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高中英语高考考向23 阅读理解之推理判断题(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题
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这是一份高中英语高考考向23 阅读理解之推理判断题(原卷版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题，共18页。
这种问题的提问方式通常有：
1. Frm paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred frm the passage? / Frm the last paragraph we can infer that.
2. We can infer frm the text that…/ What can we learn frm…? / We can cnclude frm the passage that…
3. The last sentence f the first paragraph mst prbably implies that.
4. The authr implies that by the year 2080, .
5. T slve the present scial prblems the authr suggests that we shuld.
6. The authr mentins the fact that…t shw.
7. This passage wuld mst likely be fund in _________?
8. The authr’s attitude tward …is _________?
9. The tne f the passage can best be described as _________?
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。
推理判断题常见有以下形式：
1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
【典例示例】
（2019·新课标I卷，B） Fr Canaan Elementary’s secnd grade in Patchgue, N.Y.，tday is speech day, and right nw it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-ld is the jker f the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the f kid wh wuld enjy public speaking.
But he’s, nervus.“I’m here t tell yu tday why yu shuld … shuld…”Chris trips n the“-ld,”a prnunciatin difficulty fr many nn-native English speakers. His teacher, Thmas Whaley, is next t him, whispering supprt.“…Vte fr …me …”Except fr sme stumbles, Chris is ding amazingly well. When he brings his speech t a nice cnclusin, Whaley invites the rest f the class t praise him.
A sn f immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little ver three years ag. Whaley recalls(回想起) hw at the beginning f the year, when called upn t read, Chris wuld excuse himself t g t the bathrm.
Learning English as a secnd language can be a painful experience. What yu need is a great teacher wh lets yu make mistakes. “It takes a lt fr any student,” Whaley explains, “especially fr a student wh is learning English as their new language, t feel cnfident enugh t say, ‘I dn’t knw, but I want t knw.’”
Whaley gt the idea f this secnd-grade presidential campaign prject when he asked the children ne day t raise their hands if they thught they culd never be a president. The answer brke his heart. Whaley says the prject is abut mre than just learning t read and speak in public. He wants these kids t learn t bast(夸耀) abut themselves.
“Basting abut yurself, and yur best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult fr a child wh came int the classrm nt feeling cnfident.”
26. We can infer that the purpse f Whaley’s prject is t _________.
A. help students see their wn strengths
B. assess students’ public speaking skills
C. prepare students fr their future jbs
D. inspire students’ lve fr plitics
27. Which f the fllwing best describes Whaley as a teacher?
A. Humrus.B. Ambitius.C. Caring.D. Demanding.
【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述Thmas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程。
26. A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley says the prject is abut mre than just learning t read and speak in public. He wants these kids t learn t bast abut themselves.以及最后一段 “basting abut yurself, and yur best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult fr a child wh came int the classrm nt feeling cnfident.”可知，这个课程不仅仅教孩子阅读以及公共演讲，还要让孩子学会夸耀自己，而夸耀自己对于那些进入教室没有信心的学生来说很困难，故可知，Whaley老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己的优势增加信心，故选A。
27. C
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley gt the idea f this secnd-grade presidential campaign prject when he asked the children ne day t raise their hands if they thught they culd never be a president.和最后一段He wants these kids t learn t bast abut themselves可知，当他有一天问学生认为自己当不了总统请举手的时候，想到了一个想法，这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心，故可以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。humrus 幽默的，ambitius 有雄心壮志的；caring关心的；demanding要求高的。故选C。
2．因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。
【典例示例】（2019·全国卷III，C）
Befre the 1830s, mst newspapers were sld thrugh annual subscriptins in America, usually $8 t $10 a year. Tday $8 r $10 seems a small amunt f mney, but at that time these amunts were frbidding t mst citizens. Accrdingly, newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple in plitics r the trades. In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding. But the revlutin that was taking place in the 1830s wuld change all that.
The trend, then, was tward the "penny paper"-a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.
This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible(but nt easy)t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830,but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer’s ffice t purchase a cpy. Street sales were almst unknwn. Hwever, within a few years, street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities. At first the price f single cpies was seldm a penny-usually tw r three cents was charged-and sme f the lder well-knwn papers charged five r six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public’s fancy, and sn there wuld be papers that did indeed sell fr nly a penny.
This new trend f newspapers fr "the man n the street" did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh were wners f successful papers, had little desire t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.
29. What did street sales mean t newspapers?
A. They wuld be priced higher.B. They wuld disappear frm cities.
C. They culd have mre readers.D. They culd regain public trust.
31. What can we say abut the birth f the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult prcess.B. It was a temprary success.
C. It was a rbbery f the pr.D. It was a disaster fr printers.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。
29. C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。
31. A
【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend f newspapers fr ‘the man n the street’ did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh wners f successful papers, had little desires t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。
3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题
高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：
（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。
（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。
（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
表示态度的形容词：(1)psitive 积极的 (9) reserved
(2)negative 消极的 (10) indifferent 漠不关心的
(3) ptimistic 乐观的 (11)cautius 谨慎的
(4) pessimistic 悲观的 (12) surprised 惊讶的
(5) bjective 客观的 (13)sympathize 同情的
(6) subjective 主观的 (14)supprt 支持的
(7) admiring 羡慕的 (15)dubt 怀疑的
(8)critical 批评的 (16) apprve 赞成的
（17）irnic 讽刺的 （18）neutral 中立的
【典例示例】
Parents shuld stp blaming themselves because there’s nt a lt they can d abut it. I mean the teenager(十几岁的孩子) prblem. Whatever yu d r hwever yu chse t deal with it, at certain times a wnderful, reasnable and helpful child will turn int a terrible animal.
I’ve seen friends deal with it in all kinds f different ways. One strict mther insisted that her sn, right frm a child, shuld stand up whenever anyne entered the rm, pen drs and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called rund. Sprawling himself(懒散地躺) n the sfa in full length, he made n attempt t turn ff the lud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was n mre than a quick glance at me. His mther was ashamed. “I dn’t knw what t d with him these days,” she said. “He’s frgtten all the manners we taught him.”
He hasn’t frgtten them. He’s just decided that he’ s nt ging t use them. She cnfessed(坦白) that she wuld like t cme up behind him and thrw him dwn frm the sfa nt the flr.
Anther gd friend f mine let her tw daughters climb all ver the furniture, reach acrss the table, stare at me and say, “I dn’t like yur dress; it’s ugly.” One f the daughters has recently been driven ut f schl. The ther has left hme.
“Where did we g wrng?” her parents are nw very sad. Prbably nwhere much. At least, n mre than the rest f that unfrtunate race, parents.
1. The by n the sfa wuld mst prbably be described as ______.
A. lazy B. quiet C. unusual D. rude
2. Frm the secnd example we can infer that the parents f the tw daughters ______.
A. pay n attentin t them B. are t busy t lk after them
C. have cme t hate them D. feel helpless t d much abut them
3. What is the authr’s pinin abut the sudden change in teenage children?
A. Parents have n chice but t try t accept it.
B. Parents shuld pay still sre attentin t the change.
C. Parents shuld wrk mre clsely with schl teachers.
D. Parents are at fault fr the change in their children.
【答案与解析】
1.D 此题属于对人物性格的推断，根据文中第二段“One strict mther insisted that her sn, right frm a child, shuld stand up whenever anyne entered the rm, pen drs and shake hands like a gentleman. ”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话可知，以为严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是不礼貌。
2. D 此题属于对“人物心情处境的推断”。根据最后一段，“‘Where did we g wrng?’ her parents are nw very sad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为D。
3.A 此题属于“对态度及观点的推断”，文中第一句话“Parents shuld stp blaming themselves because there’s nt a lt they can d abut it.”就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了“Prbably nwhere much. At least, n mre than the rest f that unfrtunate race, parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。
4．篇章结构推断题
根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。
【典例示例】
Have yu ever wndered why birds sing? Maybe yu thught that they were just happy. After all, yu prbably sing r whistle when yu are happy.
Sme scientists believe that birds d sing sme f the time just because they are happy. Hwever, they sing mst f the time fr a very different reasn. Their singing is actually a warning t ther birds t stay ut f their territry.
…
1. Hw des the writer explain birds’ singing?
A. By cmparing birds with human beings.
B. By reprting experiment results.
C. By describing birds’ daily life.
D. By telling a bird’s stry.
【答案】A
【解析】由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。
5．文章结论推断题
由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。
【典例示例】（2019·北京卷，D）
By the end f the century，if nt sner，the wrld’s ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate，accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms(海洋微生物)called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms，these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue，depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas, while reducing it in ther spts，leading t changes in the cean’s appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface, where they pull carbn dixide(二氧化碳)int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die，they bury carbn in the deep cean，an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth，since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw，but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT’s Center fr Glbal Change Science，built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃，it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters，such as thse f the Arctic，a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn，and these areas will turn greener. “Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing. ”she said，“but the type f phytplanktn is changing. ”
45. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T assess the cnsequences f cean clur changes
B. T analyse the cmpsitin f the cean fd chain
C. T explain the effects f climate change n ceans
D. T intrduce a new methd t study phytplanktn
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
45. C
【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld’s ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s warning trend Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。
6.写作目的推断题
这类题的题干中常有purpse，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend t, meant t, in rder t等。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的目的和态度。
与写作目的对应的文章如下：
（1）t entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
（2）t persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。
t infrm readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性文章。
（3）开头提出问题——让读者关注主题。
简介相关事物——为了引出主题。
列举具体事例——说明文段的主题
【典例示例】
“Have yu ever been ut n a bat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have yu jumped in the water and felt the rush f energy as waves came ver yu?” asked Jamie Taylr f the Wave Energy Grup at the University f Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lt f energy in waves,” he said.
Q：The writer uses the tw questins at the beginning f the passage t___________.
A. test the readers’ knwledge abut waves
B. draw the readers’ attentin t the tpic
C. shw Jamie Taylr’s imprtance
D. invite the readers t answer them
【检测训练】
1
Famus American pet Rbert Frst nce said, “Petry is what gets lst in translatin.” Althugh it is nt impssible t translate petry, Xu Yuanchng, a well-knwn Chinese translatr, has striven t cnvey the beauty f ancient Chinese petry thrughut his life.
His teacher Qian Zhngshu cmmented n his petry translatin, “Yu are dancing while chained by rhyme (押韵) and rhythm, but the dance shws amazing freedm and beauty, which is quite extrardinary.”
Xu has just turned 100 years ld. On April 1, China Translatin and Publishing Huse published a series f cmmemrative (纪念的) bks abut his life and career t pay tribute t this centenarian.
Since 1978, Xu has published mre than 100 translated nvels, anthlgies (选集) and plays in Chinese, English and French, reaching ptentially millins f readers at hme and abrad. Mst ntably, he translated Chinese pems int rhymed verses in bth English and French. He is als the first Asian winner f the “Aurra Brealis Prize” fr Outstanding Translatin f Fictin Literature.
Xu is knwn t be very fastidius in his wrk. He has dedicated his life t“[translating] beautifully”. Fr him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range f cntent. Fllwing this principle, Xu nt nly keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translatin.
Thrugh Xu’s translatins, time-hnred Chinese wisdm has made an impact n Western scieties and the wrld at large.
Fr instance, when frmer US president Barack Obama tried t begin a cntrversial healthcare refrm during his presidency, sme senatrs (参议员) were ppsed at first. But after reading the pem titled Fishing in Snw (《江雪》) translated by Xu, ne senatr was s impressed with the fisherman’s independent, nn-cnfrmist (不墨守成规的) thinking that he chse t part with the party line t supprt Obama, nted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-ld remains diligent. He lives alne in an ld huse near Peking University. In his simple rm, decrated with Chinese traditinal furniture, he maintains a rutine. Every day he translates rughly 1,000 wrds, wrking till 3 t 4 am, sleeping abut 3 hurs and getting up at 6 am t cntinue.
“Translatin is a means f cmmunicating with the writer’s sul. A sudden flicker (闪现) f [a] gd wrd r [a] gd line thrills every pre (毛孔) and every inch f my skin,” Xu tld NewsChina.
1. What des the article tell us abut Xu Yuanchng?
A. He’s the first winner f The Aurra Brealis Prize.
B. He has translated abut 100 Chinese literary wrks int English.
C. He is widely knwn fr his translated rhymed verse.
D. He has mastered at least three freign languages.
2. What des the underlined wrd “fastidius” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Particular.B. Satisfied.C. Inventive.D. Prductive.
3. Why was Barack Obama mentined in the article?
A. T shw Xu’s ppularity.
B. T illustrate Xu’s impact.
C. T intrduce his refrm.
D. T stress Xu’s wisdm.
4. Which f the fllwing best describes Xu?
A. Mdest and insightful.
B. Cnsiderate and cautius.
C. Creative and pen-minded.
D. Dedicated and passinate.
2
In many cultures, it is cnsidered unlucky t spill salt. Frtunately, many cultures als have a slutin t the prblem, which usually invlves thrwing a pinch f salt ver yur shulder. It may seem cnfusing t mdern humans, but knwing that salt was nce incredibly valuable can change this perspective.
Fr thusands f years, salt was an extremely rare cmmdity. It was difficult t btain s that the price was very high. Many trading rutes were set up t carry salt, peple were paid in salt, and salt was smetimes wrth mre than its weight in gld. Therefre, spilling salt was cnsidered wasteful.
Because f its high value, salt was als assciated with friendship and gd frtune. Offerings f salt were included in many religius ceremnies, and peple might bring salt t a new hme fr gd luck. These assciatins wuld have suggested that it wuld be bad luck t spill salt, since it wuld seem t vilate salt’s frtunate prperties.
Salt is als an excellent preservative. It prevents fd frm ging bad. As such, it came t be linked with health and lngevity. In sme cultures, spilling salt was thught t reduce ne's well-being. In Britain, fr example, each spilled grain was said t represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfrtune.
The fear f spilling salt was als adpted int the Christian faith. It is said that Judas spilled salt at the Last Supper, and since he later turned ut t be the betrayer f Christ, spilled salt is cnsidered unlucky by many Christians.
Shuld yu be unfrtunate enugh t spill salt, yu might thrw a pinch ver yur left shulder t blind the Devil.
5. Spilling salt was prbably thught t bring bad luck because ________.
A. it was a Christian faithB. salt was linked with misfrtune
C. it wuld decrease ne’s lifespanD. salt was always expensive than gld
6. What des the underlined wrd “preservative” prbably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Prtectr.B. Flavr.C. Medium.D. Slutin.
7. What is the authr's purpse in writing the text?
A. T intrduce the histry f salt.
B. T shw ways t avid misfrtune.
C. T explain the beliefs abut spilling salt.
D. T entertain readers with sme anecdtes.
3
In the magnificent range f muntains f nrthern Califrnia, 42 radi telescpes pint twards the stars, scanning fr signs f life. The Search fr Extraterrestrial Intelligence （SETI） Institute has been listening fr a signal here since it was funded in 1984. Jill Tarter, its c — funder, says the prgrammed aim is nt just t cmmunicate with remte civilisatins. It is als t remind human beings f its wn mdest, fragile （脆弱的）place in the universe. Thus, fr the first time, SETI is ccking its ear twards Earth t lk fr a signal that can be sent int space t represent the species.
Felipe Perez Santiag, a Mexican musician and cmpser, has an idea f what might wrk.Since sngs, like the human vices, are cmmn t all languages and natins, he and Ms. Tarter have designed the “Earthling Prject”-a call t peple everywhere t uplad extracts （精华）f sng that he plans t melt int a cllective human chrus. An initial cmpsitin will be launched int space this summer, recrded n a virtually indestructible disk. Future plans and dreams include an eventual landing n Mars.
Human music has been sent t the heavens in 1977. Distant beings can in thery already enjy Peruvian panpipes, a Navaj chant, Bach, Beethven and mre. But n previus ffering, and perhaps n cmpsitin undertaken anywhere, has tried t encmpass the entire diversity f human sng.
Mr. Santiag says he is thrilled abut bringing tgether cntributrs frm arund the glbe. Unlike ther recrdings sent int space, says Mr. Santiag, “Everyne's invited. Yu dn't have t be ne f the main cmpsers f ur histry like Beethven, just smene singing in their shwer.” Dwnlad the “Earthling Prject" app, sing up t three sngs f 30 secnds each, and yur vice will be sent int the sky.
8. Why des SETI lk fr a signal t be sent int space?
A. T stand fr species n the earth.
B. T scan fr ther liveable planets.
C. T respnd t the call f the universe.
D. T stress the imprtance f the earth.
9. What can we infer abut the "Earthling Prject”?
A. It is a wrld music rganizatin.
B. It intends t create a human chrus.
C. It tries t develp a universal language.
D. It aims t search fr signals frm space.
10. What des the underlined wrd “encmpass" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Include.B. Appreciate.
C. Wrk ut.D. Relate t.
11. What is the purpse f the last paragraph?
A. T inspire peple t becme cmpsers.
B. T call n peple t prtect ur planet.
C. T encurage peple t explre space.
D. T invite peple t jin a prgramme.
4
Sra bserved in amazement as Weilun picked up tw large metal cans. She fllwed Weilun with a pail (桶) f clthes, watching him carry the tw cans effrtlessly. They were large and were cvering Weilun’s small frame.
Sra’s father had sent her t the village t learn abut rural life. Sra had never nce dne any husehld chres back hme. She did nt understand why her father wuld always chant “Where is yur willingness t learn?” whenever she asked him if she culd stay hme fr the hlidays. Her father had given her a checklist n the life skills that she needed t learn, ne f which was t wash clthes. She recalled washing a table clth after an art lessn in schl. That was a piece f cake, she thught. S Sra refused Weilun’s ffer t help. Weilun then went t fill the large cans with water at the far end f the river.
Suddenly, a big bird dived frm the sky when Sra placed the last piece f clthing back in the pail. Sra released her grasp f the pail in shck. Then she was relaxed t find it was aiming fr a wrm near her. But the clthes were drifting in the river. Weilun immediately came t help and Sra shifted the blame t the bird.
He pinted at the detergent fam (洗涤剂泡沫) n the surface f the river. “Dn’t tell me yu rinsed (漂洗) the detergent frm the clthes in the river. Dn’t yu knw that it may kill the river creatures? Yu caused the prblem, nt the bird!” Sra lked dwn in shame. “Yu think that yu knw everything, but yu actually dn’t.”
Sra clsed her eyes t let Weilun’s wrds sink in fr a mment. She finally understd the meaning behind her father’s chants. She walked twards Weilun and whispered, “Culd yu teach me all the life skills that my father had planned fr me t learn?”
12. Why was Sra amazed?
A. Weilun was t small in size fr the tw large cans.
B. Weilun was willing t help his parents d sme chres.
C. Weilun managed t carry the tw large cans easily.
D. Weilun was willing t accmpany her t the riverside.
13. Why did Sra refuse Weilun’s ffer t help wash the clthes?
A. She thught it was an easy task.
B. She had learned hw t d it.
C. She wanted her father t be prud f her.
D. She wanted t learn new things by herself.
14. What happened when Sra fund the bird flew twards her?
A. The bird was diving fr fd.
B. The bird was attacking her.
C. Sra was rinsing the detergent in the pail.
D. Sra was shcked t find a wrm in the pail.
15. What d yu think Sra “finally understd”?
A. She wasn’t capable f living n her wn.
B. She really lacked the willingness t learn.
C. Life skills culd be learned in the cuntry.
D. Her father wanted her t learn frm Weilun.
5
Flcks f hundreds f regent hneyeaters（王吸蜜鸟）culd nce be sptted all ver suth-eastern Australia n a regular basis, but tday the species is critically endangered, with nly 300 believed t exist in the entire wrld. They were als knwn fr the cmplexity f their mating sngs, but as their numbers started declining, scientists started nticing male regent hneyeaters didn’t even sund like their species anymre. Tday, there is enugh evidence that regent hneyeaters have frgtten hw t sing, which culd cause the entire species t g extinct.
At ne pint, Australian scientists nticed that male regent hneyeaters were imitating（模仿）the sngs f ther bird species. Sme experts believed that the imitatin was a purpseful strategy t avid attacks frm their enemies. Hwever, a recent study shwed therwise. Yung regent hneyeaters learn their sngs frm adult members f their species, just like human children learn t speak, but because they are spread s thin in their habitat-they culd ccupy prbably 10 times the size f the UK but are really small in quantity-many males dn’t get t listen t the right sngs, s they start adpting the tunes f ther bird species. The prblem is that these aren’t the sngs female regent hneyeaters want t hear, s their chances f finding a mate are very slim.
Scientists are nw planning t catch wild males that can sing and put them next t caged regent hneyeaters s that the yung birds can learn the right sng. They then plan t release them int the wild every few years, where they will hpefully be able t attract females and reprduce.
“This study shws hw damaging ppulatin declines and habitat fragmentatin（碎片）might be t this critical prcess in the life f sngbirds,” said Dr Sue Zllinger, an expert in animal cmmunicatin frm Manchester Metrplitan University.
16. Why are regent hneyeaters faced with extinctin?
A. They are shrt f fd.B. They are incapable f imitatin.
C. Their habitats are badly destryed.D. Male birds fail t sing the right sngs.
17. What is paragraph 2 intended t d?
A. Analyse the reasn.B. Draw a cnclusin.
C. Present the prblem.D. Add sme backgrund.
18. What are scientists ding t help the hneyeaters?
A. Bradcasting mating sngs t the yung birds.
B. Intrducing wild birds t teach caged nes.
C. Training them t escape frm the enemies.
D. Spreading them in different habitats.
19. Why des the writer mentin Dr Sue Zllinger’s wrds?
A. T indicate the difficulty f catching wild birds.
B. T ffer sme strategies fr animal cmmunicatin.
C. T pint ut the critical tunes f the bird’s mating sngs.
D. T stress the significance f an ideal ppulatin per habitat.
6
On July 24, 2020, Mike Stut launched his kayak（皮筏艇）just befre 8：30 a.m. Abut 56 miles and 16.5 hurs later, he landed n the sandy Michigan shre. It was his secnd time crssing Lake Michigan.
By chance, Stut said, he gave kayaking a try in 2016. Already in gd physical cnditin, he cnsidered kayaking a weekend escape. Then he was challenged by a client f his firm t think bigger. He did g big quickly. Weekend kayak trips were 40, 50 and 60 miles lng ver the next few mnths. Then his gal was t crss Lake Michigan that year. On August 3, Stut cmpleted his first crssing f Lake Michigan in 15.5 hurs. Since then, he’s finished cuntless lng-distance trips n Minnesta rivers and lakes.
In heading back t Lake Michigan last summer, Stut thught he culd becme the first kayaker t make a rund-trip crssing f the Great Lake. He felt capable. He’d put in 800 miles since March 1, 2020-when ice was still n the Minnesta River.
Stut wanted t d with manageable winds. Pssibilities rse, nly t becme wrse, the lake shwing its mercurial nature. Stut realized a single crssing was his best hpe. With lcal plice infrmed f his plans and plenty f fd abard, Stut launched. His plan was t land n the Michigan shre 12.5 hurs later. The lake thught therwise. The winds and waves were wrking against him, t. Still, he was reslute. Finally he culd hear waves crashing n shre.
“Never did I have a sense f dubt r fear r wrry,” Stut said. Despite the cnstant, frceful wind, he said the crssing was easier than his thers because f his experience. But n less meaningful. The stars, the chance t speak t the heavens, and the hpe that his adventure wuld inspire thers-all were fuel t finish.
20. What can we infer abut Stut frm paragraph 2?
A. He challenged his client.
B. He intended t escape real life.
C. He was rganized and determined.
D. He set a gal bigger than his capability.
21. What frced Stut t change his jurney int a single crssing in 2020?
A. His physical state.B. The weather cnditin.
C. The freezing water.D. Warning frm lcal plice.
22. What des the underlined wrd “mercurial” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Changeable.B. Merciful.C. Perfect.D. Balanced.
23. In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Weather.B. Adventure.C. Gegraphy.D. Entertainment.
7
Bangladesh's flating gardens, built t grw fd during fld seasns, culd ffer a cntinuus slutin fr parts f the wrld which are likely t suffer frm flding because f climate change, a new study has fund.
Bangladesh's flating gardens began hundreds f years ag. The gardens are made frm native plants that flat in the rivers and perate almst like rafts (筏), rising and filling with the waters. Histrically, they were used t cntinue grwing fd during rainy seasns when rivers were filled with water.
The farmers layer the plants abut three feet deep, creating a versin f raised-bed gardens that flat in the water. Then, they plant vegetables inside thse rafts. As the raft-plants rt away, they release nutrients, which help feed the vegetable plants.
But as climate change affected the vlume f water in thse rivers, the researchers wanted t understand whether Bangladesh's flating gardens culd be a cntinuus farming practice. They interviewed farming families and fund strng evidence that flating gardens prvide stability, bth in the amunt f fd available t feed rural ppulatins and in a farming family's incme.
They fund that farmers typically use hybrid (杂交) seeds, which must be repurchased each year, t grw a diverse range f vegetables in the flating gardens. The gardens are als sensitive t pests, s farmers end up spending sme mney n bth pesticides and fertilizers. But even with thse expenses, they fund, benefits utweighed csts. One farmer tld the research team that he earns up t fur times as much mney frm the gardens as frm traditinal rice fields.
Hwever, befre gaining prfits, farmers ften take ut high-interest lans (贷款) t cver the investment csts f filling the beds and stcking them with plants. Luckily; there are als lwer-interest lans frm respnsible gvernment r nn-gvernmental rganizatins, which culd ease that burden.
24. Hw d vegetable plants grw accrding t the text?
A. By absrbing nutritin frm raft-plants.
B. By taking shelter frm climate change.
C. By living tgether with hybrid seeds.
D. By mving up and dwn with raised beds.
25. What might be a reply frm farming families interviewed?
A. “Our life becmes tugh when rivers fld.”
B. “Fewer vegetables are planted when water rises.”
C. “We harvest much mre fd during rainy seasns.”
D. “Climate change has little influence n ur incme.”
26. What des the underlined wrd “utweighed” in paragraph 5 mean?
A. Affected.B. Brught.C. Beat.D. Equaled.
27. What can be inferred frm the text?
A. A slutin t climate prblem has been fund.
B. The gardens are built with rtted native plants.
C. Farmers earn mre frm traditinal rice fields.
D. Lw-interest lans lighten the stress f farmers.
8
My dctr tk me fr a walk arund the farm where she lives. I was physically and emtinally exhausted and discuraged by anxiety and depressin.
The place was full f life. There were insects, hrses, rabbits and a cat. She tld me t fcus n my bdy in the envirnment.
When I was ill, I tended t retreat int my mind and discnnect frm here and nw. S, when I met a hrse named Fira, I expected nthing.
As I gt clser t Fira, she nuzzled her nse int my chest, putting a gentle pressure ver my heart. Smething happened inside me: I felt as if I had reached a wellspring f past hurts, fears and failings. I began t melt emtinally.
I patted Fira’s nse and breathed in her smell. I fund I didn’t have t cncentrate n feeling better; Fira helped me feel lved and safe.
I wrked with Fira ften, learning basic cmmunicatin and leading methds t wrk tgether with her. Initially, I wasn’t sure exactly what ne wuld d with a hrse except riding it. But I knew that Fira had tuched me in an uncmmn way and had made me feel better. She cnnected with me by respnding t my emtinal state and reflecting it back t me in an pen, affectinate way.
In my meetings with Fira, I fund that I lst my usual self-cnsciusness, and I wuld fcus entirely n cmmunicating.
I learned t live in the present, t fcus n what was happening this day, in this mment, in this place. I learned t frget the past, with all its hurts. I learned t frget the future, which hasn’t happened yet. When yu stand beside a hrse, yu exist cmpletely in the mment.
With Fira by my side, I saw int a life in which trust cmes first, and cmpassin fllws.
I fund a deep peace in leading her alng a path, by using my wn pwer f intentin t indicate whether t start, stp, turn left r turn right. I felt an inner quiet and even jy. My wrk with this hrse was part f a jurney ut f a very dark night in my sul.
28. What d we knw abut the authr frm the first three paragraphs?
A. She lves animals very much.B. She suffered frm mental illness.
C. She went t a dctr with high hpes.D. She ften lst cnsciusness.
29. When she met Fira fr the first time, the authr ________.
A. felt deeply tuchedB. had an emtinal breakdwn
C. became grateful fr her past painD. was curius abut what wuld happen
30. When the authr and Fira wrked tgether, ________.
A. the authr had t try hard t feel better
B. Fira helped the authr fcus n her thughts
C. the authr recalled her past hurts, fears and failings
D. Fira accepted the authr’s emtins and reacted psitively
31. What did the authr learn during her time with Fira?
A. It is imprtant t live in the mment.
B. One shuldn’t be affected by emtins.
C. One shuld learn lessns frm the past.
D. It is necessary t shw cmpassin t thers.
这种问题的提问方式通常有：
1. Frm paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred frm the passage? / Frm the last paragraph we can infer that.
2. We can infer frm the text that…/ What can we learn frm…? / We can cnclude frm the passage that…
3. The last sentence f the first paragraph mst prbably implies that.
4. The authr implies that by the year 2080, .
5. T slve the present scial prblems the authr suggests that we shuld.
6. The authr mentins the fact that…t shw.
7. This passage wuld mst likely be fund in _________?
8. The authr’s attitude tward …is _________?
9. The tne f the passage can best be described as _________?
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。
推理判断题常见有以下形式：
1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
【典例示例】
（2019·新课标I卷，B） Fr Canaan Elementary’s secnd grade in Patchgue, N.Y.，tday is speech day, and right nw it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-ld is the jker f the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the f kid wh wuld enjy public speaking.
But he’s, nervus.“I’m here t tell yu tday why yu shuld … shuld…”Chris trips n the“-ld,”a prnunciatin difficulty fr many nn-native English speakers. His teacher, Thmas Whaley, is next t him, whispering supprt.“…Vte fr …me …”Except fr sme stumbles, Chris is ding amazingly well. When he brings his speech t a nice cnclusin, Whaley invites the rest f the class t praise him.
A sn f immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little ver three years ag. Whaley recalls(回想起) hw at the beginning f the year, when called upn t read, Chris wuld excuse himself t g t the bathrm.
Learning English as a secnd language can be a painful experience. What yu need is a great teacher wh lets yu make mistakes. “It takes a lt fr any student,” Whaley explains, “especially fr a student wh is learning English as their new language, t feel cnfident enugh t say, ‘I dn’t knw, but I want t knw.’”
Whaley gt the idea f this secnd-grade presidential campaign prject when he asked the children ne day t raise their hands if they thught they culd never be a president. The answer brke his heart. Whaley says the prject is abut mre than just learning t read and speak in public. He wants these kids t learn t bast(夸耀) abut themselves.
“Basting abut yurself, and yur best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult fr a child wh came int the classrm nt feeling cnfident.”
26. We can infer that the purpse f Whaley’s prject is t _________.
A. help students see their wn strengths
B. assess students’ public speaking skills
C. prepare students fr their future jbs
D. inspire students’ lve fr plitics
27. Which f the fllwing best describes Whaley as a teacher?
A. Humrus.B. Ambitius.C. Caring.D. Demanding.
【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述Thmas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程。
26. A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley says the prject is abut mre than just learning t read and speak in public. He wants these kids t learn t bast abut themselves.以及最后一段 “basting abut yurself, and yur best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult fr a child wh came int the classrm nt feeling cnfident.”可知，这个课程不仅仅教孩子阅读以及公共演讲，还要让孩子学会夸耀自己，而夸耀自己对于那些进入教室没有信心的学生来说很困难，故可知，Whaley老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己的优势增加信心，故选A。
27. C
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley gt the idea f this secnd-grade presidential campaign prject when he asked the children ne day t raise their hands if they thught they culd never be a president.和最后一段He wants these kids t learn t bast abut themselves可知，当他有一天问学生认为自己当不了总统请举手的时候，想到了一个想法，这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心，故可以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。humrus 幽默的，ambitius 有雄心壮志的；caring关心的；demanding要求高的。故选C。
2．因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。
【典例示例】（2019·全国卷III，C）
Befre the 1830s, mst newspapers were sld thrugh annual subscriptins in America, usually $8 t $10 a year. Tday $8 r $10 seems a small amunt f mney, but at that time these amunts were frbidding t mst citizens. Accrdingly, newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple in plitics r the trades. In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding. But the revlutin that was taking place in the 1830s wuld change all that.
The trend, then, was tward the "penny paper"-a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.
This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible(but nt easy)t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830,but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer’s ffice t purchase a cpy. Street sales were almst unknwn. Hwever, within a few years, street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities. At first the price f single cpies was seldm a penny-usually tw r three cents was charged-and sme f the lder well-knwn papers charged five r six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public’s fancy, and sn there wuld be papers that did indeed sell fr nly a penny.
This new trend f newspapers fr "the man n the street" did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh were wners f successful papers, had little desire t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.
29. What did street sales mean t newspapers?
A. They wuld be priced higher.B. They wuld disappear frm cities.
C. They culd have mre readers.D. They culd regain public trust.
31. What can we say abut the birth f the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult prcess.B. It was a temprary success.
C. It was a rbbery f the pr.D. It was a disaster fr printers.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。
29. C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。
31. A
【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend f newspapers fr ‘the man n the street’ did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh wners f successful papers, had little desires t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。
3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题
高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：
（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。
（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。
（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
表示态度的形容词：(1)psitive 积极的 (9) reserved
(2)negative 消极的 (10) indifferent 漠不关心的
(3) ptimistic 乐观的 (11)cautius 谨慎的
(4) pessimistic 悲观的 (12) surprised 惊讶的
(5) bjective 客观的 (13)sympathize 同情的
(6) subjective 主观的 (14)supprt 支持的
(7) admiring 羡慕的 (15)dubt 怀疑的
(8)critical 批评的 (16) apprve 赞成的
（17）irnic 讽刺的 （18）neutral 中立的
【典例示例】
Parents shuld stp blaming themselves because there’s nt a lt they can d abut it. I mean the teenager(十几岁的孩子) prblem. Whatever yu d r hwever yu chse t deal with it, at certain times a wnderful, reasnable and helpful child will turn int a terrible animal.
I’ve seen friends deal with it in all kinds f different ways. One strict mther insisted that her sn, right frm a child, shuld stand up whenever anyne entered the rm, pen drs and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called rund. Sprawling himself(懒散地躺) n the sfa in full length, he made n attempt t turn ff the lud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was n mre than a quick glance at me. His mther was ashamed. “I dn’t knw what t d with him these days,” she said. “He’s frgtten all the manners we taught him.”
He hasn’t frgtten them. He’s just decided that he’ s nt ging t use them. She cnfessed(坦白) that she wuld like t cme up behind him and thrw him dwn frm the sfa nt the flr.
Anther gd friend f mine let her tw daughters climb all ver the furniture, reach acrss the table, stare at me and say, “I dn’t like yur dress; it’s ugly.” One f the daughters has recently been driven ut f schl. The ther has left hme.
“Where did we g wrng?” her parents are nw very sad. Prbably nwhere much. At least, n mre than the rest f that unfrtunate race, parents.
1. The by n the sfa wuld mst prbably be described as ______.
A. lazy B. quiet C. unusual D. rude
2. Frm the secnd example we can infer that the parents f the tw daughters ______.
A. pay n attentin t them B. are t busy t lk after them
C. have cme t hate them D. feel helpless t d much abut them
3. What is the authr’s pinin abut the sudden change in teenage children?
A. Parents have n chice but t try t accept it.
B. Parents shuld pay still sre attentin t the change.
C. Parents shuld wrk mre clsely with schl teachers.
D. Parents are at fault fr the change in their children.
【答案与解析】
1.D 此题属于对人物性格的推断，根据文中第二段“One strict mther insisted that her sn, right frm a child, shuld stand up whenever anyne entered the rm, pen drs and shake hands like a gentleman. ”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话可知，以为严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是不礼貌。
2. D 此题属于对“人物心情处境的推断”。根据最后一段，“‘Where did we g wrng?’ her parents are nw very sad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为D。
3.A 此题属于“对态度及观点的推断”，文中第一句话“Parents shuld stp blaming themselves because there’s nt a lt they can d abut it.”就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了“Prbably nwhere much. At least, n mre than the rest f that unfrtunate race, parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。
4．篇章结构推断题
根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。
【典例示例】
Have yu ever wndered why birds sing? Maybe yu thught that they were just happy. After all, yu prbably sing r whistle when yu are happy.
Sme scientists believe that birds d sing sme f the time just because they are happy. Hwever, they sing mst f the time fr a very different reasn. Their singing is actually a warning t ther birds t stay ut f their territry.
…
1. Hw des the writer explain birds’ singing?
A. By cmparing birds with human beings.
B. By reprting experiment results.
C. By describing birds’ daily life.
D. By telling a bird’s stry.
【答案】A
【解析】由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。
5．文章结论推断题
由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。
【典例示例】（2019·北京卷，D）
By the end f the century，if nt sner，the wrld’s ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate，accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms(海洋微生物)called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms，these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue，depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas, while reducing it in ther spts，leading t changes in the cean’s appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface, where they pull carbn dixide(二氧化碳)int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die，they bury carbn in the deep cean，an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth，since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw，but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT’s Center fr Glbal Change Science，built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃，it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters，such as thse f the Arctic，a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn，and these areas will turn greener. “Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing. ”she said，“but the type f phytplanktn is changing. ”
45. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T assess the cnsequences f cean clur changes
B. T analyse the cmpsitin f the cean fd chain
C. T explain the effects f climate change n ceans
D. T intrduce a new methd t study phytplanktn
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
45. C
【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld’s ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s warning trend Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。
6.写作目的推断题
这类题的题干中常有purpse，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend t, meant t, in rder t等。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的目的和态度。
与写作目的对应的文章如下：
（1）t entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
（2）t persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。
t infrm readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性文章。
（3）开头提出问题——让读者关注主题。
简介相关事物——为了引出主题。
列举具体事例——说明文段的主题
【典例示例】
“Have yu ever been ut n a bat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have yu jumped in the water and felt the rush f energy as waves came ver yu?” asked Jamie Taylr f the Wave Energy Grup at the University f Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lt f energy in waves,” he said.
Q：The writer uses the tw questins at the beginning f the passage t___________.
A. test the readers’ knwledge abut waves
B. draw the readers’ attentin t the tpic
C. shw Jamie Taylr’s imprtance
D. invite the readers t answer them
【检测训练】
1
Famus American pet Rbert Frst nce said, “Petry is what gets lst in translatin.” Althugh it is nt impssible t translate petry, Xu Yuanchng, a well-knwn Chinese translatr, has striven t cnvey the beauty f ancient Chinese petry thrughut his life.
His teacher Qian Zhngshu cmmented n his petry translatin, “Yu are dancing while chained by rhyme (押韵) and rhythm, but the dance shws amazing freedm and beauty, which is quite extrardinary.”
Xu has just turned 100 years ld. On April 1, China Translatin and Publishing Huse published a series f cmmemrative (纪念的) bks abut his life and career t pay tribute t this centenarian.
Since 1978, Xu has published mre than 100 translated nvels, anthlgies (选集) and plays in Chinese, English and French, reaching ptentially millins f readers at hme and abrad. Mst ntably, he translated Chinese pems int rhymed verses in bth English and French. He is als the first Asian winner f the “Aurra Brealis Prize” fr Outstanding Translatin f Fictin Literature.
Xu is knwn t be very fastidius in his wrk. He has dedicated his life t“[translating] beautifully”. Fr him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range f cntent. Fllwing this principle, Xu nt nly keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translatin.
Thrugh Xu’s translatins, time-hnred Chinese wisdm has made an impact n Western scieties and the wrld at large.
Fr instance, when frmer US president Barack Obama tried t begin a cntrversial healthcare refrm during his presidency, sme senatrs (参议员) were ppsed at first. But after reading the pem titled Fishing in Snw (《江雪》) translated by Xu, ne senatr was s impressed with the fisherman’s independent, nn-cnfrmist (不墨守成规的) thinking that he chse t part with the party line t supprt Obama, nted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-ld remains diligent. He lives alne in an ld huse near Peking University. In his simple rm, decrated with Chinese traditinal furniture, he maintains a rutine. Every day he translates rughly 1,000 wrds, wrking till 3 t 4 am, sleeping abut 3 hurs and getting up at 6 am t cntinue.
“Translatin is a means f cmmunicating with the writer’s sul. A sudden flicker (闪现) f [a] gd wrd r [a] gd line thrills every pre (毛孔) and every inch f my skin,” Xu tld NewsChina.
1. What des the article tell us abut Xu Yuanchng?
A. He’s the first winner f The Aurra Brealis Prize.
B. He has translated abut 100 Chinese literary wrks int English.
C. He is widely knwn fr his translated rhymed verse.
D. He has mastered at least three freign languages.
2. What des the underlined wrd “fastidius” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Particular.B. Satisfied.C. Inventive.D. Prductive.
3. Why was Barack Obama mentined in the article?
A. T shw Xu’s ppularity.
B. T illustrate Xu’s impact.
C. T intrduce his refrm.
D. T stress Xu’s wisdm.
4. Which f the fllwing best describes Xu?
A. Mdest and insightful.
B. Cnsiderate and cautius.
C. Creative and pen-minded.
D. Dedicated and passinate.
2
In many cultures, it is cnsidered unlucky t spill salt. Frtunately, many cultures als have a slutin t the prblem, which usually invlves thrwing a pinch f salt ver yur shulder. It may seem cnfusing t mdern humans, but knwing that salt was nce incredibly valuable can change this perspective.
Fr thusands f years, salt was an extremely rare cmmdity. It was difficult t btain s that the price was very high. Many trading rutes were set up t carry salt, peple were paid in salt, and salt was smetimes wrth mre than its weight in gld. Therefre, spilling salt was cnsidered wasteful.
Because f its high value, salt was als assciated with friendship and gd frtune. Offerings f salt were included in many religius ceremnies, and peple might bring salt t a new hme fr gd luck. These assciatins wuld have suggested that it wuld be bad luck t spill salt, since it wuld seem t vilate salt’s frtunate prperties.
Salt is als an excellent preservative. It prevents fd frm ging bad. As such, it came t be linked with health and lngevity. In sme cultures, spilling salt was thught t reduce ne's well-being. In Britain, fr example, each spilled grain was said t represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfrtune.
The fear f spilling salt was als adpted int the Christian faith. It is said that Judas spilled salt at the Last Supper, and since he later turned ut t be the betrayer f Christ, spilled salt is cnsidered unlucky by many Christians.
Shuld yu be unfrtunate enugh t spill salt, yu might thrw a pinch ver yur left shulder t blind the Devil.
5. Spilling salt was prbably thught t bring bad luck because ________.
A. it was a Christian faithB. salt was linked with misfrtune
C. it wuld decrease ne’s lifespanD. salt was always expensive than gld
6. What des the underlined wrd “preservative” prbably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Prtectr.B. Flavr.C. Medium.D. Slutin.
7. What is the authr's purpse in writing the text?
A. T intrduce the histry f salt.
B. T shw ways t avid misfrtune.
C. T explain the beliefs abut spilling salt.
D. T entertain readers with sme anecdtes.
3
In the magnificent range f muntains f nrthern Califrnia, 42 radi telescpes pint twards the stars, scanning fr signs f life. The Search fr Extraterrestrial Intelligence （SETI） Institute has been listening fr a signal here since it was funded in 1984. Jill Tarter, its c — funder, says the prgrammed aim is nt just t cmmunicate with remte civilisatins. It is als t remind human beings f its wn mdest, fragile （脆弱的）place in the universe. Thus, fr the first time, SETI is ccking its ear twards Earth t lk fr a signal that can be sent int space t represent the species.
Felipe Perez Santiag, a Mexican musician and cmpser, has an idea f what might wrk.Since sngs, like the human vices, are cmmn t all languages and natins, he and Ms. Tarter have designed the “Earthling Prject”-a call t peple everywhere t uplad extracts （精华）f sng that he plans t melt int a cllective human chrus. An initial cmpsitin will be launched int space this summer, recrded n a virtually indestructible disk. Future plans and dreams include an eventual landing n Mars.
Human music has been sent t the heavens in 1977. Distant beings can in thery already enjy Peruvian panpipes, a Navaj chant, Bach, Beethven and mre. But n previus ffering, and perhaps n cmpsitin undertaken anywhere, has tried t encmpass the entire diversity f human sng.
Mr. Santiag says he is thrilled abut bringing tgether cntributrs frm arund the glbe. Unlike ther recrdings sent int space, says Mr. Santiag, “Everyne's invited. Yu dn't have t be ne f the main cmpsers f ur histry like Beethven, just smene singing in their shwer.” Dwnlad the “Earthling Prject" app, sing up t three sngs f 30 secnds each, and yur vice will be sent int the sky.
8. Why des SETI lk fr a signal t be sent int space?
A. T stand fr species n the earth.
B. T scan fr ther liveable planets.
C. T respnd t the call f the universe.
D. T stress the imprtance f the earth.
9. What can we infer abut the "Earthling Prject”?
A. It is a wrld music rganizatin.
B. It intends t create a human chrus.
C. It tries t develp a universal language.
D. It aims t search fr signals frm space.
10. What des the underlined wrd “encmpass" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Include.B. Appreciate.
C. Wrk ut.D. Relate t.
11. What is the purpse f the last paragraph?
A. T inspire peple t becme cmpsers.
B. T call n peple t prtect ur planet.
C. T encurage peple t explre space.
D. T invite peple t jin a prgramme.
4
Sra bserved in amazement as Weilun picked up tw large metal cans. She fllwed Weilun with a pail (桶) f clthes, watching him carry the tw cans effrtlessly. They were large and were cvering Weilun’s small frame.
Sra’s father had sent her t the village t learn abut rural life. Sra had never nce dne any husehld chres back hme. She did nt understand why her father wuld always chant “Where is yur willingness t learn?” whenever she asked him if she culd stay hme fr the hlidays. Her father had given her a checklist n the life skills that she needed t learn, ne f which was t wash clthes. She recalled washing a table clth after an art lessn in schl. That was a piece f cake, she thught. S Sra refused Weilun’s ffer t help. Weilun then went t fill the large cans with water at the far end f the river.
Suddenly, a big bird dived frm the sky when Sra placed the last piece f clthing back in the pail. Sra released her grasp f the pail in shck. Then she was relaxed t find it was aiming fr a wrm near her. But the clthes were drifting in the river. Weilun immediately came t help and Sra shifted the blame t the bird.
He pinted at the detergent fam (洗涤剂泡沫) n the surface f the river. “Dn’t tell me yu rinsed (漂洗) the detergent frm the clthes in the river. Dn’t yu knw that it may kill the river creatures? Yu caused the prblem, nt the bird!” Sra lked dwn in shame. “Yu think that yu knw everything, but yu actually dn’t.”
Sra clsed her eyes t let Weilun’s wrds sink in fr a mment. She finally understd the meaning behind her father’s chants. She walked twards Weilun and whispered, “Culd yu teach me all the life skills that my father had planned fr me t learn?”
12. Why was Sra amazed?
A. Weilun was t small in size fr the tw large cans.
B. Weilun was willing t help his parents d sme chres.
C. Weilun managed t carry the tw large cans easily.
D. Weilun was willing t accmpany her t the riverside.
13. Why did Sra refuse Weilun’s ffer t help wash the clthes?
A. She thught it was an easy task.
B. She had learned hw t d it.
C. She wanted her father t be prud f her.
D. She wanted t learn new things by herself.
14. What happened when Sra fund the bird flew twards her?
A. The bird was diving fr fd.
B. The bird was attacking her.
C. Sra was rinsing the detergent in the pail.
D. Sra was shcked t find a wrm in the pail.
15. What d yu think Sra “finally understd”?
A. She wasn’t capable f living n her wn.
B. She really lacked the willingness t learn.
C. Life skills culd be learned in the cuntry.
D. Her father wanted her t learn frm Weilun.
5
Flcks f hundreds f regent hneyeaters（王吸蜜鸟）culd nce be sptted all ver suth-eastern Australia n a regular basis, but tday the species is critically endangered, with nly 300 believed t exist in the entire wrld. They were als knwn fr the cmplexity f their mating sngs, but as their numbers started declining, scientists started nticing male regent hneyeaters didn’t even sund like their species anymre. Tday, there is enugh evidence that regent hneyeaters have frgtten hw t sing, which culd cause the entire species t g extinct.
At ne pint, Australian scientists nticed that male regent hneyeaters were imitating（模仿）the sngs f ther bird species. Sme experts believed that the imitatin was a purpseful strategy t avid attacks frm their enemies. Hwever, a recent study shwed therwise. Yung regent hneyeaters learn their sngs frm adult members f their species, just like human children learn t speak, but because they are spread s thin in their habitat-they culd ccupy prbably 10 times the size f the UK but are really small in quantity-many males dn’t get t listen t the right sngs, s they start adpting the tunes f ther bird species. The prblem is that these aren’t the sngs female regent hneyeaters want t hear, s their chances f finding a mate are very slim.
Scientists are nw planning t catch wild males that can sing and put them next t caged regent hneyeaters s that the yung birds can learn the right sng. They then plan t release them int the wild every few years, where they will hpefully be able t attract females and reprduce.
“This study shws hw damaging ppulatin declines and habitat fragmentatin（碎片）might be t this critical prcess in the life f sngbirds,” said Dr Sue Zllinger, an expert in animal cmmunicatin frm Manchester Metrplitan University.
16. Why are regent hneyeaters faced with extinctin?
A. They are shrt f fd.B. They are incapable f imitatin.
C. Their habitats are badly destryed.D. Male birds fail t sing the right sngs.
17. What is paragraph 2 intended t d?
A. Analyse the reasn.B. Draw a cnclusin.
C. Present the prblem.D. Add sme backgrund.
18. What are scientists ding t help the hneyeaters?
A. Bradcasting mating sngs t the yung birds.
B. Intrducing wild birds t teach caged nes.
C. Training them t escape frm the enemies.
D. Spreading them in different habitats.
19. Why des the writer mentin Dr Sue Zllinger’s wrds?
A. T indicate the difficulty f catching wild birds.
B. T ffer sme strategies fr animal cmmunicatin.
C. T pint ut the critical tunes f the bird’s mating sngs.
D. T stress the significance f an ideal ppulatin per habitat.
6
On July 24, 2020, Mike Stut launched his kayak（皮筏艇）just befre 8：30 a.m. Abut 56 miles and 16.5 hurs later, he landed n the sandy Michigan shre. It was his secnd time crssing Lake Michigan.
By chance, Stut said, he gave kayaking a try in 2016. Already in gd physical cnditin, he cnsidered kayaking a weekend escape. Then he was challenged by a client f his firm t think bigger. He did g big quickly. Weekend kayak trips were 40, 50 and 60 miles lng ver the next few mnths. Then his gal was t crss Lake Michigan that year. On August 3, Stut cmpleted his first crssing f Lake Michigan in 15.5 hurs. Since then, he’s finished cuntless lng-distance trips n Minnesta rivers and lakes.
In heading back t Lake Michigan last summer, Stut thught he culd becme the first kayaker t make a rund-trip crssing f the Great Lake. He felt capable. He’d put in 800 miles since March 1, 2020-when ice was still n the Minnesta River.
Stut wanted t d with manageable winds. Pssibilities rse, nly t becme wrse, the lake shwing its mercurial nature. Stut realized a single crssing was his best hpe. With lcal plice infrmed f his plans and plenty f fd abard, Stut launched. His plan was t land n the Michigan shre 12.5 hurs later. The lake thught therwise. The winds and waves were wrking against him, t. Still, he was reslute. Finally he culd hear waves crashing n shre.
“Never did I have a sense f dubt r fear r wrry,” Stut said. Despite the cnstant, frceful wind, he said the crssing was easier than his thers because f his experience. But n less meaningful. The stars, the chance t speak t the heavens, and the hpe that his adventure wuld inspire thers-all were fuel t finish.
20. What can we infer abut Stut frm paragraph 2?
A. He challenged his client.
B. He intended t escape real life.
C. He was rganized and determined.
D. He set a gal bigger than his capability.
21. What frced Stut t change his jurney int a single crssing in 2020?
A. His physical state.B. The weather cnditin.
C. The freezing water.D. Warning frm lcal plice.
22. What des the underlined wrd “mercurial” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Changeable.B. Merciful.C. Perfect.D. Balanced.
23. In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Weather.B. Adventure.C. Gegraphy.D. Entertainment.
7
Bangladesh's flating gardens, built t grw fd during fld seasns, culd ffer a cntinuus slutin fr parts f the wrld which are likely t suffer frm flding because f climate change, a new study has fund.
Bangladesh's flating gardens began hundreds f years ag. The gardens are made frm native plants that flat in the rivers and perate almst like rafts (筏), rising and filling with the waters. Histrically, they were used t cntinue grwing fd during rainy seasns when rivers were filled with water.
The farmers layer the plants abut three feet deep, creating a versin f raised-bed gardens that flat in the water. Then, they plant vegetables inside thse rafts. As the raft-plants rt away, they release nutrients, which help feed the vegetable plants.
But as climate change affected the vlume f water in thse rivers, the researchers wanted t understand whether Bangladesh's flating gardens culd be a cntinuus farming practice. They interviewed farming families and fund strng evidence that flating gardens prvide stability, bth in the amunt f fd available t feed rural ppulatins and in a farming family's incme.
They fund that farmers typically use hybrid (杂交) seeds, which must be repurchased each year, t grw a diverse range f vegetables in the flating gardens. The gardens are als sensitive t pests, s farmers end up spending sme mney n bth pesticides and fertilizers. But even with thse expenses, they fund, benefits utweighed csts. One farmer tld the research team that he earns up t fur times as much mney frm the gardens as frm traditinal rice fields.
Hwever, befre gaining prfits, farmers ften take ut high-interest lans (贷款) t cver the investment csts f filling the beds and stcking them with plants. Luckily; there are als lwer-interest lans frm respnsible gvernment r nn-gvernmental rganizatins, which culd ease that burden.
24. Hw d vegetable plants grw accrding t the text?
A. By absrbing nutritin frm raft-plants.
B. By taking shelter frm climate change.
C. By living tgether with hybrid seeds.
D. By mving up and dwn with raised beds.
25. What might be a reply frm farming families interviewed?
A. “Our life becmes tugh when rivers fld.”
B. “Fewer vegetables are planted when water rises.”
C. “We harvest much mre fd during rainy seasns.”
D. “Climate change has little influence n ur incme.”
26. What des the underlined wrd “utweighed” in paragraph 5 mean?
A. Affected.B. Brught.C. Beat.D. Equaled.
27. What can be inferred frm the text?
A. A slutin t climate prblem has been fund.
B. The gardens are built with rtted native plants.
C. Farmers earn mre frm traditinal rice fields.
D. Lw-interest lans lighten the stress f farmers.
8
My dctr tk me fr a walk arund the farm where she lives. I was physically and emtinally exhausted and discuraged by anxiety and depressin.
The place was full f life. There were insects, hrses, rabbits and a cat. She tld me t fcus n my bdy in the envirnment.
When I was ill, I tended t retreat int my mind and discnnect frm here and nw. S, when I met a hrse named Fira, I expected nthing.
As I gt clser t Fira, she nuzzled her nse int my chest, putting a gentle pressure ver my heart. Smething happened inside me: I felt as if I had reached a wellspring f past hurts, fears and failings. I began t melt emtinally.
I patted Fira’s nse and breathed in her smell. I fund I didn’t have t cncentrate n feeling better; Fira helped me feel lved and safe.
I wrked with Fira ften, learning basic cmmunicatin and leading methds t wrk tgether with her. Initially, I wasn’t sure exactly what ne wuld d with a hrse except riding it. But I knew that Fira had tuched me in an uncmmn way and had made me feel better. She cnnected with me by respnding t my emtinal state and reflecting it back t me in an pen, affectinate way.
In my meetings with Fira, I fund that I lst my usual self-cnsciusness, and I wuld fcus entirely n cmmunicating.
I learned t live in the present, t fcus n what was happening this day, in this mment, in this place. I learned t frget the past, with all its hurts. I learned t frget the future, which hasn’t happened yet. When yu stand beside a hrse, yu exist cmpletely in the mment.
With Fira by my side, I saw int a life in which trust cmes first, and cmpassin fllws.
I fund a deep peace in leading her alng a path, by using my wn pwer f intentin t indicate whether t start, stp, turn left r turn right. I felt an inner quiet and even jy. My wrk with this hrse was part f a jurney ut f a very dark night in my sul.
28. What d we knw abut the authr frm the first three paragraphs?
A. She lves animals very much.B. She suffered frm mental illness.
C. She went t a dctr with high hpes.D. She ften lst cnsciusness.
29. When she met Fira fr the first time, the authr ________.
A. felt deeply tuchedB. had an emtinal breakdwn
C. became grateful fr her past painD. was curius abut what wuld happen
30. When the authr and Fira wrked tgether, ________.
A. the authr had t try hard t feel better
B. Fira helped the authr fcus n her thughts
C. the authr recalled her past hurts, fears and failings
D. Fira accepted the authr’s emtins and reacted psitively
31. What did the authr learn during her time with Fira?
A. It is imprtant t live in the mment.
B. One shuldn’t be affected by emtins.
C. One shuld learn lessns frm the past.
D. It is necessary t shw cmpassin t thers.
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