牛津译林版八年级下册Unit 7 International Charities教案

Grammar

Teaching aims:

1. To understand the structure of the passive voice.

2. Master Passive voice in the simple present and past tenses

Teaching steps:

Step 1 Presentation

1. Give students a picture, present new words and phrases.

2. Give students some passive sentences in the unit, translate them into Chinese.

Step 2 Grammar

1. 被动语态和主动语态的基本概念

语态是动词的一种形式，表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。

英语中的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

当主语是谓语的执行者时，用主动语态。当主语是谓语的承受者时，用被动语态。

  e.g. We clean the classroom every day.  我们每天都打扫教室。

The classroom is cleaned (by us) every day.

教室每天都被(我们)打扫。

被动语态的基本结构为“主语 + be + 及物动词的过去分词”，其中，be因主语人称和时态的不同要用其适当的形式，在be后加not可变为否定结构。

一般现在时的被动语态的基本结构为

“主语 + is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词”。

e.g. The little boy is looked after well in the kindergarten.

     The streets are cleaned every day.

一般过去时的被动语态的基本结构为“主语 + was / were + 及物动词的过去分词”。

e.g. The window was broken.

     Those old newspapers were thrown away.

被动语态的一般疑问句形式是把be提到主语之前，其他成分语序不变，句末用问号。

e.g. Is your classroom cleaned every day?

     Was this house built last year?

2. Summary

3. Practice: Underline the passive voice in the following sentences.

1) The cake was eaten by Daniel.

2) Nancy bought a book yesterday.

3) The little dog is looked after very well by Simon.

4) He is reading English.

5) The computer is bought by my uncle .

6) I am woken up by my father every morning.

Keys: was eaten   is looked after   am woken up by my father

4. 被动语态的基本用法

  1) None of the books was taken away.

动作的执行者是泛指或者不言自明时。

2) The toy is designed for children.

在不知道动作的执行者是谁时。

3) My bike was repaired.

需要强调动作的承受者时。

4) The problem was talked about just now.

出于委婉或礼貌而避谈动作的执行者时。

5) Mr Wu is liked by all of his students.

在被动语态的句子中, 如果我们需要指出动作的执行者, 可以由by引出。

注意：被动语态还可用于某些习惯用语中，如“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”、“出生于”等

e.g. He was born in Nanjing.

It is said that the 75-year-old man can still eat three bowls of rice for lunch.

5. Practice

  1)Today English _______ all over China.

    A. teach             B. teaches   

    C. is taught          D. are taught

2) The meeting _______ two weeks ago.

    A. hold             B. was held  

    C. were held         D. is held

3) The thief ________ by the police last night.

    A. caught            B. is caught  

    C. was caught        D. were caught

4) The photos _______ when I was young.

    A. were taken         B. was taken

    C. are taken           D. is taken

5) Millie is my best friend. I ___ often ____ to her party.

    A. is invited                B. am invited      

    C. are invited             D. was invited

6) Last year Beijing ____ by a big sandstorm.

    A. is hit                       B. were hit 

    C. will be hit              D. was hit

6. 主动语态和被动语态的句式转换

主动语态转换为被动语态后，主动语态中的宾语也就是动作的承受者变成了被动语态的主语；主动语态的谓语结构变为被动语态的谓语结构“be + 及物动词的过去分词形式”。

主动语态中的主语，即动作的执行者之前加介词by，在被动语态中作状语。如果不需要强调动作的执行者时，这个状语可以省略。

7. 主动+谓语+双宾语的句式转换

e.g. Mary feeds the dog three times a day.

     →The dog is fed by Mary three times a day.

     Our class set up the Music Club last year.

     →The Music Club was set up (by our class) last year.

     Did the policeman catch the thief?

     →Was the thief caught by the policeman?

注意：

1) 有些动词, 其主动语态形式含有被动意义。如: 系动词smell, taste, sound, feel等。

   The dish smells good. 这道菜闻起来很香。

   The music sounds nice. 这段音乐听起来不错。

还有一些不及物动词,常用主动语态, 和well, easily等副词连用, 含有被动意义。如: read, write, draw, sell, wash, cook, clean 等。 

The books sell well. 这些书很畅销。

The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很顺滑。

2) 在感官动词和使役动词的主动语态句式中, 动词不定式的to常省去, 但是在被动语态中要加上to。  

7. Finish Exercises A-B on page 99-100.

  The Class 1, Grade 8 students are talking about the different things people can do for the poor. Look at the pictures and help them complete their notes using the words in brackets and the passive voice. Add the word by when necessary.

  What they do every year

1) Charity activities _________________________ (plan/to help the poor).

2) Leaflets __________________________________________ (hand out/to people in the street/ volunteers).

 3) Toys and CDs _____________________(sell/to raise money).

What they did last week

4) New books ___________________________ (send/to children in poor areas/the Class 1, Grade 8 students).

5) Warm clothes __________________________ (collect/for poor people).

6) A charity show _____________________________ (hold/the Students’ Union).

Keys: are planned to help the poor

are handed out to people in the street by volunteers

are sold to raise money

were sent to children in poor areas by the Class 1, Grade 8 students

were collected for poor people

was held by the Students’ Union

Amy and Daniel are talking about charities. Complete their conversation with the words in brackets using the passive voice. 

Amy:  I’m reading a book about Oxfam.

Daniel: Really? Please tell me about it.

Amy:  OK. Oxfam ___________ (set up) in the UK in 1942, and the first Oxfam               shop __________ (open) in 1948. Now it has about 15,000 shops all over the world. A lot of things _________ (sell) in Oxfam shops, including books. The money _______ (use) by Oxfam to help poor people.     

Daniel: That’s good. There are also some charity projects in China. One of               them ________ (call) Project Hope.  It __________ (start) in 1989. With its help, millions of poor children all over the country __________ (give) basic education.

Amy:  Yea. Many schools __________ (build) in poor areas each year.

Keys: was set up   was opened   are sold   is used    is called

was started    were given    are built

Step 3 Do some exercises

把下列主动语态的句子变为被动语态,或把被动语态的句子变为主动语态。

1. Tome often helps Jenny when she is in trouble.

2. I bought a computer last week.

3. The whole cake was eaten by Eddie yesterday.

4. Many trees are planted by students and teachers every year.

5. She takes good care of the children.

Step 4 Homework

1. Review the contents of this lesson.

2. Finish the exercises in the workbook.

3. Preview the next lesson.