，非洲企鹅处于危险之中。故答案为：An oil spill.
14．考查推理判断。由第二段中的“When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. (当我走进中心时，我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。我本以为会进入鸣叫和吵闹声的大合唱。相反，这个中心听起来像一个图书馆。企鹅们鸦雀无声。我的心为那些痛苦的企鹅而痛)”可知，当作者走进救援中心时，作者原以为会听到企鹅的叫声，然而它们却鸦雀无声，作者感到震惊。故答案为：The author felt shocked.
15．考查细节理解。由第三段中的“While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. (当志愿者们忙于给沾满油污的企鹅洗澡时，另一场危机正在发生。泄漏的石油开始向北移动。数以万计的企鹅在石油的路径上)”和If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them. (如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，我们就没有足够的资源来拯救它们)”可知，如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，志愿者们无法拯救油路上的所有企鹅，“could save”错误。故答案为：Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together. Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins.
16．考查开放答题。考生结合文本，合理发表自己观点，如：我认为这次救援非常成功和令人惊叹，因为志愿者们完成了一项不可能完成的任务。它不仅显示了“众人拾柴火焰高”的含义，也显示了人类的强大力量。故答案为：I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind.
17．The natural reaction when one gets criticized is to feel bad about it or defend oneself. 18．Because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are. 19．Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.
1) According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)
2) According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful. 20．I would respond differently to different criticism. I would take true criticism seriously and take it as a chance to make myself better. However, I would ignore the criticism that is meant to hurt.

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于不同的批评我们应该持有的方法。
17．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“When someone criticizes you, your natural reaction is mostly to feel bad about it or defend yourself. ”（当有人批评你的时候，你的自然反应大多是感觉不好或者为自己辩护。）可知，当有人批评你的时候，人们的自然反应就是感觉不好或者为自己辩护。故答案为The natural reaction when one gets criticized is to feel bad about it or defend oneself.
18．考查细节理解。根据第三段前两句“Yet, we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us. It is natural because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are. ”（然而，我们非常重视别人对我们的评价和看法。这是很自然的，因为我们更喜欢被别人认可和接受，或者至少因为我们是谁而被尊重和认可。）可知，我们重视别人对我们的评价和看法是因为我们更喜欢被别人认可和接受，或者至少因为我们是谁而被尊重和认可。故答案为Because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are.
19．考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段“A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.”（不是基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评不应被视为真正的批评。你可以忽略它，也可以用它来了解批评你的人。）可知，基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评才可以被视为是真正的批评，这样的批评是有帮助意义的。据此可以判断，所给提示句的后半部分“it is not helpful for us”是错误的，可以更改为“According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful”；最后一段“Every criticism helps you know about you or those who engage in it. Use it to improve yourself or your relationships. If you understand this truth, you will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.”（每一个批评都会帮助你了解你自己或者那些参与其中的人。用它来改善你自己或你的人际关系。如果你明白这个道理，你就会接受批评作为一种祝福和一个机会，成为一个更好的人与更好的意识。）可知，每个批评都会帮助你了解你自己或者那些参与其中的人，如果你明白这个道理，你就会接受批评作为一种祝福和一个机会，成为一个更好的人与更好的意识。据此可知，所给提示句的后半部分“it is not helpful for us”是错误的，可以更改为“ According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)”，故答案为Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.原因在于：①According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)② According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful.
20．开放题。言之有理即可。根据文章倒数第二段“A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.”（不是基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评不应被视为真正的批评。你可以忽略它，也可以用它来了解批评你的人。）可知，基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评才可以被视为是真正的批评，这样的批评是有帮助意义的。因此我对不同的批评会有不同的反应。我会认真对待真正的批评，把它当作一个让自己变得更好的机会。然而，我会忽略那些意在伤害我的批评。故答案为I would respond differently to different criticism. I would take true criticism seriously and take it as a chance to make myself better. However, I would ignore the criticism that is meant to hurt.（34）
21．Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school. 22．Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. 23．Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG.
Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG. 24．I think the quality of perspicacity will be important, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31)


【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述15岁的汤姆看到自己学校的学生喝含糖的饮料，随后发明了一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们大量消费含糖饮料）可知，作为15岁的发明家和创业者，汤姆在学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料。故答案为Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school.
22．考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中“Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions ”（汤姆看着他的妈妈制作健康的水果饮料）第二句“ From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. ”（从观察他的母亲和他要给孩子们更好的饮料选择的愿望，他想出了他的原始模型的Fun Bottle）可知，汤姆在观察母亲制作水果饮料的过程中得到启发，才有了Fun Bottle的原始模型。故答案为Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option.
23．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG).”（但是这个15岁的孩子最感到自豪的是Fun Bottle带给其他人的机会。它有助于对含糖饮料提供健康的替代品。而且汤姆还捐赠了部分利润为一个名为OHG的组织）可知，汤姆把自己产品的部分利润，并非全部利润，捐给了OHG。所以错误在于“all the profits”，应修改为“part of the profits”，故答案为Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG. Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG.
24．开放题，言之有理即可。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料）第二段中““I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains.”（“我想出一种健康、自然的方式，让人们在旅途中喝。我的一大任务就是让所有年龄段的人都不再喝含糖饮料,”汤姆解释说）可知，汤姆在看到学生喝含糖的饮料时，他想到要发明出一种适合所有年龄段都能喝的不含糖的饮料，可推知，汤姆是一个很有聪颖的，有洞察力的人。这种洞察力在我们的生活中可以帮助我们不断发现自己的不足，进而帮助我们提升自己。故答案为：I think the quality of perspicacity  im is portant, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31)
25．Because that was a time when inspiration was truly needed and it has been so uplifting to all of us during the pandemic. 26．Not having enough to eat. 27．Pandas were loaned to other countries to make profit and boost domestic economy. The purpose of it was to promote protection and research of pandas. 28．Table tennis. Table tennis is the national sport of China and the friendly exchanges between the Chinese and American table tennis teams have promoted the normalization of the relations between China and the United States.


【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是“熊猫外交”的一些基本情况。
25．考查细节理解。根据第三段的“This cub’s birth proved to be quite inspiring—and at a time when inspiration was truly needed. “Xiao Qi Ji’s birth is a true miracle that has been so uplifting to all of us during the pandemic,” Chinese Ambassador to the US Cui Tiankai said in a video congratulatory message.(这只幼崽的出生被证明是相当鼓舞人心的——当时确实需要鼓舞。中国驻美国大使崔天凯在视频贺词中表示：“小奇迹的出生是一个真正的奇迹，在疫情期间让我们所有人都感到振奋。”)”可知，小奇迹的出生鼓舞人心是因为那是一个真正需要鼓舞的时刻，在大流行期间，它让我们所有人都感到振奋。故答案为Because that was a time when inspiration was truly needed and it has been so uplifting to all of us during the pandemic.
26．考查细节理解。根据第六段的“However, most of them have died mainly because they don’t have enough to eat.(然而，他们中的大多数人死亡主要是因为他们没有足够的食物。)”可知，没有足够的食物可能导致在其他国家的熊猫死亡，故答案为Not having enough to eat.
27．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段的“The government is hoping that cooperation between Chinese and foreign scientists can develop new ways of saving the panda and the entire $1 million annual rental fee goes toward protection and research.(政府希望中外科学家之间的合作可以开发出拯救大熊猫的新方法，每年100万美元的租金将全部用于保护和研究。)”可知，熊猫被借给其他国家所得来的租金全部用来促进对熊猫的保护和研究，而不是用来盈利和促进国内经济，故答案为Pandas were loaned to other countries to make profit and boost domestic economy. The purpose of it was to promote protection and research of pandas.
28．开放性题目。答案符合逻辑即可，字数为40词左右。例如：据我所知，除了熊猫以外乒乓球可以成为代表中国的文化大使，因为乒乓球是中国的国球，中美乒乓球队之间的友好交流促进了中美关系的正常化。故答案为Table tennis. Table tennis is the national sport of China and the friendly exchanges between the Chinese and American table tennis teams have promoted the normalization of the relations between China and the United States.
29．White lies don’t hurt 30．Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people. 31．The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional. 32．Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章通过医生和护士对患有老年痴呆症的沃尔顿太太说谎的事例得出医生和护士喜欢说谎的原因。
29．考查主旨大意。由第一段中的“Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. (一些谎言包括让患者放心，说他们的妻子或丈夫还活着，而事实上他们已经死了)”，第二段中的“The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes. (事实上，如果我能用这个词的话，那就是有时候撒谎是一种善意)”和倒数第二段中的“The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies—they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed. (医生、护士、护理人员和家属对这些患者说的谎话并不是什么大谎话，它们只是简单的保证，旨在让患者平静下来，并让话题迅速改变)”可知，有时候说谎并不是为了欺骗，而是为了改变话题，让患者平静下来、放心，因此，从这篇文章，我们能学到“善意的谎言无伤大雅”。故答案为：White lies don’t hurt
30．考查细节理解。由第三段中的“It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago. (这是非常痛苦和折磨的，我在痴呆症患者中遇到的许多行为困难都与他们感到不安、害怕和困惑有关，因为他们在一个陌生的地方，被陌生的人包围，甚至当他们在自己的家里，被家人包围时，因为他们回到了几十年前)”可知，痴呆症患者即使在自己的家里被家人包围，也会感到不安、害怕和困惑，是因为痴呆症患者回到了几十年前，他们认为自己身处一个陌生的地方，周围都是陌生的人。故答案为：Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people.
31．考查细节理解。由最后一段中的“Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. (就他们陷入的虚假现实与他们串通（即说谎）并不是无情的或不专业的——当以正确的方式进行时，它是善良和温柔的)”可知，当以正确的方式对患者撒谎时，它是善良和温柔的，而不是无情或不专业的，“heartless and unprofessional”错误。故答案为：The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional.
32．开放题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。考生结合自身实际发表见解并说明原因。例如，考生同意“诚实并不是最好的政策”此观点，因为有时候诚实是要付出代价的，真相会伤害那些不能接受现实的人。故参考答案为：Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.
33．A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet. 34．Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways. 35．The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。 36．To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning.

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出大脑的功能是可以主动提升的，并介绍了两种促进神经通路形成、提升大脑功能的方法。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.(两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，体育锻炼减少和不注意自身饮食会对大脑和记忆力产生负面影响。故答案为A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet。
34．推理判断题。根据第五段中“The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.(最好的活动是那些舒适区之外的活动。它们会促使你发展新的神经通路。那些用于学习和致力于记住一项新技能、新术语或是语言所付出的努力，是锻炼大脑的极佳方式)”可知，舒适区之外的活动，也就是新奇的活动和经历可以激励大脑和记忆力，使人发展出新的神经通路，因此是最好的活动。故答案为Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways。
35．细节理解题。根据第四段“One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.(一种简单的刺激新通路形成的方式是，尝试新鲜的事物)”和第七段中“Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise.(另一个刺激新通路形成的方式是体育锻炼)”可知，文中提到的两种促进新的神经通路形成的方式分别是尝试新鲜事物和增加体育锻炼，即所给句子中“exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks”部分有误，应画线，故答案（所述理由）为The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。
36．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.( 两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，不注意自身饮食会阻碍新的神经通路形成，因此要避免这种行为，此外根据文中已经提到的提高大脑功能的方法还可联想到，适当地进行一些头脑训练，比如阅读、做数学题、练习冥想等。故答案为To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning。
37．Unwilling. 38．The parent feels so good. 39．The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering. 40．(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.

【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了一位母亲因为一次志愿者活动而爱上了做志愿者，开始积极帮助他人。
37．考查推理判断。根据第二段““You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse club. (“你可以把我当作最后的救命稻草，如果没有其他人自愿，那我就去做。”这是一位家长在我为孩子的长曲棍球俱乐部征集志愿者后的真实回复)”和第三段“At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”(这时不情愿的父母说：“好吧。是的，我愿意。”)”可推断，家长对志愿者的要求是不愿意的。故答案为Unwilling.
38．考查推理判断。根据第四段“The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal. (这名不情愿的家长会安排用餐时间，发邮件，收钱买季末礼物。在这个过程中，同一位家长最终会成为团队中宝贵的成员。教练可以把注意力集中在孩子们身上，而其他家长则可以放心地度过下一个赛季。给嗜血的孩子们分发切片橙子就像看着自己的孩子进球一样令人兴奋)”可推断，这名家长在志愿者的过程中感觉很好。故答案为The parent feels so good.
39．考查细节理解。根据第五段“That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good. (这种解脱伴随着对为什么同样的人会不断回来寻求更多的深刻理解：通过免费奉献你的时间、金钱、技能或服务而与社区建立联系会带来真正的快乐。做志愿者的感觉真好)”和第六段“In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.(从这个意义上说，我很确定志愿服务比我愿意承认的更自私)”可知，作者承认志愿服务是一种自私的行为，因为她的动机在于当别人在志愿服务过程中受益时，她得到的良好感觉。由此可知，她的动机并非在于物质奖励。故答案为The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering.
40．开放性试题。考生言之有理即可，注意词数限制。参考答案为(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.
41．To promote fairness. 42．Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external. 43．Our external controls comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.
Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation. 44．In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.

【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述一项研究表明，人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，没有规则，社会就无法运行。
41．细节理解题。根据第二段“Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.”(我们的公平感取决于我们文化的影响，我们当前的处境，以及我们自身的利益。达到一种公平的感觉意味着考虑不同的，经常是相互矛盾的观点。不管有什么分歧，人们几乎总是需要妥协。但当利益冲突时，可能很难达成妥协。这就是为什么社区有每个人都必须遵守的规则。)可知，我们每个人之所以要遵守规则，原因在于要实现公平。故答案为To promote fairness。
42．细节理解题。根据第三段“Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.”(社会控制是制定和遵守规则的一个重要因素。它们影响我们的行为方式，可以是内在的，也可以是外在的。)可知，社会控制从内在和外在影响我们的行为方式。故答案为Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.
43．细节理解题。根据第三段“Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears.”(内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧。)和第四段“External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority — this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.”(外部控制包括奖励和惩罚。它们不是来自内部，而是由一个权威机构执行——这可能是政府、警察、教师或家长，具体取决于具体情况。)可知，内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧；而外部控制是来自像学校这样的权威机构执行的奖励和惩罚。所以，这句话“Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.”(我们的内部控制来自于像我们学校这样的权威机构的奖励和惩罚。)是错误的，主语internal control应该改成external control。故答案为Our external controls comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.
44．开放性试题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。题干问的是：如果您可以更改学校/家庭/社区的规则，您希望更改哪一条？为什么？可以自选一条更改，注意字数。参考答案为In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.
45．Determination means the firmness of purpose or intention. 46．Without determination one might be a mere passive spectator in the drama of their life.或Without determination, one may dream wild dreams, but they will not accomplish much in life. 47．With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes.
According to the passage, determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. 48．I can benefit a lot from being determined. It is determination that drives me to keep being hardworking, going to the best university after overcoming all the possible difficulties, and it is determination that makes my life meaningful, fruitful, and unforgettable.

【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是决心的力量。
45．细节理解题。根据第一段的“What sustains your effort in between is your determination. What carries you towards your goals is your determination. It means the firmness of purpose or intention.(在这中间支撑你努力的是你的决心。带你走向目标的是你的决心。它意味着目的或意图的坚定。)”可知，决心意味着目的或意图的坚定，故答案为Determination means the firmness of purpose or intention。
46．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Without it you are a mere passive spectator in the drama of your life.(没有它，你只是生活戏剧中的一个被动的旁观者。)”和“Without it, you may dream wild dreams, but you will not accomplish much in life.(没有它，你可能会做一些疯狂的梦，但你不会在生活中取得多少成就。)”可知，没有决心，一个人可能只是生活戏剧中的一个被动的旁观者或者一个人可能会有疯狂的梦想，但这些梦想在生活中不会有多大成就。故答案为Without determination one might be a mere passive spectator in the drama of their life.或Without determination, one may dream wild dreams, but they will not accomplish much in life。
47．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. (决心并不意味着你对现实情况不敏感。一个有决心的人也是一个适应性强、灵活的人。)”，因此错误的部分是“you will not make changes”，因为决心并不意味着你对现实情况不敏感。一个意志坚定的人也是一个适应能力强、灵活多变的人。故答案为With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes. According to the passage, determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person.。
48．推理判断题。通读全文后，我认为我能从坚定的信念中获益良多。是决心驱使我继续努力，克服所有可能的困难去上最好的大学，是决心让我的生活有意义，有成果，难忘，故答案为I can benefit a lot from being determined. It is determination that drives me to keep being hardworking, going to the best university after overcoming all the possible difficulties, and it is determination that makes my life meaningful, fruitful, and unforgettable。
49．When it comes to stronger social bonds, verbal communication is more useful than typing messages or sending emails. 50．When people connected with an old friend by phone they did not actually feel that awkward. 51．➢ According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because there is no need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
52．If I am going to reconnect my old friends, I will choose to call them directly. The reason is that a phone call is more convenient. Because it is easy to determine the true meaning behind a conversation without a need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.

【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究发现，研究表明，和发短信、发邮件等相比，打电话、视频等才是联络感情的更好的方式。
49．考查细节理解。根据第二段“A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, found that communication interactions that included voice, like a phone call or video chat, created stronger social bonds than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.(发表在《实验心理学杂志》上的一项新研究发现，包括电话或视频聊天在内的语音交流互动，比文本信息或电子邮件等打字交流更能建立起更强的社会联系)”可知，研究发现，包含语音的交流互动比打字交流更能建立较强的社会联系。故答案为：When it comes to stronger social bonds, verbal communication is more useful than typing messages or sending emails.
50．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Although people anticipated that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better.(虽然人们预计打电话会更尴尬，但听到别人的声音实际上会让体验更好)”可知，当人们打电话和老朋友联系时，他们实际上感觉不是那么尴尬。故答案为：When people connected with an old friend by phone they did not actually feel that awkward.
51．考查细节理解。根据最后一段“Romanoff says that in reality, texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the net effects of the message” she explains. “Each party is more present, and therefore able to gauge the meaning behind the content without thinking about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.”(罗曼诺夫说，在现实中，发短信会让人很难确定对话背后的真正含义。她解释说：“考虑到信息的净效应，打电话实际上更方便”。 “每一方都更在场，因此能够衡量内容背后的含义，而不必考虑单词和标点符号背后无尽的可能含义。”)”可知，打电话更方便的原因是不需要考虑单词和标点符号背后的可能含义。所以原句中的“because of its instant access”是错的。故答案为：➢ According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because of its instant access.
According to Romanoff, the convenience of text or email lie in its controlled form of communication while a phone call is more convenient because there is no need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
52．开放性题。考生言之有理则可，注意词数限制。参考答案为：If I am going to reconnect my old friends, I will choose to call them directly. The reason is that a phone call is more convenient. Because it is easy to determine the true meaning behind a conversation without a need to think about the endless possible meanings behind words and punctuations.
53．It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. 54．Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. 55．In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online. 56．I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media.

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
53．考查细节理解。根据第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，在线个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences。
54．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more backgroundfeatures. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.(总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国的档案照片更有可能关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往不太强调面部，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users。
55．考查细节理解。根据第五段“The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.(研究还发现，文化对我们在线自我表达的影响会随着时间和地点的变化而变化。在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online。
56．开放性题目，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。参考答案：我认为除了文化差异之外，年龄和一个人的工作领域可能会影响一个人在社交媒体上选择个人资料照片。故答案为I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media。
57．It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. 58．The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall. 59．Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ. Because Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence. 60．There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了一种心理学家称之为功能固着的现象。
57．考查细节理解。根据第一段的“What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.(可悲的是，即使是后者，我们通常还是会走一条特定的道路，因为我们已经习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。心理学家称这种现象为功能性固着)”可知，功能固着指的习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。故答案为It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different.
58．考查细节理解。根据第三段的“The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.(成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台。你把它倒空，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面)”可知，成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面。故答案为The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall.
59．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段的“Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”(她说，思维僵化与智力无关，“它可以在高智商的人身上找到。”)”可知，“Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ.”的错误之处是“less found in those with high IQ”，因为思维僵化与智力无关，也可以在高智商的人身上找到。故答案为Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ. Because Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence.
60．开放性问题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。题干意为“你如何避免日常生活中的思维僵化？”，结合文章内容，答案符合逻辑即可，注意词数限制。参考答案为：There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.