2020版高考新创新一轮复习英语北师大版学案：语法第三部分第四讲状语从句
展开第四讲状语从句
时间和条件状语从句 |
[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·北京高考改编)________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
解析：If 句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，此处应该用 if 引导条件状语从句，表示主句内容发生的条件。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, ________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解析： as/when 句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(或：当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，此处可用as/when引导时间状语从句。
3．(2016·四川高考)The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.________ it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
解析： When/If 第二句句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据句意可知，应填when或if。
4．(2014·辽宁高考)Unbelievable! Oh ...，________ you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath.
解析：if 此处表示：噢……如果你不介意，我要停下来做一下深呼吸。根据句意可知，应填if引导条件状语从句。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.________________
解析：where→when 根据句意可知，父母是在我小时候教我玩纸牌的，所以此处要用when引导时间状语从句。
2．(2015·陕西高考)My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up. ________________
解析： after→when/while 句意：我所犯的唯一的错误就是当我打包它们(饼干)的时候，掉在了地上一些。when/while“当……的时候”，after“在……之后”。根据句意应将after改为when/while。
[谨记规则]
(一)时间状语从句
1．when, while和as引导的时间状语从句
连词 | 含义 | 用法 |
when | 当……时候 | 可与延续性动词或非延续性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生 |
while | 当……时候 | 只可与延续性动词连用；侧重于主句动作与从句动作相对比 |
as | 一边……一边……；随着 | 常与延续性动词连用；从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生 |
Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played, sales of French wines went up.英国的研究者发现，播放法国音乐时，法国葡萄酒的销量会增加。
While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images.
孩子们在看电视的时候，接收的不只是文字和图像信息。
As he grew older, he became less active.
随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。
[特别注意] 如果主句表示的是非延续性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作，则when, while与as可互换使用。
When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend.
我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。
2．表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语引导的时间状语从句
(1)有的名词(短语)或副词可引导时间状语从句，如：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly等，另外as soon as也可引导时间状语从句，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。
For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start adjusting your biological clock to the destination's time.例如，你一上飞机，就开始按照目的地的时间调整你的生物钟。
The boy ran off the minute he saw the owner of the orchard.那个男孩一见到果园的主人就跑开了。
(2)在hardly/scarcely ... when/before ...和no sooner ... than ...结构中，主句用过去完成时，than, before或when所在的从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly told him the news when he stopped listening.
我一告诉他那则消息他就不听了。
He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.他一完成演讲，学生就开始欢呼起来。
[特别注意] 在hardly/scarcely ... when/before ..., no sooner ... than ...结构中，当hardly, scarcely或no sooner位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
They had hardly reached Edinburgh when they were ordered to return to London.
＝Hardly had they reached Edinburgh when they were ordered to return to London.
他们刚抵达爱丁堡就接到了回伦敦的命令。
3．till, until和not ... until/till的用法
until, till两者均表示“直到……为止”，引导时间状语从句。肯定句中，其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词，表示某动作一直延续到某时间为止。not ... until ..., not ... till ...两者均表示“直到……才……”，not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词，表示某动作直到某时间才开始。until可用于句首，而till不可放在句首，till一般不用于强调句型。
The father waited until his daughter had finished her homework.那位父亲一直等到他的女儿做完家庭作业。
The baby didn't go to bed until/till his mother returned.
这个婴儿直到他的妈妈回来才睡觉。
4．after, before引导的时间状语从句
after表示“在……之后”，before表示“在……之前；还没来得及……就……”。
He changed his name after he left his hometown.
离开家乡后他把名字改了。
Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood diseases.在现代医学改变自然规律之前，许多孩子死于一些常见的儿童疾病。
[特别注意] (1)“It will be/was＋时间段＋before从句”表示“在……之前还要多久/过了多久才……”。
It will be half a year before I graduate.半年后我才毕业。
(2)“It won't be/wasn't＋时间段＋before从句”表示“过不了多久就……/没过多久就……”。
It wasn't long before we started.没过多久我们就动身了。
5．since引导的时间状语从句
since意为“自从……以来”，从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词，主句的谓语动词一般是延续性动词。since从句的时态若是一般过去时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。此外，since常用于以下句型：
It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句常用一般过去时
“It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句(常用一般过去时)”句型的含义取决于从句的谓语动词是否为延续性动词。若从句谓语动词为非延续性动词，则表示从该动作开始一直延续到现在多久；若从句谓语动词为延续性动词，则表示从该动作结束到现在多久。
They have been friends since they met for the first time in London.自从在伦敦第一次见面以来，他们一直是朋友。
It is three years since the war ended.
战争已经结束三年了。
It is three years since he lived here.
他不在这里住已经有三年了。
6．其他常见名词短语引导的时间状语从句
every time 每次 each time 每次
any time 任何时候 next time 下次
all the time (在某段时间内)一直
the first/last time 一次/最后一次
the day/year ... 天/年……
Every time I meet her I always forget her name.
每次我见到她时，我总记不起她的名字。
The first time I met her, I thought her nice and honest.
我第一次遇见她时，就觉得她友好又诚实。
(二)条件状语从句
1．引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词(短语)有：
if, unless, as/so long as, in case (万一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing/suppose (that), assuming that (假设)等。
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard.
除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。
They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.
他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们必须在周末前归还。
My parents don't mind what job I do as long as I am happy.
我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。
2．only if和if only的区别
only if意为“只有”，置于句首时主句的主谓要用部分倒装。if only意为“但愿；要是……就好了”，引导的从句要用虚拟语气：与现在的情况相反时，从句用一般过去时；与过去的情况相反时，从句用过去完成时；与将来的情况相反时，谓语用“would/could＋动词原形”。
Only if he studies harder can he catch up with others.
他只有更加努力学习才能赶上其他人。
If only it would stop raining！但愿雨会停！
其他状语从句 |
[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·天津高考改编)Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend so _______ they get sweet enough to be eaten.
解析：that so that “以便；为了”，在此处引导目的状语从句。
2．(2017·北京高考改编)________ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
解析：Although 句意：尽管鸟类用羽毛飞行，但是它们的一些羽毛也有其他用途。由句意可知，空处引导让步状语从句，故填Although。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2015·浙江高考)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.________________
解析：If→Although/Though 句意：尽管在那个教室学习时我仅仅是一个孩子，但我永远忘不了它。根据句意可知，此处并不存在条件关系，而是表示让步，应将if改为although或though。
2．(2014·全国卷)And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can.________________
解析：that→as as many ... as we can为固定句式，as引导比较状语从句。
[谨记规则]
(一)让步状语从句
1．although, though, as与while引导的让步状语从句
(1)although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序； though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Although/Though he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face.
尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。
Child as/though he was, he helped me a lot.
尽管他是个孩子，他却帮了我很大的忙。
Try as/though he might, he could not open the door.
不管他怎样努力，他都无法打开那个门。
(2)although与though都可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。
Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。
(3)while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。
While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意这些问题不能解决。
2．even if与even though引导的让步状语从句
even if与even though表示“即使，纵然”，引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。
I'll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.
我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。
Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.
即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。
3．“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋ever”引导的让步状语从句
(1)“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。
Don't trust him, no matter what/whatever he says.
无论他说什么，不要相信他。
(2)whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”不可以。
4．whether ... or (not) ...引导的让步状语从句
Whether ... or ...表示“不论……还是……”，提供两种对比情况。
We'll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。
(二)地点和原因状语从句
1．地点状语从句
地点状语从句可用where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引导。地点状语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾。
If you happen to get lost in the wild, you'd better stay where you are and wait for help.如果你刚好在野外迷路了，你最好待在你所在的地方等待救援。
Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.她所到之处都有成群的人等着见她。
[特别注意] where既可引导定语从句，也可引导状语从句。引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，where可替换成“介词＋which”；而状语从句前则无先行词。
You'd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions. (定语从句)
You'd better make a mark where you have any questions. (状语从句)
你最好在你有问题的地方做个标记。
2．原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：
because因为 as由于 since既然
now that既然 seeing that由于；鉴于
in that由于；因为 considering (that)考虑到；鉴于
(1)because用来回答why的提问，语气最强，一般放在主句之后。
(2)since, now that表示已知的理由、稍加分析即可表明的原因，多放在句首。
(3)as引导的从句常放在句首，说明次要的原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中(注意比较：for连接的是并列句)。
I don't get lonely now because I make the effort to see people.我现在不觉得孤独了，因为我尝试着与人交往。
As it is fine, we shall go out for a walk.
因为天气不错，我们将外出散步。
[知识拓展]
when也可表示“既然”，引导原因状语从句。
How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television？既然他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了，还怎么能学到东西呢？
(三)目的和结果状语从句
1．目的状语从句
(1)in order that与so that引导的目的状语
两个连词都意为“以便……；为了……”，其引导的状语从句中谓语应用“could/should/might/would＋动词原形”。in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后；而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
Speak louder so that/in order that the people in the hall can all hear you.大点声讲，以便大厅里的人都能听见。
In order that we might get there on time, we should set out early.为了准时赶到那里，我们应该早点出发。
[特别注意] 当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的动词不定式结构。
We got up early so that we could arrive in time.
→We got up early so as to arrive in time.
为了能及时赶到，我们起得很早。
Betty saved money in order that she could buy a portable computer.
→Betty saved money in order to buy a portable computer.
贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。
(2)for fear that与in case引导的目的状语从句
for fear that表示“唯恐；生怕”；in case表示“以免，以防”。
Leave your key with your neighbor in case you lock yourself out one day.
留一把钥匙给你的邻居，以防哪天你把自己锁在门外。
2．结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：
so that以至于 so ... that ...如此……以至于……
such ... that ...如此……以至于……
so ... that ...与such ... that ...引导结果状语从句的结构形式为：
He is so experienced a worker that we all believe him.
＝He is such an experienced worker that we all believe him.
他是一位很有经验的工人，我们都信任他。
[特别注意] (1)在so ... that ...和such ... that ...结构中，当“so＋adj./adv.”或“such＋n.”置于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
So fast did he run that I couldn't catch him.
他跑得那么快，我抓不住他。
(2)除结果状语从句外，too ... to ..., ... enough to ..., so ... as to ..., such ... as to ...等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。
He got up too late to catch the first train.
＝He didn't get up early enough to catch the first train.
＝He got up so late as to miss the first train.
他起床太晚了以至于没赶上第一班火车。
(四)方式和比较状语从句
1．方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：
as正如；按照 as if/as though好像；仿佛
as if或as though引导的从句与事实相反时，通常用虚拟语气：与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，从句谓语用“had＋过去分词”；与将来事实相反，从句谓语用“would/could/might＋动词原形”。从句内容与事实相符或可能成为事实时，则用陈述句语气。
They treat her as though she were their daughter.
他们待她如亲生女儿一样。
Look at the clouds! It looks as if it is going to rain.
看那些云！看起来好像要下雨了。
2．比较状语从句
比较状语从句一般位于句尾，常用as ... as, not as/so ... as, 比较级＋than引导。
He is taller than any other student in our school.
他比我们学校的其他任何一个学生都高。
[知识拓展] what引导的比较状语从句的句式：A is to B what C is to D．“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。
Air is to us what water is to fish.
空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样(重要)。
语法填空解题“3知能”
1．牢记连词词义并能熟练运用是解答题目的先决条件；
2．牢记固定句式结构，确定从属连词；
3．根据主从句的逻辑关系确定状语从句的连接词。
如果主从句是因果关系，则要考虑用because, as, since; 如果主从句有时间先后之分，则要考虑用时间状语从句的连接词；如果从句为主句的条件， 则要考虑用if; 如果从句表示让步， 则要考虑用although, though, while。
1．And he speaks so slowly and strangely_that_it takes patience to understand what he is saying.
2．Not until we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace can we smile in relief.
3．In addition, some sharp remarks, though/although/while they are eyecatching, may have misleading effects on the youth.
4．Interesting as/though it may seem, I don't like it.
5．This is the first time I have seen the moonlight since I came here.
6．I believe this sports meeting will remain a precious memory for all of us as time goes by.
7．If the guests are seated at the table, the hosts may serve the food, or it may be passed so that_each person may help himself.
8．Air pollution is getting more and more serious, so we must take action before it is too late.
短文改错解题“3步骤”
第1步分析句子结构，弄清逻辑关系；
第2步判断状语从句类型；
第3步锁定从属连词。
1．I have fallen in love with journalism when I was a child.when→since
2．Before the old man came back, the smell of the whisky reminded him of the accident.Before→When
3．The club was very popular that many students signed up for it.very→so_
4．Write to me unless you have any questions about the schedule.unless→if
5．Luckily, he was the only one who finally got the job, so the manager decided to give the job to whoever he believed was helpful._so→because
6．As long as insects happen to touch the webs, no matter what hard they try, they can't escape.what→how
7．Besides, assign a little extra time for each task, such that the work will be carried out systematically.such→so
8．Shaking hands is the most popular way to greet each other while people meet.while→when
9．They said this was so a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.so→such
10．It's good to arrive early so you can get settled after classes start.after→before
