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高中英语人教版 (新课标)选修9&10Unit 2 Sailing the oceans课时训练
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这是一份高中英语人教版 (新课标)选修9&10Unit 2 Sailing the oceans课时训练，共10页。试卷主要包含了ceans 2等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Part One: Teaching Design
Perid 1: A sample lessn plan fr reading
(SAILING THE OCEANS)
Aims
T help students read abut sailing the ceans
T help students learn abut the predicate
Prcedures
■Warming up by leaning abut navigatr
What is a navigatr?
A navigatr is the persn nbard a ship respnsible fr the navigatin f the vessel. On aircraft, the psitin may als be referred t as a flight fficer. The navigatr's respnsibilities include planning the jurney, advising the captain (r pilt) while en rute, and ensuring that hazards r bstacles are avided.
What is explratin?
Explratin is the act f searching r traveling fr the purpse f discvery, e.g. f unknwn regins, including space (space explratin), r il, gas, cal, res, water (als knwn as prspecting), r infrmatin.
Explratin has existed as lng as human beings, but its peak is seen as being during the Age f Explratin when Eurpean navigatrs travelled arund the wrld.
In scientific research, explratin is ne f three purpses f research (the ther tw being descriptin and explanatin). Explratin is the attempt t develp an initial, rugh understanding f sme phenmenn.
■Warming up by talking abut Zheng He's Seven Vyages
In July 11, 1405, the eunuch Zheng He f the Ming Dynasty ryal curt set ut n his first verseas vyage.
In the fllwing 28 years, this navigatr prceeded t carry ut six mre vyages, accmpanied by a huge enturage f nearly 30,000 peple. By traveling thrughut Sutheast Asia, and arund the Indian Ocean t
the Red Sea and East Africa, he als landed at ver thirty different natins.
He was the earliest largest scale navigatin in wrld histry, cming mre than half a century earlier than Clumbus'famus explits...
■Warming up by lking and listening
Hell, class. D yu knw this man? Yes, he is Marc Pl.
Marc Pl (1254-1324), is prbably the mst famus Westerner traveled n the Silk Rad. He excelled all the ther travelers in his determinatin, his writing, and his influence. His jurney thrugh Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any f his predecessrs, beynd Mnglia t China. He became a cnfidant f Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whle f China and returned t tell the tale, which became the greatest travelgue.
I. Pre-reading
What are navigatinal instruments?
●Navigatinal instruments were built in the age f explratin t guide the explrers t their destinatins.
●navigatinal instrument - an instrument used fr navigating
artificial hrizn, flight indicatr, gyr hrizn - a navigatinal instrument based n a gyrscpe; prvides an artificial hrizn fr the pilt
cmpass - navigatinal instrument fr finding directins
depth finder - navigatinal instrument used t measure the depth f a bdy f water (as by ultrasund r radar)
inclinmeter - an instrument shwing the angle that an aircraft makes with the hrizn
instrument - a device that requires skill fr prper use
asdic, ech sunder, snar - a measuring instrument that sends ut an acustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms f the time fr the ech f the pulse t return; snar is an acrnym fr sund navigatin ranging;
asdic is an acrnym fr anti-submarine detectin investigatin cmmittee
II. Reading fr frms
Read the text SAILING THE OCEANS n page 12 t: cut/ the sentence int thught grups, blacken the predicative, darken the cnnectives and underline all the useful expressins.
SAILING THE OCEANS
We may well wnder/ hw seamen explred the ceans/ befre latitude /and lngitude made it pssible /t plt a ship's psitin/ n a map．The vyages f travelers/ befre the 17th century /shw that /they were nt at the mercy f the sea /even thugh they did nt have mdern navigatinal aids．S/ hw did they navigate s well? Read these pages/ frm an encyclpedia．
Page l：
page 2:
III. Cpying useful expressins and making sentences
Yu are ging t cpy in yur ntebk all the useful expressins and make sentences f yur wn with them.
IV. Transfrming infrmatin
Next yu are ging t read the text again t cmplete the chart belw.
V. Clsing dwn by reading mre abut sailing the ceans
Sailing the ceans
Fr thusands f years, peple have been sailing acrss the ceans and arund the wrld. Knwledge f cean currents and wind patterns has allwed peple t reliably reach their destinatins even after crssing huge expanses f pen cean.
In this phtgraph, a sailbat uses wind and currents t mve amng the islands f Micrnesia. Befre mdern navigatinal techniques were develped, navigatrs in the Suth Pacific relied n stick charts t indicate island lcatins relative t winds and
currents.
Tday, racing sailbats is a sprt, and teams test their skills by racing arund the wrld. Navigatin nw relies n satellites, but knwledge f wind patterns, cean currents, and ptential bstacles in unfamiliar waters is still essential fr sailing.
In this investigatin, yu'll plt a curse fr racing arund the wrld in a sailbat. Yu'll explre sme f the bstacles yu might encunter n yur rute; then yu'll have the pprtunity t revise yur rute t imprve yur speed.
Using nature t help
Keeping alngside the castline
This seems t have been the first /and mst useful frm f explratin /which carried the minimum amunt f risk．
Using celestial bdies
Nrth Star
At the Nrth Ple /the Nrth Star is at its highest psitin /in the sky, but at the equatr /it is alng the hrizn．S /accmplished navigatrs were able t use it /t plt their psitins．
Sun
On a clear day /especially during the summer/ the sailrs culd use the sun /verhead /at midday t navigate by．They can use the height f the sun /t wrk ut their latitude．
Cluds
Sea captains bserved the cluds /ver islands. There is a special clud frmatin /which indicates /there is land/ clse by.
Using wildlife
Seaweed
Sailrs ften saw seaweed/ in the sea /and culd tell /by the clur /and smell/ hw lng it had been there．If it was flesh /and smelled strngly，then /the ship was clse t land．
Birds
Sea birds culd be used t shw the way/ t land /when it was nwhere t be seen．In the evening /nesting birds return t land /and their nests．S /seamen culd fllw the birds /t land /even if they were ffshre/ and in the pen sea．
Using the weather
Fg
Fg gathers at sea /as well as ver streams /r rivers．Seamen used it /t help identify the psitin f a stream /r river /when they were clse t land．
Winds
Wise seamen used the winds/ t direct their sailing．They culd accelerate the speed，but they culd als be dangerus．S /the Vikings wuld bserve the winds /befre /and during their utward /r return jurneys．
Using the sea
Certain tides/ and currents culd be used /by skillful sailrs /t carry ships/ t their destinatin.
These skills helped sailrs/ explre the seas/ and discver new lands．They increased their ability/ t navigate new seas/ when they used instruments．
Using navigatinal instruments t help
Finding lngitude
There was n secure methd f measuring lngitude /until the 17th century/ when the British slved this theretical prblem．Nbdy knew that /the earth mved westwards/ 15 degrees/ every hur, but sailrs did knw an apprximate methd f calculating lngitude /using speed /and time．An early methd f measuring speed/ invlved thrwing a kntted rpe/ tied t a lg /ver the side f the ship．The rpe was tied t a lg /which was then/ thrwn int the sea．As the ship advanced thrugh the water /the knts were cunted/ as they passed thrugh a seaman’s hands．The number f knts/ that were cunted /during a fixed perid f time/ gave the speed f the ship/ in nautical miles /per hur．Later, when seamen began t use the cmpass /in the 12th century /they culd calculate lngitude /using cmplicated mathematical tables．The cmpass has a special magnetic pinter /which always indicates the Nrth Ple，s/ it is used t help find the directin /that the ship needs t g．In this way /the ship culd set a straight curse /even in the middle f the cean．
Finding latitude
The Bearing Circle
It was the first instrument /t measure the sun's psitin．A seaman wuld measure the sun’s shadw/ and cmpare it /with the height f the sun/ at midday．Then/ he culd tell if he was sailing n his crrect/ rather than a randm curse.
The Astrlabe
The astrlabe, quadrant/ and sextant are all cnnected. They are develpments /f ne anther．The earliest，the astrlabe，was a special all-in-ne tl /fr telling the psitin f the ship/ in relatin t the sun/ and varius stars /which cvered the whle sky．This gave the seamen /the lcal time /and allwed them /t find their latitude/ at sea．Hwever, it was awkward/ t use /as ne f the pints f reference/ was the mving ship itself．
The Quadrant
This was a mre precise/ and simplified versin f the astrlabe．It measured hw high stars were abve the hrizn /using a quarter circle/ rather than the full circle f the astrlabe．It was easier t handle /because it was mre
prtable．Its shrtcming was that it still used the mving ship /as ne f the fixed pints f reference．As the ship rse /and plunged /in the waves，it was extremely difficult /t be accurate /with any reading．
The sextant
The sextant was the updated versin /f the astrlabe /and quadrant/ which reduced the tendency/ t make mistakes．It prved t be the mst accurate /and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments．It wrks by measuring the angle /between tw fixed bjects /utside the ship/ using tw mirrrs．This made the calculatins mre precise /and easier t d．
sail the ceans, explre the ceans, plt a ship's psitin n a map, the vyages f travelers, befre the 17th century, at the mercy f…, have mdern navigatinal aids, read these pages frm an encyclpedia
use nature t help, keep alngside the castline, seem t have been…, the first and mst useful frm f explratin, carry the minimum amunt f risk
use celestial bdies, Nrth Star, at the Nrth Ple, at its highest psitin in the sky, at the equatr, alng the hrizn, accmplished navigatrs, be able t use…t plt their psitins, n a clear day, during the summer, use the sun verhead at midday t navigate by, use the height f the sun t wrk ut their latitude, bserve the cluds ver islands, a special clud frmatin, land clse by
use wildlife, see seaweed in the sea, tell…by the clur and smell, flesh and smelled strngly，clse t land, use sea birds t shw the way t land, in the evening, nesting birds, return t land and their nests, fllw the birds t land, in the pen sea
use weather, gather at sea, as well as ver streams r rivers, identify the psitin f a stream r river, clse t land, use the winds t direct ne’s sailing, accelerate the speed, bserve the winds, befre and during ne’s utward r return jurneys．
use the sea, carry ships t their destinatin, explre the seas, discver new lands, increase their ability t navigate new seas, use instruments
use navigatinal instruments t help…, find lngitude, secure methd f measuring lngitude, slve this theretical prblem, mve westwards, 15 degrees every hur, methd f calculating lngitude, use speed and time, methd f measuring speed, tie t…, ver the side f the ship, thrw…int…, advance thrugh the water, pass thrugh…, during a fixed perid f time, give the speed f…, in nautical miles per hur, use the cmpass, use cmplicated mathematical tables, have a special magnetic pinter, indicate the Nrth Ple, find the directin, in this way, set a straight curse, in the middle f the cean．
find latitude, the Bearing Circle, measure the sun's psitin, measure the sun’s shadw, cmpare…with…, the height f the sun at midday, sail n…, rather than a randm curse
a special all-in-ne tl fr telling the psitin f the ship, in relatin t…, give sb the lcal time, find ne’s latitude at sea, use as ne f the pints f reference, a mre precise and simplified versin f the astrlabe, abve the hrizn, use a quarter circle, use the mving ship as ne f the fixed pints f reference, plunge in the waves，the updated versin f the astrlabe and quadrant, reduce the tendency, make mistakes, the mst accurate and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments, wrk by measuring the angle
SAILING THE OCEANS
■Using nature t help keeping alngside the castline
■Using navigatinal instruments t help
●Using celestial bdies: Nrth Star; Sun; Cluds
●finding lngitude
●Using wildlife: Seaweed; Birds
●Finding latitude: The Bearing Circle; The Astrlabe; The Quadrant; The sextant
●Using the weather: Fg; Winds
●Using the sea
Additinal Materials
Cmplete the summary f the stry with ne wrd in each blank.
While sailing the _____1___we may make use f bth the nature ___2___ the navigatinal instruments t help.
By making use f the ____3___ t help, it is meant that we culd either ____4____ alngside the castline, __5___use celestial bdies like the nrth star, the sun and the cluds, __6___ use wildlife such as seaweed, birds, ___7__ use the weather such as fg and winds, __8___ use the sea.
By using ___9__ instruments t help it is meant __10___ we culd manage t sail either by finding lngitude __11___by finding latitude by means f the Bearing Circle, the Astrlabe, the Quadrant __12___ the Sextant.
(Key: 1.ceans 2.and 3.nature 4.keep 5.r 6.r 7.r 8.r 9.navigatinal 10.that 11.r 12.and )
Cmprehensin questins
1. What is the main tpic f this passage?
A. The vyages f the travelers befre the 17th century
B. Hw t plt a ship’s psitin n a map
C. Hw did ancient men navigate s well
D. Use nature t aid navigatin
2. Ancient navigatrs use navigatinal instruments t help them
A. find celestial bdies.
B. predict the weather.
C. explre the sea.
D. find latitude
3. The authr f the passage implies that the ancient navigatrs were
A. hard-wrking.
B. brave.
C. intelligent.
D. energetic
4. Accrding t the passage,
A. the ancient accmplished navigatrs were able t use Suth Star t plt their psitins．
B. Sea birds culd be used t shw the way t land when it was nwhere t be seen．
C. Wise seamen used the snws t direct their sailing．
D. The sextant prved t be the mst accurate and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments．
(Key: BDCB )
Ntes t the special sentences
1.S accmplished navigatrs were able t use it t plt their psitins．熟练的领航员就能够用它来确定自己的位置。句中accmplished是形容词，意思是“优秀的，熟练的”，作定语修饰其后的名词。Accmplished 的用法如下：已完成的; 已达到的： accmplished facts 既成事实； 学识渊博的, 技术高超的, 有成就的： an accmplished ck 厨艺精湛的厨师，Judy is accmplished in English teaching. 茱蒂擅长英语教学； 有教养的, 优雅的： an accmplished lady 才女
2.On a clear day especially during the summer the sailrs culd use the sun verhead at midday t navigate by．在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手可以使用正午头顶的太阳来引导他们航行。句中t navigate by作目的状语，修饰谓语动词，其中的by是介词，它的逻辑宾语是前面的the sun。 类似的例句有： I have n tpics t write abut.
He fund sme pens t write with. He is nt the persn t get alng with.
3.Sea birds culd be used t shw the way t land when it was nwhere t be seen．看不到陆地的时候，可以利用海鸟来定位通向陆地的方向。句中used后面有一个停顿。t到land作目的状语。句中when引导的是时间状语从句，修饰说明主句谓语动词。
4. The number f knts that were cunted during a fixed perid f time gave the speed f the ship in nautical miles per hur．一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。句中that were cunted during a fixed perid f time是定语从句，in nautical miles 和per hur 都是状语。
5. Later, when seamen began t use the cmpass in the 12th century they culd calculate lngitude using cmplicated mathematical tables．后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。using cmplicated mathematical tables 是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。更多例句：The by sat in frnt f the farm—huse cutting the branch. 那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。（伴随）
He came running back t tell me the news. 他跑回来告诉我这个消息。（方式）An ld man entered, supprted by a girl. 一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。（方式）
6. Then he culd tell if he was sailing n his crrect rather than a randm curse. 这样他就能弄清楚他是沿正确航线而不是紊乱航线航行。Rather than 的例句还有：I think I’ll have a cld drink rather than cffee. Why didn’t yu ask fr help, rather than trying t d it n yur wn?
7.The earliest，the astrlabe，was a special all-in-ne tl fr telling the psitin f the ship in relatin t the sun and varius stars which cvered the whle sky．最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。in relatin t …是复合介词短语，作状语。 请看：in relatin t (= cncerning) this matter。 Its brain is small in relatin t (= cmpared with) its bdy. Little f what he said has any relatin t fact.
8.It prved t be the mst accurate and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments．它证明是这些早期航海仪器中最准确最可靠的一种。句中prved可以看作半系动词，后接表语。
lk，turn，feel，get，becme，sund，smell，stand，g，remain等都可能用作半连系动词。例如：He lked a perfect fl．他看上去是个十足的傻瓜。He turned traitr t his cuntry．他背叛了祖国。I felt very hungry after a lng walk．走了一段长路，我感到很饿。
Our mtherland is getting strnger and strnger．我们国家变得越来越强大了。Sme f the land became cvered with water．一些田地覆盖着水。The stry sunds interesting．这故事听起来很有趣。he flwers smell sweet．花朵散发芳香。Hlding the nte in his hand，he std there dumbfunded．他拿着钞票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。They went mad．他们发狂了。He never remained satisfied with his success．他从不满足于自己的成绩。
相关高考链接
句首动词命题透视
请看课文第一段最后一句：Read these pages frm an encyclpedia. 句首使用了动词。现在
我们来透视一下句首动词命题的相关情况：
一、句首使用动词原形
此类题目多通过特定句式、固定结构考查动词的形式。近年高考考查的重点多为动词原形开头的祈使句或“祈使句+and/r+陈述句”句型。
1. —What shuld I d with this passage?
—_____ the main idea f each paragraph. （2005重庆卷）
A. Finding ut B. Fund ut C. Find ut D. T find ut
析：该句省略了主语，复原后整个句子应为：Yu shuld find ut the main idea f each paragraph.正确答案为C。
2. —English has a large vcabulary, hasn't it?
—Yes. ______ mre wrds and expressins and yu will find it easier t read and cmmunicate. （2004上海卷）
A. Knw B. Knwing C. T knw D. Knwn
析：根据题意和结构可知，该题考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，故首空应用动词原形。答案为A。
二、句首使用t-v短语形式
置于句首的t-v短语形式常作目的状语，其后使用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构（作目的状语的t-v短语放在句后也可以）。注意：若v-t形式表示的动作为句子的主语所承受，则需使用被动式。
______ late in the afternn, Bb turned ff the alarm.（2001北京春季卷）
A. T sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
析：从整个句子结构上看，逗号后面没有连词或关系词，可知此题考查非谓语动词形式。结合句子语意，应用不定式结构作目的状语。答案选A。
三、句首使用v-ing短语作主语的形式
v-ing短语作主语其判定方法为：该动词短语作主语与谓语动词直接连接，没有逗号隔开。
_____ t sunlight fr t much time will d harm t ne's skin. （2002上海卷）
A. Expsed B. Having expsed C. Being expsed D. After being expsed
析：分析句子结构可知，will d是谓语，缺少主语，要用v-ing形式作主语。expse与ne's skin是动宾关系，故应用v-ing的被动式。答案为C。
四、句首使用v-ing短语作状语的形式
用在句首的v-ing形式作状语常常表示原因、时间、条件或让步，其后用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，v-ing短语形式具有“进行”和“主动”意义。但当v-ing短语的逻辑主语承受其动作时要用被动式；当v-ing表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前时要用完成式；否定形式是把nt放在v-ing短语的前边。
1. ____ frm ther cntinents fr millins f years, Australia has many plants and animals nt fund in any ther cuntry in the wrld. （2005湖北卷）
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. T be separated
析：从结构上看，判断为该动词短语作状语；从意义上看，该动词短语作原因状语，需用v-ing形式；从逻辑上看，句子的主语Australia与separate的关系应为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用被动形式；从题意上看，separate这个动作是在主句的谓语动词has之前发生的，因此要用v-ing的完成形式。故正确答案为C。
注：置于句首的v-ing短语作状语时，其前可加上相应的从属连词when, while, if, thugh, althugh, nce等，以明确所作状语的类型。
2. Thugh ________ mney, his parents managed t send him t university. （2002上海卷）
A. lacked B. lacking f C. lacking D. lacked in
析：his parents与lack是主谓关系，要用v-ing形式作状语，在前面加上thugh，使得让步意义更加明显。答案为C。
五、句首使用v-ed短语作状语的形式
用在句首的v-ed形式作状语也常常表示原因、时间、条件、让步或背景状态，其后也用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，只是v-ed短语形式具有“被动”和“完成”意义。
1. ____ in the muntains fr a week, the tw students are finally saved by the lcal plice.（2005江苏卷）
A. Having lst B. Lst C. Being lst D. Lsing
析：从结构上看，动词短语有逗号隔开，应为该动词短语作状语；此题测试词组be lst in...的用法，它表状态，不表动作。故答案为B。
2. ____ int use in April 2000, the htline was meant fr residents reprting water and heating supply breakdwns.（2005上海卷）
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
析：正确答案为A。主语the htline于2000年4月被投入使用，v.-ed短语这里作时间状语，可扩展为When it (the htline)was put int use in April 2000……
六、句首使用动词短语作插入语的形式
置于句首的动词短语如果只表示说话人对说话内容所持态度，不作句子中的任何成分，去掉后句子意义仍然完整，则属于插入语。这类插入语多为固定说法。如用t-v短语作插入语，常见的有：t tell (yu) the truth（实话说），t begin with（首先，第一），t make matters wrse（更糟糕的是），t be hnest/frank（老实说，坦白说）等；用v-ing短语作插入语，常见的有：judging frm/by...（从……判断），talking f...（谈及……），cnsidering...（鉴于/考虑到……），suppsing that...（假定……），generally speaking（一般来讲）等；用v-ed短语作插入语，常见的有:cmpared with/t...（与……相比较），given...（考虑到……），prvided that...（如果……）等。
____, the mre expensive the camera is, the better its quality.（2005全国卷III）
A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
正确答案为C。
巩固练习
1. _______ bld if yu can and many lives will be saved.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. T give
2. _____ time, he'll make a first-class player.
A. Having given B. T give C. Giving D. Given
3. ___ yu the truth, I dn’t like the way yu speak t me.
A. Tell B. T tell C. Tld D. Telling
4. ________ with a difficult situatin, Arnld decided t ask his bss fr advice.
A. T face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
5. _____ infrmatin is very imprtant t businessmen.
A. T cllect B. Cllecting C. Cllect D. Cllected
Keys: 1～5 BDBDB
Part One: Teaching Design
Perid 1: A sample lessn plan fr reading
(SAILING THE OCEANS)
Aims
T help students read abut sailing the ceans
T help students learn abut the predicate
Prcedures
■Warming up by leaning abut navigatr
What is a navigatr?
A navigatr is the persn nbard a ship respnsible fr the navigatin f the vessel. On aircraft, the psitin may als be referred t as a flight fficer. The navigatr's respnsibilities include planning the jurney, advising the captain (r pilt) while en rute, and ensuring that hazards r bstacles are avided.
What is explratin?
Explratin is the act f searching r traveling fr the purpse f discvery, e.g. f unknwn regins, including space (space explratin), r il, gas, cal, res, water (als knwn as prspecting), r infrmatin.
Explratin has existed as lng as human beings, but its peak is seen as being during the Age f Explratin when Eurpean navigatrs travelled arund the wrld.
In scientific research, explratin is ne f three purpses f research (the ther tw being descriptin and explanatin). Explratin is the attempt t develp an initial, rugh understanding f sme phenmenn.
■Warming up by talking abut Zheng He's Seven Vyages
In July 11, 1405, the eunuch Zheng He f the Ming Dynasty ryal curt set ut n his first verseas vyage.
In the fllwing 28 years, this navigatr prceeded t carry ut six mre vyages, accmpanied by a huge enturage f nearly 30,000 peple. By traveling thrughut Sutheast Asia, and arund the Indian Ocean t
the Red Sea and East Africa, he als landed at ver thirty different natins.
He was the earliest largest scale navigatin in wrld histry, cming mre than half a century earlier than Clumbus'famus explits...
■Warming up by lking and listening
Hell, class. D yu knw this man? Yes, he is Marc Pl.
Marc Pl (1254-1324), is prbably the mst famus Westerner traveled n the Silk Rad. He excelled all the ther travelers in his determinatin, his writing, and his influence. His jurney thrugh Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any f his predecessrs, beynd Mnglia t China. He became a cnfidant f Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whle f China and returned t tell the tale, which became the greatest travelgue.
I. Pre-reading
What are navigatinal instruments?
●Navigatinal instruments were built in the age f explratin t guide the explrers t their destinatins.
●navigatinal instrument - an instrument used fr navigating
artificial hrizn, flight indicatr, gyr hrizn - a navigatinal instrument based n a gyrscpe; prvides an artificial hrizn fr the pilt
cmpass - navigatinal instrument fr finding directins
depth finder - navigatinal instrument used t measure the depth f a bdy f water (as by ultrasund r radar)
inclinmeter - an instrument shwing the angle that an aircraft makes with the hrizn
instrument - a device that requires skill fr prper use
asdic, ech sunder, snar - a measuring instrument that sends ut an acustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms f the time fr the ech f the pulse t return; snar is an acrnym fr sund navigatin ranging;
asdic is an acrnym fr anti-submarine detectin investigatin cmmittee
II. Reading fr frms
Read the text SAILING THE OCEANS n page 12 t: cut/ the sentence int thught grups, blacken the predicative, darken the cnnectives and underline all the useful expressins.
SAILING THE OCEANS
We may well wnder/ hw seamen explred the ceans/ befre latitude /and lngitude made it pssible /t plt a ship's psitin/ n a map．The vyages f travelers/ befre the 17th century /shw that /they were nt at the mercy f the sea /even thugh they did nt have mdern navigatinal aids．S/ hw did they navigate s well? Read these pages/ frm an encyclpedia．
Page l：
page 2:
III. Cpying useful expressins and making sentences
Yu are ging t cpy in yur ntebk all the useful expressins and make sentences f yur wn with them.
IV. Transfrming infrmatin
Next yu are ging t read the text again t cmplete the chart belw.
V. Clsing dwn by reading mre abut sailing the ceans
Sailing the ceans
Fr thusands f years, peple have been sailing acrss the ceans and arund the wrld. Knwledge f cean currents and wind patterns has allwed peple t reliably reach their destinatins even after crssing huge expanses f pen cean.
In this phtgraph, a sailbat uses wind and currents t mve amng the islands f Micrnesia. Befre mdern navigatinal techniques were develped, navigatrs in the Suth Pacific relied n stick charts t indicate island lcatins relative t winds and
currents.
Tday, racing sailbats is a sprt, and teams test their skills by racing arund the wrld. Navigatin nw relies n satellites, but knwledge f wind patterns, cean currents, and ptential bstacles in unfamiliar waters is still essential fr sailing.
In this investigatin, yu'll plt a curse fr racing arund the wrld in a sailbat. Yu'll explre sme f the bstacles yu might encunter n yur rute; then yu'll have the pprtunity t revise yur rute t imprve yur speed.
Using nature t help
Keeping alngside the castline
This seems t have been the first /and mst useful frm f explratin /which carried the minimum amunt f risk．
Using celestial bdies
Nrth Star
At the Nrth Ple /the Nrth Star is at its highest psitin /in the sky, but at the equatr /it is alng the hrizn．S /accmplished navigatrs were able t use it /t plt their psitins．
Sun
On a clear day /especially during the summer/ the sailrs culd use the sun /verhead /at midday t navigate by．They can use the height f the sun /t wrk ut their latitude．
Cluds
Sea captains bserved the cluds /ver islands. There is a special clud frmatin /which indicates /there is land/ clse by.
Using wildlife
Seaweed
Sailrs ften saw seaweed/ in the sea /and culd tell /by the clur /and smell/ hw lng it had been there．If it was flesh /and smelled strngly，then /the ship was clse t land．
Birds
Sea birds culd be used t shw the way/ t land /when it was nwhere t be seen．In the evening /nesting birds return t land /and their nests．S /seamen culd fllw the birds /t land /even if they were ffshre/ and in the pen sea．
Using the weather
Fg
Fg gathers at sea /as well as ver streams /r rivers．Seamen used it /t help identify the psitin f a stream /r river /when they were clse t land．
Winds
Wise seamen used the winds/ t direct their sailing．They culd accelerate the speed，but they culd als be dangerus．S /the Vikings wuld bserve the winds /befre /and during their utward /r return jurneys．
Using the sea
Certain tides/ and currents culd be used /by skillful sailrs /t carry ships/ t their destinatin.
These skills helped sailrs/ explre the seas/ and discver new lands．They increased their ability/ t navigate new seas/ when they used instruments．
Using navigatinal instruments t help
Finding lngitude
There was n secure methd f measuring lngitude /until the 17th century/ when the British slved this theretical prblem．Nbdy knew that /the earth mved westwards/ 15 degrees/ every hur, but sailrs did knw an apprximate methd f calculating lngitude /using speed /and time．An early methd f measuring speed/ invlved thrwing a kntted rpe/ tied t a lg /ver the side f the ship．The rpe was tied t a lg /which was then/ thrwn int the sea．As the ship advanced thrugh the water /the knts were cunted/ as they passed thrugh a seaman’s hands．The number f knts/ that were cunted /during a fixed perid f time/ gave the speed f the ship/ in nautical miles /per hur．Later, when seamen began t use the cmpass /in the 12th century /they culd calculate lngitude /using cmplicated mathematical tables．The cmpass has a special magnetic pinter /which always indicates the Nrth Ple，s/ it is used t help find the directin /that the ship needs t g．In this way /the ship culd set a straight curse /even in the middle f the cean．
Finding latitude
The Bearing Circle
It was the first instrument /t measure the sun's psitin．A seaman wuld measure the sun’s shadw/ and cmpare it /with the height f the sun/ at midday．Then/ he culd tell if he was sailing n his crrect/ rather than a randm curse.
The Astrlabe
The astrlabe, quadrant/ and sextant are all cnnected. They are develpments /f ne anther．The earliest，the astrlabe，was a special all-in-ne tl /fr telling the psitin f the ship/ in relatin t the sun/ and varius stars /which cvered the whle sky．This gave the seamen /the lcal time /and allwed them /t find their latitude/ at sea．Hwever, it was awkward/ t use /as ne f the pints f reference/ was the mving ship itself．
The Quadrant
This was a mre precise/ and simplified versin f the astrlabe．It measured hw high stars were abve the hrizn /using a quarter circle/ rather than the full circle f the astrlabe．It was easier t handle /because it was mre
prtable．Its shrtcming was that it still used the mving ship /as ne f the fixed pints f reference．As the ship rse /and plunged /in the waves，it was extremely difficult /t be accurate /with any reading．
The sextant
The sextant was the updated versin /f the astrlabe /and quadrant/ which reduced the tendency/ t make mistakes．It prved t be the mst accurate /and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments．It wrks by measuring the angle /between tw fixed bjects /utside the ship/ using tw mirrrs．This made the calculatins mre precise /and easier t d．
sail the ceans, explre the ceans, plt a ship's psitin n a map, the vyages f travelers, befre the 17th century, at the mercy f…, have mdern navigatinal aids, read these pages frm an encyclpedia
use nature t help, keep alngside the castline, seem t have been…, the first and mst useful frm f explratin, carry the minimum amunt f risk
use celestial bdies, Nrth Star, at the Nrth Ple, at its highest psitin in the sky, at the equatr, alng the hrizn, accmplished navigatrs, be able t use…t plt their psitins, n a clear day, during the summer, use the sun verhead at midday t navigate by, use the height f the sun t wrk ut their latitude, bserve the cluds ver islands, a special clud frmatin, land clse by
use wildlife, see seaweed in the sea, tell…by the clur and smell, flesh and smelled strngly，clse t land, use sea birds t shw the way t land, in the evening, nesting birds, return t land and their nests, fllw the birds t land, in the pen sea
use weather, gather at sea, as well as ver streams r rivers, identify the psitin f a stream r river, clse t land, use the winds t direct ne’s sailing, accelerate the speed, bserve the winds, befre and during ne’s utward r return jurneys．
use the sea, carry ships t their destinatin, explre the seas, discver new lands, increase their ability t navigate new seas, use instruments
use navigatinal instruments t help…, find lngitude, secure methd f measuring lngitude, slve this theretical prblem, mve westwards, 15 degrees every hur, methd f calculating lngitude, use speed and time, methd f measuring speed, tie t…, ver the side f the ship, thrw…int…, advance thrugh the water, pass thrugh…, during a fixed perid f time, give the speed f…, in nautical miles per hur, use the cmpass, use cmplicated mathematical tables, have a special magnetic pinter, indicate the Nrth Ple, find the directin, in this way, set a straight curse, in the middle f the cean．
find latitude, the Bearing Circle, measure the sun's psitin, measure the sun’s shadw, cmpare…with…, the height f the sun at midday, sail n…, rather than a randm curse
a special all-in-ne tl fr telling the psitin f the ship, in relatin t…, give sb the lcal time, find ne’s latitude at sea, use as ne f the pints f reference, a mre precise and simplified versin f the astrlabe, abve the hrizn, use a quarter circle, use the mving ship as ne f the fixed pints f reference, plunge in the waves，the updated versin f the astrlabe and quadrant, reduce the tendency, make mistakes, the mst accurate and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments, wrk by measuring the angle
SAILING THE OCEANS
■Using nature t help keeping alngside the castline
■Using navigatinal instruments t help
●Using celestial bdies: Nrth Star; Sun; Cluds
●finding lngitude
●Using wildlife: Seaweed; Birds
●Finding latitude: The Bearing Circle; The Astrlabe; The Quadrant; The sextant
●Using the weather: Fg; Winds
●Using the sea
Additinal Materials
Cmplete the summary f the stry with ne wrd in each blank.
While sailing the _____1___we may make use f bth the nature ___2___ the navigatinal instruments t help.
By making use f the ____3___ t help, it is meant that we culd either ____4____ alngside the castline, __5___use celestial bdies like the nrth star, the sun and the cluds, __6___ use wildlife such as seaweed, birds, ___7__ use the weather such as fg and winds, __8___ use the sea.
By using ___9__ instruments t help it is meant __10___ we culd manage t sail either by finding lngitude __11___by finding latitude by means f the Bearing Circle, the Astrlabe, the Quadrant __12___ the Sextant.
(Key: 1.ceans 2.and 3.nature 4.keep 5.r 6.r 7.r 8.r 9.navigatinal 10.that 11.r 12.and )
Cmprehensin questins
1. What is the main tpic f this passage?
A. The vyages f the travelers befre the 17th century
B. Hw t plt a ship’s psitin n a map
C. Hw did ancient men navigate s well
D. Use nature t aid navigatin
2. Ancient navigatrs use navigatinal instruments t help them
A. find celestial bdies.
B. predict the weather.
C. explre the sea.
D. find latitude
3. The authr f the passage implies that the ancient navigatrs were
A. hard-wrking.
B. brave.
C. intelligent.
D. energetic
4. Accrding t the passage,
A. the ancient accmplished navigatrs were able t use Suth Star t plt their psitins．
B. Sea birds culd be used t shw the way t land when it was nwhere t be seen．
C. Wise seamen used the snws t direct their sailing．
D. The sextant prved t be the mst accurate and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments．
(Key: BDCB )
Ntes t the special sentences
1.S accmplished navigatrs were able t use it t plt their psitins．熟练的领航员就能够用它来确定自己的位置。句中accmplished是形容词，意思是“优秀的，熟练的”，作定语修饰其后的名词。Accmplished 的用法如下：已完成的; 已达到的： accmplished facts 既成事实； 学识渊博的, 技术高超的, 有成就的： an accmplished ck 厨艺精湛的厨师，Judy is accmplished in English teaching. 茱蒂擅长英语教学； 有教养的, 优雅的： an accmplished lady 才女
2.On a clear day especially during the summer the sailrs culd use the sun verhead at midday t navigate by．在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手可以使用正午头顶的太阳来引导他们航行。句中t navigate by作目的状语，修饰谓语动词，其中的by是介词，它的逻辑宾语是前面的the sun。 类似的例句有： I have n tpics t write abut.
He fund sme pens t write with. He is nt the persn t get alng with.
3.Sea birds culd be used t shw the way t land when it was nwhere t be seen．看不到陆地的时候，可以利用海鸟来定位通向陆地的方向。句中used后面有一个停顿。t到land作目的状语。句中when引导的是时间状语从句，修饰说明主句谓语动词。
4. The number f knts that were cunted during a fixed perid f time gave the speed f the ship in nautical miles per hur．一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。句中that were cunted during a fixed perid f time是定语从句，in nautical miles 和per hur 都是状语。
5. Later, when seamen began t use the cmpass in the 12th century they culd calculate lngitude using cmplicated mathematical tables．后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。using cmplicated mathematical tables 是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。更多例句：The by sat in frnt f the farm—huse cutting the branch. 那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。（伴随）
He came running back t tell me the news. 他跑回来告诉我这个消息。（方式）An ld man entered, supprted by a girl. 一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。（方式）
6. Then he culd tell if he was sailing n his crrect rather than a randm curse. 这样他就能弄清楚他是沿正确航线而不是紊乱航线航行。Rather than 的例句还有：I think I’ll have a cld drink rather than cffee. Why didn’t yu ask fr help, rather than trying t d it n yur wn?
7.The earliest，the astrlabe，was a special all-in-ne tl fr telling the psitin f the ship in relatin t the sun and varius stars which cvered the whle sky．最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。in relatin t …是复合介词短语，作状语。 请看：in relatin t (= cncerning) this matter。 Its brain is small in relatin t (= cmpared with) its bdy. Little f what he said has any relatin t fact.
8.It prved t be the mst accurate and reliable f these early navigatinal instruments．它证明是这些早期航海仪器中最准确最可靠的一种。句中prved可以看作半系动词，后接表语。
lk，turn，feel，get，becme，sund，smell，stand，g，remain等都可能用作半连系动词。例如：He lked a perfect fl．他看上去是个十足的傻瓜。He turned traitr t his cuntry．他背叛了祖国。I felt very hungry after a lng walk．走了一段长路，我感到很饿。
Our mtherland is getting strnger and strnger．我们国家变得越来越强大了。Sme f the land became cvered with water．一些田地覆盖着水。The stry sunds interesting．这故事听起来很有趣。he flwers smell sweet．花朵散发芳香。Hlding the nte in his hand，he std there dumbfunded．他拿着钞票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。They went mad．他们发狂了。He never remained satisfied with his success．他从不满足于自己的成绩。
相关高考链接
句首动词命题透视
请看课文第一段最后一句：Read these pages frm an encyclpedia. 句首使用了动词。现在
我们来透视一下句首动词命题的相关情况：
一、句首使用动词原形
此类题目多通过特定句式、固定结构考查动词的形式。近年高考考查的重点多为动词原形开头的祈使句或“祈使句+and/r+陈述句”句型。
1. —What shuld I d with this passage?
—_____ the main idea f each paragraph. （2005重庆卷）
A. Finding ut B. Fund ut C. Find ut D. T find ut
析：该句省略了主语，复原后整个句子应为：Yu shuld find ut the main idea f each paragraph.正确答案为C。
2. —English has a large vcabulary, hasn't it?
—Yes. ______ mre wrds and expressins and yu will find it easier t read and cmmunicate. （2004上海卷）
A. Knw B. Knwing C. T knw D. Knwn
析：根据题意和结构可知，该题考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，故首空应用动词原形。答案为A。
二、句首使用t-v短语形式
置于句首的t-v短语形式常作目的状语，其后使用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构（作目的状语的t-v短语放在句后也可以）。注意：若v-t形式表示的动作为句子的主语所承受，则需使用被动式。
______ late in the afternn, Bb turned ff the alarm.（2001北京春季卷）
A. T sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
析：从整个句子结构上看，逗号后面没有连词或关系词，可知此题考查非谓语动词形式。结合句子语意，应用不定式结构作目的状语。答案选A。
三、句首使用v-ing短语作主语的形式
v-ing短语作主语其判定方法为：该动词短语作主语与谓语动词直接连接，没有逗号隔开。
_____ t sunlight fr t much time will d harm t ne's skin. （2002上海卷）
A. Expsed B. Having expsed C. Being expsed D. After being expsed
析：分析句子结构可知，will d是谓语，缺少主语，要用v-ing形式作主语。expse与ne's skin是动宾关系，故应用v-ing的被动式。答案为C。
四、句首使用v-ing短语作状语的形式
用在句首的v-ing形式作状语常常表示原因、时间、条件或让步，其后用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，v-ing短语形式具有“进行”和“主动”意义。但当v-ing短语的逻辑主语承受其动作时要用被动式；当v-ing表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前时要用完成式；否定形式是把nt放在v-ing短语的前边。
1. ____ frm ther cntinents fr millins f years, Australia has many plants and animals nt fund in any ther cuntry in the wrld. （2005湖北卷）
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. T be separated
析：从结构上看，判断为该动词短语作状语；从意义上看，该动词短语作原因状语，需用v-ing形式；从逻辑上看，句子的主语Australia与separate的关系应为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用被动形式；从题意上看，separate这个动作是在主句的谓语动词has之前发生的，因此要用v-ing的完成形式。故正确答案为C。
注：置于句首的v-ing短语作状语时，其前可加上相应的从属连词when, while, if, thugh, althugh, nce等，以明确所作状语的类型。
2. Thugh ________ mney, his parents managed t send him t university. （2002上海卷）
A. lacked B. lacking f C. lacking D. lacked in
析：his parents与lack是主谓关系，要用v-ing形式作状语，在前面加上thugh，使得让步意义更加明显。答案为C。
五、句首使用v-ed短语作状语的形式
用在句首的v-ed形式作状语也常常表示原因、时间、条件、让步或背景状态，其后也用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，只是v-ed短语形式具有“被动”和“完成”意义。
1. ____ in the muntains fr a week, the tw students are finally saved by the lcal plice.（2005江苏卷）
A. Having lst B. Lst C. Being lst D. Lsing
析：从结构上看，动词短语有逗号隔开，应为该动词短语作状语；此题测试词组be lst in...的用法，它表状态，不表动作。故答案为B。
2. ____ int use in April 2000, the htline was meant fr residents reprting water and heating supply breakdwns.（2005上海卷）
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
析：正确答案为A。主语the htline于2000年4月被投入使用，v.-ed短语这里作时间状语，可扩展为When it (the htline)was put int use in April 2000……
六、句首使用动词短语作插入语的形式
置于句首的动词短语如果只表示说话人对说话内容所持态度，不作句子中的任何成分，去掉后句子意义仍然完整，则属于插入语。这类插入语多为固定说法。如用t-v短语作插入语，常见的有：t tell (yu) the truth（实话说），t begin with（首先，第一），t make matters wrse（更糟糕的是），t be hnest/frank（老实说，坦白说）等；用v-ing短语作插入语，常见的有：judging frm/by...（从……判断），talking f...（谈及……），cnsidering...（鉴于/考虑到……），suppsing that...（假定……），generally speaking（一般来讲）等；用v-ed短语作插入语，常见的有:cmpared with/t...（与……相比较），given...（考虑到……），prvided that...（如果……）等。
____, the mre expensive the camera is, the better its quality.（2005全国卷III）
A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
正确答案为C。
巩固练习
1. _______ bld if yu can and many lives will be saved.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. T give
2. _____ time, he'll make a first-class player.
A. Having given B. T give C. Giving D. Given
3. ___ yu the truth, I dn’t like the way yu speak t me.
A. Tell B. T tell C. Tld D. Telling
4. ________ with a difficult situatin, Arnld decided t ask his bss fr advice.
A. T face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
5. _____ infrmatin is very imprtant t businessmen.
A. T cllect B. Cllecting C. Cllect D. Cllected
Keys: 1～5 BDBDB
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