专题03+阅读理解之推断题+-【查漏补缺】2022年高考英语三轮冲刺过关

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专题03 阅读理解之推断题（解析版）

l 考纲要求：推理判断题要求考生在理解文章的基础上，从文章提供的信息出发，借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。
l 推理判断题相对于细节理解题难度较高，但近年来考察比例逐渐增加。
概述

推理判断题主要考查考生对文章深层意义的理解，在解答这类题时，可采用“一步推导”法。即推理判断题的最近答案原则：推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推出的好。推理判断题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某一个点或几个点所涉及的问题读透了没有。因此做题时不能想得太多，推得过远，是否把原文读懂才是关键。

一、选项特征
1.正确选项设置一般有下列几个特征
(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得；
(2)正确选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等
2.下列情况不是答案
(1)主观想法或经验不是答案
如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，不是正确答案，因此要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。
(2) 简单重复原文不是答案如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。
(3) 过度推理不是答案
这类干扰选项往往过于绝对化，有时会出现only，all，always等词语，所做出的结论不符合逻辑。
(4) 渗入常识不是答案
按常识来讲是正确的，但不是根据文章中的事实或论据推断出来的结论。
综上可知，同学们要对设题选项有个基本的了解，结合题目认真解读作者陈述的观点和描述的事实，进行正确合乎逻辑地推论和甄别，做到“有理有据”，去伪存真，从而得出符合原文信息的最佳答案。

二、解题技巧
做推理判断题时，首先通过题干找到相关信息点，即推理的依据，然后细读理解其字面意义，最后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。
1.根据特定信息进行推理
有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去找关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
[示例1]
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.
1. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to .
A.help students see their own strengths
B.assess students’ public speaking skills
C.prepare students for their future jobs
D.inspire students’ love for politics
分析：根据题干中的特定信息the purpose of Whaley’s project我们可以定位到文中的“Whaley says the project...to boast about themselves.”可知，Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，他还希望学生学会自夸。A项意为“帮助学生看到自己的长处”，与原文意思相符。
2.整合全文信息进行推断
有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。
[示例2]
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
31.Where is this text most likely from?
A.A diary. B.A guidebook. C.A novel. D.A magazine.
分析：本题需要整合全文信息解题。根据本文的话题“智能键盘”及全文，特别是第二段中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，low-cost device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。
29.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”？
A.In paragraph 2. B.In paragraph 3. C.In paragraph 4. D.In paragraph 5.
分析：文章第一段提出“儿童更少地为了乐趣而阅读”，文章第三段利用了一些数据来支持这一论点。由此可推知应该选B项。


三、高考真题
2022年1月浙江卷B篇
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology,and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy,electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood,the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions."writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers:Steam,Electricity,and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein,a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative(叙述) so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland,where Watt perfected"the machine that changed the world".Klein writes,“America did not invent the steam engine,but once they grasped its possibility they put it to more uses than anyone else.”                   
Meanwhile,over the course of 19th century,electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulb(白炽灯泡) that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly,Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification,which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla,Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current（交流电）,which soon became the major form of power delivery.
To frame his story,Klein creates the character of Ned,a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.

25.What can be inferred about Ned?
A.He was born in New York City.         
B.He wrote many interesting stories,
C.He created an electricity company.
D.He lived mainly in the 19th century.

第25题 推理判断题。根据最后一段Klein creates the character of Ned-a fictional witness the progress...可知Ned是虚构的人物，作者创造这个角色用以见证电气工业革命的发展，故选项ABC 错误，又根据第三、四段的第一句可判断见证工业革命是在19 世纪，故选D。


2022年1月浙江卷C篇
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”
For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak（最大值的）cardiovascular capacity.The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher. While 92 women were in the medium fitness category; A total of 59 were of low fitness level ,with a peak workload of 80 watts or less,or having their tests stopped because of health problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.During that time,44 of the women developed dementia.Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia,compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However,this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association.said Horder. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important." She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied,all of whom were from Sweden,so the results might not be applicable to other groups.

29.What do we know about Dr Horder's study?
A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia.
B.Data collection was a lengthy process.
C.Some participants withdrew from it.
D.The results were far from satisfactory.

第29题 推断题。根据最后一段第一句以及最后一段More research is needed to see …可知数据的采集是漫长的。故选B.

2021年6月北京卷C篇
Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as "a credible scenario（情景）this century".
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars' warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories（签署者）of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the "ecological footprint" concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, "it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century, " Johnson said in an email.
Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits, the December warning letter says, can we have the hope to reduce their "speed, severity and harm". And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,
Man is a victim of dope（麻醉品）
In the incurable form of hope.
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent（执着）on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. "Let's look directly into the issue of collapse, " they say, "and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future."
What can we learn from this passage?
A.The signatories may change the biophysical limits.
B.The author agrees with the message of the poem.
C.The issue of collapse is being prioritized.
D.The global collapse is well underway.

推理判断题。根据原文第五段 "Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits, the December warning letter says, can we have the hope to reduce their "speed, severity and harm". "12月的警告信说，只有我们讨论生物物理极限的后果，我们才有希望降低它们的速度、严重程度和危害。作者在本段表达了对于December warning letter内容的赞同，又通过"As a poet wrote", 举例诗歌内容来印证 "We all want to hope things will turn out fine." 这个观点。故选B。

2021年6月北京卷D篇
Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的）clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking.
Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏）of human life? We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that?
Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you'll see the opposite effect.
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架）, and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies.
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, people "corrected" official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness.
When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time's most noticeable qualities: Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose.
3.What can we learn from this passage?
A.Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life.
B.New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems.
C.Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower.
D.Modern technology may help to shape the rivers' temporal frame.

4.What can we infer from this passage?
A.It is crucial to improve the definition of time.
B.A fixed frame will make time meaningless.
C.We should live in harmony with nature.
D.History is a mirror reflecting reality.

3推理判断题。根据原文第三段 "If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you'll see the opposite effect." 如果河流在未来平均运行得更快，则时钟将超过标准时间。如果河流运行得较慢，则会看到相反的效果。可知我们能从这篇文章得知如果河流流速变慢，原子时将超过河流时间。故选C。

4推理判断题。根据原文倒数第二段 "Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness." 与环境的时间联系对他们的生存至关重要。同样，我们正在开发的河流时间和其他计时系统可能会鼓励环保意识。可知从这篇文章中我们能推断出我们应该与自然和谐相处。故选C。


2021年6月天津卷（D篇）
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交迭）between culture and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.

53．What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities?
A．They enjoy better living conditions.
B．They like to compare themselves with others.
C．They are particularly good at both music and art.
D．They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.

53．细节理解题。根据第四段“It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都相对更加健康。故选择D。

2021年6月新高考2卷B篇
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.
I've got two children—the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn't worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.
6. What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home?
A. Boring. B. Tiring. C. Costly. D. Risky.

推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired.(由于需要大量的精力来照顾它们，事情很快变得非常紧张。有一段艰难的日子，我只是觉得非常累)”可推知，作者认为在家里养小老虎累人。故选B。

2021年6月全国乙卷B篇
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
4.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall out of use some day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as important as the gas light.
4推理判断题。根据题干信息last paragraph，定位到原文最后一段How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 。分析可知，煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶服务都离我们现在的生活比较久远，它们基本已经消失了。作者发出疑问：多久以后座机会走上煤气路灯、早晨送牛奶服务的老路呢？因此可以推测，座机有一天也会消失。选项B中的fall out of use意为开始不用、渐渐废弃，符合文意。故选B。


2021年6月浙江卷C篇
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像） of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures bused on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, " said study author Corsin Muller.  "Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans."To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, ” and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.

2推断题。根据第二段第三句 "The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training." 可知，训练时和测试时使用的人脸照片完全不同，故选C。

2021年3月天津卷C篇
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis （催眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.
"During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing," said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia （麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist—also a hypnotist—was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
"The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story—an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
"The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. "It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training
4.What can we learn about the story used in the procedure?
A.It should keep pace with the procedure.
B.It reflects the patient's creativity.
C.It is selected by the technologist.
D.It tells what doctors are doing to the patient,
4.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中 "Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）" 以及倒数第二段第一句 "The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head, （重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）" 可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选：A。

2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
2.What did Dr Shultz think of the study?
A.It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B.It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C.It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D.It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
2.推理判断题。 根据题干的关键信息Dr. Shultz可以定位到原文的第6段，通过第6段的 "praiseworthy" 以及 "a little disappointing" 可知Shultz教授认为这个研究是有价值的，但是还是有点令人失望，接着第7段Shultz继续阐述了其观点。再结合选项内容，可以推断出B选项最符合原文的推断。故答案为B。

2021年6月新高考I卷D篇
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重视）on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives （视角） from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
2推理判断题。根据题干信息的paragraph 2，定位到第二段We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as…；分析可知，我们更喜欢把情商称作是一套特定的技能，它既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。而后作者便分别列举了doctor和cheater用于解释说明 "好目的" 和 "坏目的" 。由此我们可以推测，作者提及doctor和cheater是为了阐明前句所提到的关于情商的概念。故选B。
3推理判断题。根据题干信息popularization of emotional intelligence定位到第三段：Although popular beliefs regarding… the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 分析可知，虽然大众对于情商的普遍认知远远超过了目前研究可以支持的观点，但是宣传的总体效果（对于情商的发展研究） 是利大于弊的。而后作者便进一步列举了好处体现在哪些方面（the most positive aspect of this popularization…）。可知，作者对此态度是正向的、支持的。故选A。

2021年6月全国甲卷D篇
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
主旨概要：本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了天才的实质，批评了天才种族轮和性别轮，并指出其危害。
1.推理判断题。根据题干 "victors' standards for joining the genius club" 定位到第二段It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者为天才俱乐部设定了准入标准。当俱乐部外的天才——女性、不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，也会被其他人拒绝），据此可以推断出作者认为胜利者的标准是不公平的，所以选A项。

2推理判断题。根据题干girls from the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." 《科学》杂志最近发表的一项研究发现，在6岁时，女孩比男孩更不可能说出自己性别的成员，更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们的行为都是基于这样的信念：在六岁左右，她们开始避免从事那些所谓 "非常聪明" 的孩子们的活动）。据此可推知女孩有可能被社会错误信念所影响，故选D项。

2020年全国1卷（B篇）
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的 ), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble ( 随 笔 ) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortázar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
( )What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He teaches reading. B. He’s an editor.
C. He’s very ambitious. D. He loves poetry.
推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句的内容 "The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry." 可知，作者选择胡里奥·科塔萨尔的《拯救黄昏：诗歌选集》是因为喜欢诗歌。故选：D。

2020 全国卷I卷C篇
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact ( 接 触 ) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at
a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
( )Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.

根据文章第一段Race walking shares many…while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.以及下文对于竞走的分析说明可知作者客观地阐述了竞走这一体育运动。故选：B。

2020年全国III卷D篇
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes ( 基因 ), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
( )What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. Recent findings of human origin.
C. New knowledge of human evolution. D. Significance of food selection.
最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。判断题。根据第一段的We are the products of evolution, … they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.（我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子）可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。C. New knowledge of human evolution.（人类进化的新知识）符合以上说法，故选C项。

2020年山东卷（C篇）
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral (葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
( )What is the purpose of this text?
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.
推理判断题。文章第一段提到书的作者的乌兹别克斯坦之行，引出他写的书，接下来三段讲述了他的书《追逐大海：迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》的故事内容，是乌兹别克斯坦生活的一个快速观察。可知，本文的写作目的是介绍一本书。故选A。

2020年1月浙江卷（A篇）
I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to read.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out books for myself. She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults,” Mother said.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the same day you’d taken it out; it made no difference to her that you’d read every word in it and needed another to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only. So two by two, I read library books as fast as I could go, rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of “Little Red Riding Hood” with my brother’s two daughters. She’d just look up at the right time, long enough to answer — in character — “The better to eat you with, my dear,” and go back to her place in the magazine article.
( )Which of the following best describes Mrs. Calloway?
A. Quiet. B. Strict. C. Humorous. D. Considerate.
( )Where is the text probably from?
A. A guidebook. B. A book review.
C. A news report. D. An autobiography.
推理判断题。根据文章第一段I never knew anyone who'd grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian. 及第三段第一句话Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. 可知，作为图书管理员的Mrs. Calloway制定自己的规则，包括 "Silence" 、穿的衣服、以及借书规则，因此Mrs. Calloway很严格，答案为B。quiet安静的，humorous幽默的，considerate考虑周到的。

根据全文可知，本文主要介绍了 "我" 人生中的阅读事迹，因此可能是一篇自传。 guidebook导游手册，news report 新闻报道， book review书评。答案为D。


四、实战综合演练

（2022·江西·一模）
Once elected as Boston Councilor at age 28, Michelle Wu, who entered public service out of frustration with the obstacles that her immigrant family faced, now has become mayor of Boston, pledging to make the city a proving ground for progressive policy.
Encouraged by support from the city’s young, left-leaning (支持改革的左倾) voters and by Black, Asian and Latino residents, Ms. Wu, 36 years old, whose parents immigrated from Taiwan, China, completely and thoroughly defeated City Councilor Anissa Essaibi George.
Ms. Wu, who grew up outside Chicago and moved to the Boston area to attend Harvard, was an unusual candidate for this city, and her victory sets a number of precedents.
Ms. Wu is the first woman and the first person of color to be elected mayor in Boston, which has been led by an unbroken string of Irish American or Italian American men since the 1930s. Ms. Wu will also be the first mayor of Boston not born in the city since 1925.
State Representative Aaron Michlewitz, a longtime friend and supporter, described Ms. Wu's victory as the outcome of years of disciplined work on governing.
“It’s not always flashy; it's not always something that gets a headline,” he said. “She doesn’t impress others with this huge presence when she walks into a room necessarily. But over time she chips away at the issues you care about. You start realizing how dedicated she is to the job and to the work.
On November 16th, Michelle Wu was sworn in, launching her unique political career.
1．Who isn’t likely to support Michella Wu?
A．Young, left-leaning voters. B．Black, Asian and Latino residents.
C．City Councilor Annissa Essaibi George. D．State Representative Aaron Michlewitz.
2．Why did Ms. Wu growing up outside Chicago move to Boston?
A．She planned to be elected mayor of Boston in advance.
B．She went there, hunting for a better job.
C．Boston is a more prosperous and promising city.
D．She went there for further education.
3．Which following sentence is WRONG according to the passage?
A．Ms. Wu from an Asian American family pledged to make Boston a progressive city in future.
B．Ms. Wu is not such a woman mayor born in Boston since 1925.
C．Ms. Wu was elected as mayor in Boston, ending the era of white male domination of Boston.
D．Ms. Wu is a disciplined and dedicated lady with huge presence.
4．Why do you think Ms. Wu is elected mayor of Boston?
A．Because people wanted a change from Irish American or Italian American mayors.
B．Because she has received a distinguished education from Harvard University.
C．Because of her problem-solving capability and long term dedication to the public service in Boston.
D．Because she impressed people with her insightful remarks on many issues.
1．C
2．D
3．D
4．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇新闻报道。本文讲述了36岁的华人吴弭（Michelle Wu）以绝对优势当选为波士顿历史上首位亚裔女市长，打破了波士顿200年来白人男性市长的“传统”。
1．
细节理解题。由第二段“Encouraged by support from the city’s young, left-leaning (支持改革的左倾) voters and by Black, Asian and Latino residents, Ms. Wu, 36 years old, whose parents immigrated from Taiwan, China, completely and thoroughly defeated City Councilor Anissa Essaibi George. (在该市年轻、倾向左派的选民以及黑人、亚裔和拉丁裔居民的支持下，36岁的吴女士，其父母从中国台湾移民，她彻底击败了市议员Anissa Essaibi George)”可知，市议员Anissa Essaibi George是她的竞争对手，不可能支持Michelle Wu。故选C项。
2．
细节理解题。由第三段中的“Ms. Wu, who grew up outside Chicago and moved to the Boston area to attend Harvard (吴女士在芝加哥郊外长大，搬到波士顿地区就读哈佛大学)”可知，Michelle Wu搬到波士顿是为了升学深造。故选D项。
3．
细节理解题。由第六段中的“She doesn’t impress others with this huge presence when she walks into a room necessarily. (当她进入一个房间时，她没有那种给人以深刻印象的大气场)”可知，吴女士并不气度非凡，D项“吴女士是一个训练有素、敬业的女士，风度非凡”错误。故选D项。
4．
细节理解题。由第六段中的“But over time she chips away at the issues you care about. You start realizing how dedicated she is to the job and to the work. (但随着时间的推移，她会逐渐解决你关心的问题。你开始意识到她对工作有多么专注)”可知，是她长期以来处理问题和兢兢业业的工作态度让她当上市长。故选C项。

（2022·江苏·苏州市苏州高新区第一中学一模）
Now, an increasing number of cities are suspending recycling services, partly out of fear that workers might contact the coronavirus from one another while sorting through used water bottles, food containers and boxes. One solution: Let robots do the job.
Since the coronavirus took hold in the United States last month, AMP Robotics has seen a “significant” increase in orders for its robots that use artificial intelligence to sort through recycled material, and weed out trash. Some facilities that were looking at getting one or two robots are now saying, “We need quite a bit more.” The Colorado company’s chief executive, Matanya Horowitz said, “It’s all moving quite fast.”
Before the pandemic, automation had been gradually replacing human work in a range of jobs, from call centers to warehouses and grocery stores, as companies looked to cut labor costs and improve profit.
But labor and robotics experts say social-distancing directives, which are likely to continue in some form after the crisis become less strong, could cause more industries to accelerate their use of automation. And long-lasting worries about job losses or a broad unease about having machines control vital aspects of daily life could disappear as society sees the benefits of restructuring workplaces in ways that minimize close human contact.
Recycling is one industry that may be altered permanently by the pandemic. Some workers, who earn as little as $10 an hour, have been concerned about coming to work during the crisis and some cities have been competing to find enough protective gear (防护装备) for all of their employees. Federal health officials have assured them that the risks of transmission from household refuse is low. But workers in recycling facilities often work side by side sorting material, making social distancing difficult.
At AMP Robotics, executives like Mr. Horowitz say their robots will enable recycling facilities to space out their employees, who stand at conveyor belts weeding through the used plastic and paper.
5．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．The pandemic becomes less strong. B．Robots are in greater demand now.
C．Recycling services aren’t satisfying. D．Unemployment is sharply on the rise.
6．How do people feel about automation after the pandemic?
A．Panicked. B．Doubtful. C．Appreciative. D．Unconcerned.
7．In which aspect will robots help most in recycling industry?
A．Sorting out recycled material. B．Minimizing close human contact.
C．Replacing the jobs of cheap labor. D．Producing enough protective gear.
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．Pandemic accelerates automation. B．Robots cause severe unemployment.
C．Recycling industry is changing. D．Social distancing is still important.
5．B
6．C
7．B
8．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了肆虐的疫情加速了自动化的发展，智能机器人开始代替人类从事垃圾回收工作。
5．
细节理解题。根据第二段“Since the coronavirus took hold in the United States last month, AMP Robotics has seen a “significant” increase in orders for its robots that use artificial intelligence to sort through recycled material, and weed out trash.(自上个月冠状病毒在美国流行以来，AMP Robotics公司的机器人订单出现了“显著”增长，这些机器人使用人工智能来分类回收材料，并清除垃圾)”可知，如今智能机器人的需求量变大了。故选B。
6．
推理判断题。根据第四段“And long-lasting worries about job losses or a broad unease about having machines control vital aspects of daily life could disappear as society sees the benefits of restructuring workplaces in ways that minimize close human contact.(随着社会意识到以减少人类密切接触的方式重组工作场所的好处，对失业的长期担忧或对机器控制日常生活重要方面的普遍不安可能会消失)”可推断，疫情过后人们在看待机器人代替人工处理工作这件事的态度发生了改变，即人们对自动化是赞赏的。故选C。
7．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But workers in recycling facilities often work side by side sorting material, making social distancing difficult.(但回收设施的工作人员经常肩并肩地整理材料，这使得保持社交距离变得困难)”以及最后一段“At AMP Robotics, executives like Mr. Horowitz say their robots will enable recycling facilities to space out their employees, who stand at conveyor belts weeding through the used plastic and paper.(在AMP Robotics公司，霍洛维茨等高管表示，他们的机器人将帮助回收机构将站在传送带上清理用过的塑料和纸张的员工分隔开来)”可知，机器人保证了工人之间的社交距离，极大地降低了感染病毒的风险。由此可推断，回收产业的机器人在减少人与人之间的密切接触方面的帮助最大。故选B。
8．
主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第四段“But labor and robotics experts say social-distancing directives, which are likely to continue in some form after the crisis become less strong, could cause more industries to accelerate their use of automation.(但劳工和机器人专家表示，社交距离指令可能会导致更多行业加速使用自动化。在危机减弱后，这种指令可能会以某种形式继续下去)”可知，文章介绍了自美国疫情肆虐以来，为降低工人感染病毒风险，很多城市不得不暂停了垃圾回收服务。然而，与此同时，AMP Robotics公司智能机器人的订单数量却有了显著增长，这家公司生产的智能机器人可以帮助回收材料，并清除垃圾。因此，很多行业都加速了他们应用自动化的进程。由此可知，文章主要介绍疫情加速了自动化发展。故选A。

（2022·河北张家口·一模）
A hungry badger (獾) searching for food seems to have uncovered what turned out to be hundreds of Roman coins in a Spanish cave, according to a new study.
Archaeologists (考古学家) first discovered several coins laying on the ground at the entrance to a small cave in the woodlands outside Grado in northern Spain in April 2021. The researchers suspect that the coins were unearthed by a badger from a nearby den (兽窝) after a heavy snow which made it harder for animals to find food. The hungry badger probably got into the cave looking for food but came across the coins instead.
After fully exploring the cave, researchers collected 209 coins dating to between the third and fifth centuries A．D．“To date, this is the largest amount of Roman coins found in n cave in northern Spain,” the researchers wrote in their paper. They described the discovery as an “exceptional find”.
In the late 1930s, a collection of 14 gold Roman coins, known as the Chapipi treasure, was also found in the same woodlands. The researchers believe that local people may have buried their coins to keep them safe during a period of intense political instability in the region. The most recent coin in the newly-discovered Grado collection dates to A．D．430, which was after the Suebi—a group of Germanic people originally from modern-day Germany and the Czech Republic—pushed the Romans out of Spain in A．D．409, according to El Pais.
The researchers suspect that the newly-discovered coins are part of a vaster treasure and will return to the cave for further exploration to look for more coins and evidence that the cave may also have been the home of displaced Roman people. “We want to know if it was a one-off hiding place, or if there was a group of humans living there,” lead researcher Alfonso Fanjul Peraza told El Pais.
9．Where did the researchers find the first few coins in 2021?
A．Near a Spanish cave. B．On a Spanish playground.
C．At the entrance to a woodland. D．In a badger’s den.
10．What do the researchers think of the discovery in 2021?
A．It’s dangerous. B．It’s timely. C．It’s meaningless. D．It’s unusual.
11．What does the underlined word “them” refer to in Paragraph 4?
A．The Romans. B．The coins. C．The woodlands. D．The researchers.
12．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．More information may be revealed by the coins.
B．The ancient Roman people had a unique lifestyle.
C．The researchers doubt the former guess of the coins.
D．The researchers will return the coins to the Roman people.
9．A
10．D
11．B
12．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍了在西班牙境内，一只獾在觅食时偶然发现了藏有罗马硬币的洞穴，考古学家们通过全面探索，在洞内发现了迄今为止数量最大的罗马硬币。接下来，他们将返回洞穴进行进一步的探索，希望有更多有价值的考古发现。
9．
细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句“Archaeologists (考古学家) first discovered several coins laying on the ground at the entrance to a small cave in the woodlands outside Grado in northern Spain in April 2021.(2021年4月，考古学家在西班牙北部格拉多郊外林地的一个小洞穴入口处首次发现了地上的几枚硬币)”可知，考古学家在西班牙境内的一个洞穴附近发现了几枚硬币。故选A项。
10．
推理判断题。根据第三段第二、三句“‘To date, this is the largest amount of Roman coins found in a cave in northern Spain,’ the researchers wrote in their paper. They described the discovery as an ‘exceptional find’.(研究人员在论文中写道：‘到目前为止，这是在西班牙北部的一个洞穴中发现的数量最大的罗马硬币。’他们把这一发现描述为‘非凡的发现’。)”可知，此处exceptional意为“不寻常的，罕见的”，与D项unusual(不寻常的，罕见的)语意相同。故选D项。
11．
词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词所在句“The researchers believe that local people may have buried their coins to keep them safe during a period of intense political instability in the region. (研究人员认为，在这一地区政治动荡的时期，当地人可能把硬币埋了起来，以保证它们的安全)”可知，them指代句中的their coins。故选B项。
12．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers suspect that the newly-discovered coins are part of a vaster treasure and will return to the cave for further exploration to look for more coins and evidence that the cave may also have been the home of displaced Roman people. ‘We want to know if it was a one-off hiding place, or if there was a group of humans living there,’ lead researcher Alfonso Fanjul Peraza told El Pais.(研究人员怀疑，新发现的硬币是一个更大的宝藏的一部分，并将返回洞穴进行进一步的探索，以寻找更多的硬币和证据，该洞穴可能也是流离失所的罗马人的家园。首席研究员阿方索·凡朱尔·佩拉扎告诉《国家报》说:“我们想知道这个洞穴是否是一个一次性的藏身之处，还是曾经有一群人类居住在那里。’)”可知，这一段介绍了研究人员根据已有发现的猜测和继续研究的计划，结合Alfonso Fanjul Peraza的话可知，此次发现的金币可能会带来更多的考古发现。故选A项。

（2022·陕西省榆林中学二模）
When sorting through the apples at the grocery store, you see an ugly, strange-looking apple. Whether it’s a strange color, has spots, or is a strange shape, you wonder how it made it onto the shelves. Who would buy and eat this? Most people would not buy ugly produce. That is why it is rare to see ugly-shaped fruit or off-colored vegetables. So what happens to this produce?
Data have shown that 20%—40% of fruits and vegetables are rejected even before they reach grocery stores. And even more are rejected on site, because grocery stores and companies have incredibly high standards for what their produce should look like. That includes color, shape, size, weight, and length. And the food that doesn’t meet these standards is thrown away. There are incredibly strict laws about food donation that actually makes it illegal to donate food that doesn’t meet standards that are similar to those of the grocery store as well as laws that restrict this food from being used as animal feed.
Besides, 10% of rich countries greenhouse gas emissions come from food that was grown and never eaten. Food waste not only contributes to climate change, but also food insecurity and extreme poverty. As stated above, in the greatest food wasting countries, there are laws that confine produce from being donated to people in need.
By reducing food waste, a third of the world’s entire food supply could be saved. That’s enough to feed 3 billion people. Also, by reducing food waste, farmers all over the world could sell more of their produce and inspire their rural, agricultural economies. There are many ways to get involved in ending food waste! You can participate in advocacy events hosted nearby like with Feedback Global, who hosts an event called “Feeding the 5000” where they seek to feed 5000 people with food that would have otherwise been wasted. Encourage your local grocer to sell ugly produce. Food is food!
13．Why is ugly-shaped fruit rarely seen at the grocery store?
A．It is not tasty or nutritious. B．Farmers would not plant it.
C．Most people are not fond of it. D．Few people choose to purchase it.
14．What happens to ugly-shaped fruit or off-colored vegetables?
A．They are consumed. B．They are donated.
C．They are wasted. D．They are buried.
15．What does the underlined word “confine” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Refuse. B．Restrict. C．Contact. D．Protect.
16．What would be a suitable title for the text?
A．Ugly fruit could lead to a prettier world
B．Food waste makes 3 billion people in poverty
C．Feedback Global is seeking to feed 5000 people
D．More people should get involved in ending food waste
13．D
14．C
15．B
16．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了形状丑陋或变色的蔬菜被浪费的社会现象，指出通过减少食物浪费，世界上三分之一的食物供应可以得到挽救，对发展农业经济也有积极作用。
13．
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Who would buy and eat this? Most people would not buy ugly produce. That is why it is rare to see ugly-shaped fruit or off-colored vegetables. (谁会买这个吃呢？大多数人不会买难看的产品。这就是为什么很难看到形状丑陋的水果或变色的蔬菜)”可知，在杂货店里很少看到形状丑陋的水果是因为很少有人选择购买它。故选D。
14．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“And the food that doesn’t meet these standards is thrown away. There are incredibly strict laws about food donation that actually makes it illegal to donate food that doesn’t meet standards that are similar to those of the grocery store as well as laws that restrict this food from being used as animal feed.(不符合这些标准的食物就会被扔掉。关于食品捐赠有非常严格的法律规定，捐赠不符合食品杂货店标准的食品是违法的，法律还限制这些食品被用作动物饲料)”可知，难看的水果或颜色不太好的蔬菜被浪费了。故选C。
15．
词句猜测题。根据第二段中“And the food that doesn’t meet these standards is thrown away. There are incredibly strict laws about food donation that actually makes it illegal to donate food that doesn’t meet standards that are similar to those of the grocery store as well as laws that restrict this food from being used as animal feed.(不符合这些标准的食物就会被扔掉。关于食品捐赠有非常严格的法律规定，捐赠不符合食品杂货店标准的食品是违法的，法律还限制这些食品被用作动物饲料)”以及画线词上文“in the greatest food wasting countries”和后文“produce from being donated to people in need”可知，在粮食浪费最严重的国家，法律限制将农产品捐赠给有需要的人。故画线词意思是“限制”。A. Refuse.拒绝；B. Restrict.限制；C. Contact.联系；D. Protect.保护。故选B。
16．
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“By reducing food waste, a third of the world’s entire food supply could be saved. That’s enough to feed 3 billion people. Also, by reducing food waste, farmers all over the world could sell more of their produce and inspire their rural, agricultural economies. There are many ways to get involved in ending food waste! You can participate in advocacy events hosted nearby like with Feedback Global, who hosts an event called “Feeding the 5000” where they seek to feed 5000 people with food that would have otherwise been wasted. Encourage your local grocer to sell ugly produce. Food is food!(通过减少食物浪费，世界上三分之一的食物供应可以得到挽救。这足以养活30亿人。此外，通过减少食物浪费，世界各地的农民可以出售更多的农产品，并激励他们的农村农业经济。有很多方法可以终止食物浪费！你可以参加附近举办的宣传活动，比如Feedback Global，他们举办了一个名为“喂饱5000人”的活动，他们试图用原本会被浪费的食物喂饱5000人。鼓励当地的杂货店出售难看的产品。食物就是食物！)”结合文章主要说明了形状丑陋或变色的蔬菜被浪费的社会现象，指出通过减少食物浪费，世界上三分之一的食物供应可以得到挽救，对发展农业经济也有积极作用。可知，A选项“丑陋的水果可以带来一个更美丽的世界”最符合文章标题。故选A。

（2022·山东泰安·一模）
Imagine that one day you live in a highly immersive (身临其境) virtual world. You can go to a virtual concert, take a trip online, view or create artworks and try on or buy digital clothing. Amid a pandemic like COVID-19, instead of seeing teachers and classmates on a video call screen, you could join them in a virtual classroom. This may help you understand the concept, metaverse.
The term metaverse refers to a shared virtual 3D world in which people can access via the Internet. Currently, most virtual spaces look more like the inside of a video game than real life. However, metaverse’s made the digital spaces more realistic by the use of virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR, 增强现实).
Metaverse was first used in Neal Stephenson’s novel Snow Crash in 1992. The novel is about Hiro, a pizza delivery man by day and a VR superhero by night who lives in an online universe called The Metaverse. “He is in a computer-generated universe that his computer is drawing onto his glasses and pulling into his earphones,” the novel says of the city that everyone pops into in VR. The idea rings in many other works, for example, in Ready Player One directed by Steven Spielberg.
In recent years, metaverse has become the latest popular word to capture the tech industry’s imagination so much that one of the best-known Internet platforms is renamed to embrace the futuristic idea-Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg recently announced that he changed his company’s name to Meta.
Tech companies are also dedicated to exploring metaverse-related products. Facebook has launched meeting software for companies, called Horizon Workrooms, to use with VR headsets. The headsets cost $300 or more, putting the metaverse’s most cutting-edge (尖端的) experiences out of reach for many. For users who can afford it, they can enter the virtual worlds created by different companies. Fans of metaverse see it as the next stage in the development of the Internet.
So, do you expect the coming of metaverse?
17．What can be inferred about metaverse?
A．It is a video game like real life.
B．It is a parallel universe imagined by scientists.
C．It gives us a real life in a virtual world.
D．It can protect yourself from a pandemic.
18．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．The fiction Snow Crash. B．The origin of metaverse.
C．A VR superhero. D．The film Ready Player One.
19．Why did Facebook CEO use Meta as his company’s name?
A．Metaverse has become more popular. B．He lives in a virtual world every day.
C．Facebook is the best-known Internet platform.
D．He has accepted the idea of metaverse.
20．What can we know from the text about VR headsets?
A．They are very cheap for most of us.
B．Their users can experience a virtual world.
C．Horizon Workroom don’t need them at all.
D．They will bring us into the final stage of the Internet.
17．D
18．B
19．D
20．B
【解析】
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文，介绍了什么是虚拟空间（metaverse）、其产生的由来及运用。
17．
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Amid a pandemic like COVID-19, instead of seeing teachers and classmates on a video call screen, you could join them in a virtual classroom. This may help you understand the concept, metaverse.(在像COVID-19这样的大流行中，你可以在虚拟教室中与他们一起，而不是在视频通话屏幕上看到老师和同学。这可能会帮助你理解“虚拟空间”这个概念)”可推知，虚拟空间能与视频通话一样，同样保护自己免受流行病的侵害。故选D项。
18．
主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Metaverse was first used in Neal Stephenson’s novel Snow Crash in 1992.(虚拟空间在1992年Neal Stephenson的小说《雪灾》中首次使用)”及本段内容可知，第三段描述了虚拟空间的起源。故选B项。
19．
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三段“In recent years, metaverse has become the latest popular word to capture the tech industry’s imagination so much that one of the best-known Internet platforms is renamed to embrace the futuristic idea-Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg recently announced that he changed his company’s name to Meta.(近年来，虚拟空间已经成为吸引科技行业想象力的最新流行词汇，以至于最知名的互联网平台之一被重新命名——Facebook首席执行官马克·扎克伯格最近宣布，他将公司的名字改为Meta——以接受未来主义的想法)”可知，Facebook首席执行官使用Meta作为其公司名字是因为他接受了虚拟空间以接受未来主义的想法。故选D项。
20．
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“The headsets cost $300 or more, putting the metaverse’s most cutting-edge experiences out of reach for many. For users who can afford it, they can enter the virtual worlds created by different companies.(这款耳机的价格为300美元或更多，让很多人无法获得超时空最先进的体验。对于有钱的用户来说，他们可以进入由不同公司创建的虚拟世界)”可知，VR耳机用户可以体验虚拟世界。故选B项。

（2022·云南·一模）
Slurp&Sip is a cheerful bistro (小酒馆) in Shanghai that specializes in exotic southwestern food from Yunnan Province.
Niu Yun, who hails from Kunming, Yunnan Province, opened her first eatery (小餐馆) in 2014 after studying in London.
“At that time there weren’t many choices for Yunnan food, and I think the province has so much tasty food and such a diverse food culture that I could bring to Shanghai,” she said. “After meeting a few good friends who also love Yunnan cuisine, we decided to open a simple Yunnan eatery focusing on street food to start with, introducing Yunnan rice noodles and street snacks I used to buy every day after school.”
Opening this new restaurant after operating Slurp for a few years is a natural step for Niu Yun and her partners. The menu of Slurp&Sip pays homage (敬意) to Niu’s origins with a major focus on Dai flavors.
“My mum is Dai, and I remember every time she brought me back to her hometown the food really made a strong impression. From how they cook and the ingredients they use, all are very special to me. Dai food is all about fresh and mixed ingredients, as well as natural and original ways of cooking,” she said.
“I feel diners shouldn’t only know about crossing the bridge rice noodles and steampot chicken when we talk about Yunnan food. We have such a diverse culture with so many different minorities, so I decided to start with the one I’m the most connected with,” she added.
Dai cuisine is characterized by a combination of fresh herbs, chilis and acidic elements. It incorporates lots of great produce from the province’s southernmost prefecture.
Dai food is also full of barbecue items often seen in night markets, such as roasted lemongrass stuffed fish, roasted chicken and roasted pork with Dai spices, all of which grace Slurp&Sip’s menu.
21．What motivated Niu Yun to focus on Dai flavors?
A．Her education. B．Her family.
C．Her origins. D．Her friends.
22．How does Niu Yun feel about Yunnan food?
A．It’s delicious and popular. B．It’s natural and organic.
C．It’s fresh and nutritious. D．It’s varied and diverse.
23．What can be said about Slurp&Sip?
A．It’s influenced by night market atmosphere.
B．It combines Southeastern Asian flavors.
C．It offers roasted items with Dai spices.
D．It represents authentic Kunming food.
24．What is the best title for the text?
A．Try the Ethnic Dai Food from Yunnan
B．An Overseas Returnee’s New Career
C．Slurp&Sip Is Back Here with its Legend
D．Explore China with Food and Drinks
21．C
22．D
23．C
24．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了一家有着傣族特色的上海小餐馆，其创始人牛云（音译）来自云南，从小在妈妈傣族饮食的熏陶下，想要把云南美味而又多元化的饮食文化带到上海，于是就有了这一家小餐馆“Slurp&Sip”，以提供特色傣族食物为其风格。
21．
细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“The menu of Slurp&Sip pays homage to Niu’s origins with a major focus on Dai flavors.(Slurp&Sip的菜单以傣族风味为主，向牛云的出身致敬。)”可知，这里的菜单以傣族风味为主是为了致敬牛云的出身，由此可知，是牛云（音译）的出身促使她的餐馆以傣族风味为主。故选C项。
22．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“I think the province has so much tasty food and such a diverse food culture that I could bring to Shanghai(我觉得这个省有这么多美味的食物和这么多元的饮食文化，我可以带到上海)”可知，在牛云（音译）看来，云南菜美味又多样化。故选D项。
23．
细节理解题。根据文章末尾段内容“Dai food is also full of barbecue items often seen in night markets, such as roasted lemongrass stuffed fish, roasted chicken and roasted pork with Dai spices, all of which grace Slurp&Sip’s menu.(傣族食物也充满了夜市常见的烧烤食品，如烤柠檬草鱼、烤鸡和傣族香料烤猪肉，所有这些都让Slurp&Sip的菜单更加优雅。)”可知，在Slurp&Sip餐馆里，有傣族食物里常见的烧烤食品。故选C项。
24．
主旨大意题。通过阅读文章内容可知，文章首段揭示了文章的主题，“Slurp&Sip is a cheerful bistro in Shanghai that specializes in exotic southwestern food from Yunnan Province.(Slurp&Sip是一家位于上海的欢快的小餐馆，专门供应来自云南的异国风味西南食品。)，即，文章主要围绕这一个云南特色的小餐馆讲述的，并在后文段落讲述了其创办人的创办初衷和该酒馆的特色傣族饮食。选项A“Try the Ethnic Dai Food from Yunnan(试试云南的傣族食物)”贴合主题，可作最佳标题。故选A项。

（2022·新疆·布尔津县高级中学一模）
I wanted to share the story of someone in my community. Alex and I have been pretty good friends for years. He was raised in a pretty abusive home, and grew up with major depression and anxiety. He talks about his story all the time to help other teens. Alex has truly changed his life around to help other people and we are all so glad for that.
He started an organization to help homeless people. He has teens from across the world mail him stories of hope or funny pictures that they drew and he goes around and gives homeless people those things along with food or something. They love receiving drawings and letters because they feel great knowing that someone took time to do that for them.
Alex also wrote a book to inspire teens. He wants other teenagers to see what he’s gone through so they feel inspired to make a change in their lives. Alex is an extremely inspirational person and this book will help teens in similar situations as Alex was in.
Alex has won three awards for everything he did. He won an inspirational people’s award through a local organization; he won the Youth Service America’s everyday hero award and he won a Canadian awesome award. He’s changing lives and he really deserves these awards. Alex’s latest accomplishment is the start of the National Youth Internet Safety and Cyber Bullying Task Force. I can’t believe how many families he’s affected. It’s so much work just to help people he doesn’t know but Alex loves it.
I believe that young stars are not just singers and actors. I believe they are also the youth changing our world. There are not many teens that choose to change the world around, but Alex is definitely one of them.
25．What can we learn about Alex’s childhood?
A．Alex had many friends. B．Alex was badly treated.
C．Alex was cheerful. D．Alex changed his life with other’s help.
26．What does Alex do to help homeless people?
A．He draws funny pictures.
B．He writes inspiring books.
C．He goes around to ask for donation.
D．He provides mental support as well as food.
27．Which of the following best describes Alex?
A．Ambitious and successful. B．Patient and amazing.
C．Encouraging and selfless. D．Outgoing and generous.
28．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Your Voice. B．Campus Life.
C．News Express. D．Magic World.
25．B
26．D
27．C
28．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位自身患有精神疾病但能够改变生活，帮助急需帮助的人，自己也能被他人认可的英雄——Alex的故事。
25．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“He was raised in a pretty abusive home, and grew up with major depression and anxiety.(他在一个充满虐待的家庭中长大，伴随着严重的抑郁和焦虑)”可知，亚历克斯在童年时期受到了虐待。故选B。
26．
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“He started an organization to help homeless people. He has teens from across the world mail him stories of hope or funny pictures that they drew and he goes around and gives homeless people those things along with food or something. They love receiving drawings and letters because they feel great knowing that someone took time to do that for them.( 他成立了一个组织来帮助无家可归的人。他有来自世界各地的青少年寄给他关于希望的故事或他们画的有趣的图片，他四处走动，把这些东西连同食物或其他东西送给无家可归的人。他们喜欢收到图画和信件，因为知道有人花时间为他们做这些，他们感觉很棒)”可知，他不仅为无家可归的人提供食物，还提供精神支持。故选D。
27．
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“He talks about his story all the time to help other teens.( 他总是谈论他的故事来帮助其他青少年)”、文章第二段“He started an organization to help homeless people.( 他成立了一个组织来帮助无家可归的人)”可知，他积极帮助别人，因此是无私的；根据文章第三段“Alex also wrote a book to inspire teens. He wants other teenagers to see what he's gone through so they feel inspired to make a change in their lives. Alex is an extremely inspirational person …(亚历克斯还写了一本书来激励青少年。他想让其他青少年看到他的经历，这样他们就会受到鼓舞，改变自己的生活。亚历克斯是一个非常鼓舞人心的人……)”可知，他是一个鼓舞人心的人。故选C。
28．
推理判断题。文章讲述了一位自身患有精神疾病但能够改变生活，帮助急需帮助的人，自己也能被他人认可的英雄——Alex的故事。由此可推知，文章主要是讲述的一个励志故事，最有可能来自报纸Your Voice这个板块。故选A。

（2022·河南·模拟预测）
The yogurt that’ s past its sell-by date. The banana in your lunch that turned brown. The leftovers in the fridge that you forgot to eat. For most people, all that food goes right into the garbage can.
Eight to ten percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (放) are related to food waste, according to a report by the U. N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “When you throw away an egg or a sandwich,” says Yvette Cabrera, food waste vice director at the Natural Resources Defense Council ( N. R. D．C．) ,“you’ re also throwing away all the resources that went into producing those things.”
That includes not only all the water, land, and fertilizer (化肥) that went into producing that food, but also the massive amounts of fossil fuels used to power the farms, transport the food, and create the packaging.
Then there’s the issue of what happens to food after it’s thrown out. More food ends up in U.S. landfills than any other type of trash. Food rotting in landfills produces methane (甲烷), a greenhouse gas that’s roughly 25 times more powerful at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, which is produced by burning fossil fuels.
Food waste is a difficult problem to solve, though, in part because it happens for different reasons depending on the country. In developing nations,40 percent of food is lost before it ever reaches people’s homes, because many of those countries lack the technology and tools to preserve food.
It's another story in wealthier countries, where most of the food is wasted in people’s kitchens. Americans, for example, throw out a quarter of their groceries each year, on average, according to the N. R. D．C．That's like going to the grocery store, leaving with four bags of groceries, and then throwing one of them into the garbage before you get home.
29．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．The problem of food waste. B．The awareness of food saving.
C．The necessity of food diversity. D．The ways of preservation.
30．What does the underlined word “That” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The leftovers in the fridge. B．The packaging for products.
C．The thrown egg or sandwich. D．The resources to produce food.
31．What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?
A．Provide a persuasive example. B．Add more background information.
C．Discuss a more serious consequence. D．Summarize the previous paragraphs.
32．In what stage does food waste mainly happen in developed countries?
A．Storage. B．Transportation.
C．Processing. D．Consumption.
29．A
30．D
31．C
32．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文，讲述了我们将过期食物丢到垃圾桶这一行为给环境带来的危害。
29．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The yogurt that’ s past its sell-by date. The banana in your lunch that turned brown. The leftovers in the fridge that you forgot to eat. For most people, all that food goes right into the garbage can.（对于大多数人来说，过期的酸奶，变黄了的香蕉以及冰箱里忘记吃的剩菜，这些都是会被扔到垃圾桶里的。）”以及第二段首句“Eight to ten percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (放) are related to food waste,（全球温室气体排放的百分之八到百分之十都与食物浪费有关，）”可知，全文围绕着食物浪费问题展开讲其带来的危害。故选A。
30．
词句猜测题。根据上文第二段末““When you throw away an egg or a sandwich,” says Yvette Cabrera, “you’ re also throwing away all the resources that went into producing those things.”（ Yvette Cabrera说道，‘当你扔掉一个鸡蛋或者三明治的时候，你也同样将制作这些东西的所有资源扔掉了’）”以及本句“That includes not only all the water, land, and fertilizer (化肥) that went into producing that food,（这不仅包括所有制作食物所需的水、土地以及化肥，）”可知，此处的that指代前文所提到的制作这些东西的资源，故选D。
31．
推理判断题。根据第四段首句“Then there’s the issue of what happens to food after it’s thrown out.（然后就是关于这些食物被扔掉，食物会发生什么事情的问题了。）”可知，本段围绕着这件事展开来讲食物被扔掉后所带来的的结果，故选C。
32．
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“It's another story in wealthier countries, where most of the food is wasted in people’s kitchens.（这在较富裕的国家，又是另外一回事了。在这些国家，食物通常浪费在人们的厨房里。）”可知，在发达国家，浪费主要存在于食物的消耗阶段，故选D。

（2022·河南·模拟预测）
Researchers have 3D printed a heart using a patient's cells, providing hope that the technique could be used to heal hearts or engineer new ones for transplants.
“This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart,” Professor Tal Dvir said in a statement. Dvir is the senior author of the research, published on Monday in the journal Advanced Science.
The cells that made the heart came from a donor's fat tissue. Researchers separated the cells in the tissue from the rest of the contents. The cells were reprogrammed to become stem cells with the ability into heart cells. The cells and hydrogel were first used to create heart patches with blood vessels (血管) and, from there, an entire heart.
At this stage, our 3D heart is small, the size of a rabbit's heart,” Dvir said. “But larger human require the same technology.” Previously, scientists had been able to print only simple tissues without blood vessels.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the developing world. Heart transplantation is the only way to treat end-stage heart failure, highlighting the importance of developing techniques such as 3D printing, according to the authors.
Dvir also explained that using the patient's own cells is key to engineering the tissues and organs. “It's important because it prevents the possibility of rejection,” he said.
Next, the researchers plan to train the hearts to behave like real ones. Dvir explained, “The cells need to form a pumping ability; they can contract, but we need them to work together.”
If researchers are successful, they plan to transplant the 3D-printed heart in animal models and, after that, humans. “Maybe, in ten years ,there will be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world ,and these procedures will be conducted routinely,” Dvir said.
33．What can we know about the 3D-printed heart?
A．It is almost of the same size as the human heart.
B．It uses the cells coming from an animal fat tissue to 3D print a heart.
C．It can provide the technology human hearts required in the future.
D．It can replace the patient’s heart in treating heart disease in ten years
34．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．Value of the new technique. B．Procedures of dealing with cells.
C．Tips about heart disease treatment. D．Materials used in the 3D-printed heart.
35．What do we know from what Professor Tal Dvir said?
A．The researchers are successful in 3D printing human heart.
B．Every hospital will have organ printers around the world.
C．Researchers will transplant the 3D-printed heart in ten years.
D．Professor Dvir is looking forward to the success of the research.
36．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To show how to 3D print a heart. B．To promote heart disease research.
C．To introduce a medical breakthrough. D．To call on people to care about health.
33．C
34．B
35．D
36．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了世界上首次成功设计并打印出一颗完整的心脏。文章还介绍了这项技术的操作方式以及重要意义。
33．
细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers have 3D printed a heart using a patient’ s cells, providing hope that the technique could be used to heal hearts or engineer new ones for transplants.(研究人员利用病人的细胞3D打印出了一颗心脏，这为这项技术可以用于治愈心脏或制造新的心脏移植提供了希望)”可知，3D打印的心脏可以提供未来人类心脏所需的技术。故选C。
34．
主旨大意题。根据第三段“The cells that made the heart came from a donor’s fat tissue. Researchers separated the cells in the tissue from the rest of the contents. The cells were reprogrammed to become stem cells with the ability into heart cells. The cells and hydrogel were first used to create heart patches with blood vessels (血管) and, from there, an entire heart. (制造心脏的细胞来自捐献者的脂肪组织。研究人员将组织中的细胞与其他内容分离开来。这些细胞被重新编程，成为具有转化为心脏细胞能力的干细胞。这些细胞和水凝胶首先被用来制造带有血管的心脏贴片，然后从那里制造出一整颗心脏)”可知，第三段主要讲了处理细胞的程序。故选B。
35．
细节理解题。根据最后一段中““Maybe, in ten years ,there will be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world ,and these procedures will be conducted routinely,” Dvir said.( Dvir说：“也许十年后，世界上最好的医院就会有器官打印机，这些手术将会成为常规操作”)”可知，从Tal Dvir教授的话中可以了解到教授期待着这项研究的成功。故选D。
36．
推理判断题。根据第二段““This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart," Professor Tal Dvir said in a statement. Dvir is the senior author of the research, published on Monday in the journal Advanced Science.( Tal Dvir教授在一份声明中说：“这是世界上首次成功设计并打印出一颗完整的心脏。” Dvir是周一发表在《高级科学》杂志上的这项研究的资深作者)”结合文章还介绍了这项技术的操作方式以及重要意义。可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是介绍一项医学突破。故选C。

（2022·宁夏·银川一中一模）
Max Hidalgo, a biologist and inventor, was honored as one of the United Nations Environment Programme’s Young Champions of the Earth for 2020. His most praised invention thus far turns the wind into water.
The technology, called Yawa, is much needed in Peru, one of the countries in Latin America most at risk of a water crisis due to the changing climate. “There are communities that have been waiting for water for 20 years and rely on trucks that come in with expensive water of questionable quality,” he said. “We went to one town in southern Peru and the cost of piped water for this community of 100 people was about $ 1m!”
The Yawa technology is an example of best practice in the circular economy. Materials used to build the machine are recyclable. The technology is even being adjusted to local air quality, a response to the challenges caused by air pollution. But most importantly, the technology can be used, owned and repaired by the communities it serves, even if they are not clear on the science behind it.
“When I was first testing this technology in different rural communities, I spent a lot of time explaining the technical aspects of it,” Hidalgo said. “At one point a woman stopped me and looked me in the eye and said, ‘Young man, I just want water.’ And that changed something inside of me, and I knew that I had to keep things simple.”
Hidalgo finds that getting out of the lab and into communities is vital for anyone seeking to produce environmental change. “We have to listen to what communities want and respond to their needs. That is where the winds of creation take us.” he said.
37．What does Hidalgo stress in paragraph 2?
A．The condition of water quality.
B．The consequence of climate change.
C．The popularity of the Yawa technology.
D．The necessity of solving water shortage.
38．What can be learned about the Yawa technology?
A．It is a little expensive. B．It is green.
C．It is hard to operate. D．It has great flexibility.
39．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 4 imply?
A．The woman didn’t trust Yawa.
B．The woman badly needed water.
C．The science behind Yawa was complex.
D．The test on Yawa was disappointing.
40．Which is especially important for creators according to Hidalgo?
A．Satisfying the communities’ demands.
B．Taking every creative idea seriously.
C．Using science to make life much easier.
D．Doing experiments indoors and outdoors.

37．D
38．B
39．C
40．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Max Hidalgo 获得了联合国环境规划署颁发的2020年“地球卫士青年奖”，他发明的Yawa技术能将风变成水，可用于解决秘鲁的缺水问题。
37．
推理判断题。由第二段“The technology, called Yawa, is much needed in Peru, one of the countries in Latin America most at risk of a water crisis due to the changing climate. “There are communities that have been waiting for water for 20 years and rely on trucks that come in with expensive water of questionable quality,” he said. “We went to one town in southern Peru and the cost of piped water for this community of 100 people was about $ 1m!”(秘鲁是拉丁美洲因气候变化而面临水危机风险最大的国家之一，急需这种名为“Yawa”技术。他说：“有些社区已经等了20年的水，依靠卡车运来昂贵的、质量有问题的水。”。“我们去了秘鲁南部的一个城镇，这个100人社区的自来水成本约为100万美元！”)”可知，当地水资源急缺，用水成本昂贵，急需“Yawa”技术，可得出Max Hidalgo强调了解决当地缺水问题的必要性。故选D项。
38．
推理判断题。由第三段中的“The Yawa technology is an example of best practice in the circular economy. Materials used to build the machine are recyclable. (Yawa技术是循环经济最佳实践的一个例子。用于制造机器的材料是可回收的)”可得出，Yawa技术很环保。故选B项。
39．
词句猜测题。由第四段中的““When I was first testing this technology in different rural communities, I spent a lot of time explaining the technical aspects of it,” Hidalgo said. (“当我第一次在不同的农村社区测试这项技术时，我花了很多时间解释它的技术方面，”伊达尔戈说)”可知，Max Hidalgo花了很多时间向村民解释这项技术的原理；画线句后“And that changed something inside of me, and I knew that I had to keep things simple. (这改变了我的内心，我知道我必须保持简单)”可知，那位女士的话“Young man, I just want water.(年轻人，我只想要水)”表明之前Yawa技术背后的科学原理很复杂，人们很难理解，所以Max Hidalgo才决定让事情变得简单。故选C项。
40．
细节理解题。由最后一段“Hidalgo finds that getting out of the lab and into communities is vital for anyone seeking to produce environmental change. “We have to listen to what communities want and respond to their needs. That is where the winds of creation take us.” he said. (Hidalgo发现，走出实验室，进入社区对任何试图改变环境的人来说都至关重要。“我们必须倾听社区的需求，并回应他们的需求。这就是创造之风将我们带到的地方。”他说)”可知，Max Hidalgo认为走出实验室、走进社区，听取并满足人们的需求是极其重要的。故选A项。