高一英语定语从句学习
展开第四讲 定语从句学习
【学习目标】
1．掌握定语从句的基本概念和分类。
2．通过分析句子成分，学以致用。
基本概念
1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关系词的分类和基本用法
表一
分类 | 指代 | 引导词 |
关系代词 | 人 | who, whom, that, as |
事物 | which, that, as | |
人或物（表所属关系） | whose | |
关系副词 | 地点 | where |
时间 | when | |
原因 | why |
表二
关系代词 | 指代 | 例句 | 解释 |
who | 人 | The man who helped you is Mr White. | 在定从中作主语 |
whom | That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see. | 在定从中作宾语，可省略 | |
whose | He is the father whose son studies very well in our class. | 在定从中作定语 | |
that | I´m not the fool that you thought me to be. | 在定从中作表语 | |
as | He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with. | 在定从中作宾语 | |
that | 事物 | The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice. | 在定从中作宾语 |
which | A dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words | 在定从中作主语 | |
whose | He lives in a room whose window faces south | 在定从中作定语 | |
as | It is such a big stone as nobody can lift. | 在定从中作宾语 | |
整句内容 | As is known to all, he is the best student. | 在定从中作主语 |
表三
关系副词 | 指代 | 例句 | 解释 |
when | 时间 | Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk? | 在定从中作状语 |
where | 地点 | The house where they live is not very large. | 在定从中作状语 |
why | 原因 | This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting. | 在定从中作状语 |
定语从句的注意点
1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别
情 况 | 用法说明 | 例 句 |
只用that的情况 | ①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 ②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 ④先行词既指人又指物时 ⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时 ⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 | ①He told me everything that he knows. ②All the books that you offered has been given out. ③This is the best film that I have ever read. ④We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. ⑤He is the only man that I want to see. ⑥Who is the man that is making a speech? |
只用which, who, whom的情况 | ①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 ②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 | ①He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. ②I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. ③Those who respect others are usually respected by others. |
只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况 | the way做先行词时 | ①Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you. ②I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. ③What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which |
- as、which和that的区别
首先了解限制性从句与非限制性从句的区别。
所谓非限制性定语从句，顾名思义，对主句所描述的人或物起 的作用，去掉后主句意思仍然完整；它与句子之间常用逗号隔开，其引导词有who,whom,whose,which,when,where,as。that和why 不能引导分限制性定语从句。有时用不定代词、数词或形容词最高级+of+whom/which指代先行词或先行词的一部分。
区别项目 | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
形式 | 与主句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中不停顿。 | 与主句之间常用逗号隔开，口语中有停顿。 |
作用 | 对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制，若去掉，则句意不完整。 | 对先行词起补充说明作用，若省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。 |
翻译与含义 | 翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，限制先行词。 | 翻译时与主句隔开，对先行词解释说明。 |
先行词 | 名词或代词。 | 名词、代词、短语或句子。 |
关系词 | 各类关系词，有几种选择，有时可省。 | 不用that和why，一般只有一种选择，关系词不可省。 |
巧学助记：巧辩限制性与非限制性定语从句
定语从句好分辨，没有逗号即为“限”，逗号一出定“非限”；
关系引导所用词，随着“先行”巧妙变；“非限”that/why靠边站；
“非限”引导不省全（全部不可省略）；“as”殊词记心间；
the same/such…as…连，“正如、正像”意恒念，固定搭配多锻炼。（as anybody can see/as is well known/as we all know/as we had expected/as often happens/as often is the case/as has been said above/as is mentioned above/as is reported/announced…）
Can you tell me basic structure of Attributive clause?
从句 | 区 别 | 例 句 |
限制性 定语从句中 | 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which | He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. |
非限制性 定语从句中 | as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 | They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. |
the same... as和 the same ...that | the same... as指同类事物 the same ...that 指原物 | That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把） That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。 |
3. where、when与why引导的定语从句
关系副词 | 用 法 | 例 句 |
where | 关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。 | We’re just trying to teach a point___both sides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which |
when | 关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。 | There was ________time ________I hated to go to school. A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; when |
why | 关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。 | Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？ |
4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：
原则 | 内 容 | 例 句 |
原则一 | 根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定 | I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction__________she had come. A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which [解析]此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选[D] |
原则二 | 根据先行词而定 | There are two buildings , _______ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which [解析] the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为[D]。 |
5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象
定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。
现 象 | 例 句 |
在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。 | ①---Is that the small town you often refer to? --- Right, just the one ________ you know I used to work for years. A.that B. which C.where D.what [解析] work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选[C] 。 ②He made another wonderful discovery ,______of importance to science . A.which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is [解析]这里I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制性定语从句，故选［A］。 |
在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语 | There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。
|
在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语 | Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
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先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后 | A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. |
此外还要注意下列两点：
▲定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai．
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。
▲定语从句与简单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help．
②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_____ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
【基础练习】
Beethoven，the great German composer，was walking in a street one night 1.________ the moon was shining brightly.Suddenly，he stopped outside a little house 2.________ door was opened a bit.He heard his Sonata in F being played well.But then，the music stopped suddenly and he heard the sound of sobbing. Beethoven didn’t know the reason 3.________ the player stopped，so he went into the house. A blind young girl was sitting in front of a piano.The poor girl told Beethoven how she learned to play the piano by overhearing，and that she wanted to hear some really good music.Beethoven said nothing，but looked up to the sky 4.________ the moon and stars were shining.Then he sat down in front of the piano 5.________ the girl had played and his hands dropped on the keys...This is the origin of the Moonlight Sonata 6.________ is still famous all over the world today.
【答案解析】
- when 2. where 3.why 4. where 5. that 6. that/which
【强化练习】
二、强化练习
1. There isn’t a moment ________ I’m not thinking of you.
2. I hate the way _______ you never look at me when you speak to me.
3. Thousands of Haitians cheered as the Chinese medical team arrived, many of _____ even cried with joy.
4. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of ______ had taken more than three years.
5. She has married again, _______ was unexpected.
6. The Beatles, _____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
7. It is such a good place ______ everybody wants to go and visit ______ it is well known all over the world.
8. The book was written in 1946, _______(during which/ since when) the education system has witnessed great
change.
9. One of the boys who _______(be) my friends ________(be) very good at English.
10. Occasions are very rare _______ I have the time to spend a whole day with my kids.
11. I will put the book _______ you placed it and make a mark at the place _______ can be easily seen.
12. It is on the morning of May first _______ I met Liang at the airport.
【答案解析】1. when 2. that/ in which /不填 3.whom 4.which 5. which 6. which
- as; that（结果状语从句）8. since when 9.are ; is 10.when 11. where（地点状语从句） ; that
12. that (强调结构)
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