第06讲：非谓语之动名词+题型综合练（原题版）学案

一、动名词的形式

动名词的形式：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

否定式：not + 动名词

二、动名词的用法

动名词句法功能：动名词在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语

1. 动名词作主语

动名词作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：

(1)    把动名词置于句首。如：

   Learning new words is very useful to me。

(2)    用it作形式主语，把真正的主语置于句后，常用于下列句式中：

It + is+ no good, no use, a waste of time/money, fun, useless, nice, boring, foolish +doing：

It is fun doing shopping in small markets.

注意：important, necessary, essential, impossible等形容词后只能用不定式。

注意2：1）动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数；

        2）当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致原则，主语和表语在形式上要  

        求统一： Seeing is believing.     To see is to believe.

2. 动名词作宾语

句型一：动词+动名词充当宾语

在一些动词后只可以用动名词做宾语而不可以用不定式做宾语

例如：admit; advise; risk finish, stop, can't help, consider, advise, practice, miss, imagine…

Nowadays, many people are considering going abroad for further study.

★ 必背动词

★必背：带介词to的短语跟动名词:

be used to 习惯;  be equal to 胜任 ;  be given to 沉溺于;  be opposed to 反对;  be related to与……有关;  devote oneself to 献身于;  get down to 着手做; give rise to 引起;  lead to 导致;  look forward to 盼望;  object to 反对;  pay attention to 注意;  put one's mind to 全神贯注于;  stick to 坚持  be reduced to 沦落为

句型二：sb+think/consider/find/feel like/+it（形式宾语）+useless/no use/no good(宾补)+doing.

例：I found it useless arguing about it.

Do you consider it worth buying a house in the country?

句型三：主动形式表被动意义：

need, want, require, deserve, worth 等词后面，通常接动名词的主动形式来表达被动意义：

如：1) The grass needs cutting =The grass needs to be cut;

    2) Many nurses were worth praising because they did a good job in the Asian tsunami

    3) Many nurses deserved praising(to be praised) because they did a good job in the Asian tsunami

注：need, want, require, deserve+ doing = need, want, require, deserve+ to be done

句型四：作介词的宾语，放在类似于be afraid of, be/get used/accustomed to, think of, be fond of, feel like, give up, look forward to, pay attention to, have trouble/difficulties in , insist on , persist in, put off 等的词组后作宾语。

注意：介词+动名词一起充当主句状语时，动名词的逻辑主语应与主句主语一致。

1）We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.

2）Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?

3）He came to the party without being invited (with+动名词构成伴随状语).

4）The driver was fined for having drunk while driving (for+动名词构成加原因状语).

句型五：There is + no good/no use/no point+(in) doing，“做某事没有好处、用处、意义”

There is no good (in) doing so much homework every day without thinking if it is worthwhile.

注意：(1) 在There be句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语：

There is no telling what will happen.

There is no joking about such matters.

(2)动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty (in) doing, have no trouble (in)doing, prevent/stop…(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等。

句型六：作形容词的宾语，通常用在be worth doing, be busy doing的句型中：

The music is well worth listening to more than once.

We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet.

3. 动名词作表语

例：My favourite sport is swimming。

注：job, work, hobby做主语时，表语用动名词。例：My job is teaching。

   动名词做表语时要注意与进行时态区分，例：

She was washing clothes。

Her job was washing clothes。

4.动名词作定语

动名做定语置于名词前，说明所修饰词的性质以及用途，具有名词性质。例：

a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing

sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

5. 作同位语
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

三、不定式和动名词的区别

 A.从含义上，不定式：具体某一次的动作； 动名词：抽象的一般行为、习惯

例如：I love swimming, but I don't love to swim in this dirty river.

注意：平衡原则：当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。

To live is to struggle.

Seeing is believing.

B. 作主语时：动名词：表抽象和经验

不定式：表具体动作

Smoking is prohibited here.   (抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具体) 

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。 (经验)

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.　（具体）　

C. 接不定式和动名词作宾语含义不同的词组

① forget, remember + to do（忘记/记得去做某事）

forget, remember + doing/having done （忘记/记得做过某事）

② regret + to do(tell, say, inform, announce等)（很遗憾地……）

regret + doing/having done（后悔做过某事）

③ mean + to do （打算做某事）

   mean + doing （意味着…… ）

④ try + to do（设法/尽力做某事）

   try + doing （试着做某事）

⑤stop/go on + to do （停下/继续去做另一件事）

  stop/go on + doing （停止/继续正在做的事）

⑥can't help + doing= can't help but do （禁不住…… ）

  can't help + to do（不能帮助去做…… ）

⑦ consider + doing （考虑做某事）

   consider + to do/be （认为……）

【动名词式专项练习题】 （语法单句填空）

1. Doctors warn people that _____ (control) anger through unnatural methods is much more harmful to a person’s health than the anger itself.

2. Children with bad grades can always think of brilliant ways to escape _____. (punish)

3. Owing to the adequate preparations, the research team did not have much trouble _____ (locate) the wrecked ship.

4._____ (expose) to radiation in the laboratory too often caused Marie Curie's death.

5. Young people may risk ________(go) deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.

6. I had great difficulty       (find)the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.

7. Bill suggested _____ (hold)a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.

8. Something as simple as ______(drink) some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure. 

9. The thief drove as fast as he could to avoid ________（catch）by the police.

10. People are not allowed to enter the garden to prevent the flowers      (destroy).

11. Millions of dollars in the city bank is said _____ last night.(steal)

【强化升阶练习】 用动名词表达补全下列句子

1. 吃太多的甜食容易使人发胖。(likely)

__________________________________________  make one fat.

2. 在冬天的夜晚我宁愿待在家里。(prefer)

_________________________________________ on cold winter evenings.

3. 和园丁们一起工作让我们学到许多关于花卉的知识。(enable)

___________________________________________________ a lot of knowledge about flowers.

4. 躺在草地上听音乐真是惬意。(It…) 

It is pleasant___________________________________________ the music.

5. 多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。(good)

__________________________________________________one’s health.
 

Section A

If you visit a big city anywhere in the world, you  1  probably find a restaurant would serve the food of your own native country. Most large cities in the United States offer international sample of foods. Many people enjoy __2_     (eat) the food of other nations. This is probably one reason why there are so many different kinds of restaurants in the United States.

__3  second reason is that many Americans come from other parts of the world. They enjoy tasting the foods of __4___native lands. In the city of Detroit, for example, there are many people from western Europe, Greece, Latin America, and the Far East. There are many restaurants in Detroit  5  serve the foods of these areas. There are many other international restaurants too.

Americans enjoy the foods in these restaurants       ___6____  ______  the opportunity to better understand the people and their way of life. One of the most common international restaurants  7   (find) in the United States is the Italian restaurant. The restaurant may be a small business run by a single family. The mother of the family   8   (cook) all of the dishes, and the father and children serve the people who come to eat there. Or it may be a large restaurant  9  (own) by several different people who worked together in the business. Many Italian dishes that Americans enjoy _10___  (make) with meats, tomatoes and cheese. They are very delicious and tasty.

Section B

Which came first, the chicken or the egg? This question has remained unsolved for hundreds of years, yet soon it might not be a problem anymore — the egg of the future may not   1   a chicken at all.

But if not from a chicken, where will the egg come from? Apparently, a plant is one of the possibilities, as Hampton Creek, a food technology company in San Francisco, US, has found. They created a    2    for eggs, called Beyond Eggs, using a mixture of 11 plants, including sunflowers and a variety of beans.

Unlike the image you might now have in your mind, Beyond Eggs look nothing like    3   eggs. They are sold as gray powder that you mix with water before cooking. But the final product tastes just like the real thing.

But the question is, why    4    with “plant eggs”? What’s the problem with ordinary eggs?

The truth is that 99 percent of our eggs come from industrial warehouses (养鸡场仓库) where chickens are crowded into cages too small for them to even spread their wings. This cruelty is what    5    Hampton Creek to carry out the Beyond Eggs project in the first place.

In addition, the cages where chickens are kept so close together are a hotbed for viruses. To help the chickens stay healthy, farmers feed them antibiotics (抗生素), which may cause dangerous bacteria to grow    6    to the drugs and    7    spread to humans through eggs and meat.

In fact,   8   the egg is not a new idea, but Beyond Eggs seems to be the most successful attempt so far.

Besides their great taste and eco-friendliness, Beyond Eggs provide the same nutritional    9   as real eggs, and they’re even healthier since they don’t contain cholesterol (胆固醇). The company also   10     that the cost of their products is around 19 percent less than real eggs, which makes them more affordable.

Reading

Section A

Can trees talk? Yes-but not in words. Scientists have _1___ to believe that trees do communicate with each other. Not long ago, ___2____ learned some surprising things. First a willow tree__3__ in the woods by caterpillars (毛毛虫)changed the chemistry of its ___4__ and made them taste so terrible that they got tired of the leaves and stopped eating them. Then even more ___5____, the tree sent out a special vapor-signal causing its neighbors to change the chemistry of their own leaves and make them___6__.

Communication, ___7____  doesn’t need to be in words. We can talk to each other by ___8__, raising our shoulders and moving our hands. We know that birds and animals use a whole vocabulary of songs, sounds and movements. ___9___ dance their signals, flying in certain patterns that tell other bees where to find nectar for honey. __10___ why shouldn’t trees have ways of sending message? 

1.  a. reason          b. cause            c. fact             d. effect

2.  a. psychologists    b. doctors           c. physicists        d. researchers

3.  a. attracted        b. attacked          c. appreciated       d. absorbed

4.  a. caterpillars      b. trunks           c. roots             d. leaves

5.  a. satisfactory      b. troubling         c. astonishing       d. interesting

6.  a. less tasty        b. less beautiful     c. more tasty        d. more beautiful

7.  a. even though      b. in fact          c. of course         d. and yet

8.  a. telephoning      b. faxing          c. emailing          d. smiling

9.   a. Birds          b. Butterflies       c. Bees             d. Animals

10.   a. Thus           b. So            c. But              d. Though

Section B

                                          (A)

Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.

Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.    

Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.

Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.

Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.

Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.

As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.

66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.

A. getting closer to its young              B. driving away the adult predator

C. leaving its young in another nest         D. pretending to be injured

67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.

A. chimps are ready to attack others         B. chimps are sometimes dishonest

C. chimps are jealous of the winners        D. chimps can be selfish too

68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.

B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.

C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.

D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.

69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Do animals lie?                     B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?

C. How do animals learn to lie?           D. How does honesty help animals survive?

                                        (B)

Marie Curie is well-known all over the world. However, perhaps you have not heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?

Jane Addams(1860- 1935)

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson(1907- 1964)

If it weren't for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world's lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day O'Connor(1930- present)

When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员)and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U. S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks(1913- 2005)

On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil--rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in.” said Parks.

60. What is Jane Addams famous for in history?

A. Her social work. B. Her teaching skills.

C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background.

61. What is the reason for O'Connor's not being able to find a job in the law firm?

A. Her lack of proper training in law. B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions.

62. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?

A. They are highly educated. B. They are truly creative.

C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace--lovers.

核心单词

1. fitness n.   健康
2. flexible adj.   灵活的，可变通的
3. forbid vt.  禁止，不许
4. fortune n.   财产；运气
5. fierce adj.   (尤指人或动物)凶猛的；凶狠的；猛烈的；强烈的
6. figure n.   [C] 外形；轮廓，人物；雕像；数字

vt.   计算；认为；猜想；相信，估计

7. fantastic adj.   幻想的，异想天开的；奇异的，古怪的
8. fascinating adj.   魅力无穷的
9. focus on   集中精力于
10. feature  n.vt.     特色；专栏；以…为特色

词汇应用

1. He _____________（不能够）to grasp the main idea of the passage.
2. This supermarket _____________（以.......为特色）round-the-clock service.
3. You can see from these examples that many people could benefit from a _________(灵活的) work schedule.
4. _____________(fortune) for him, a man offered to take him around the different spots for free.
5. 1.I took a glance at the hall and found many _____________(熟悉的) faces among the audience.