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【备战2023高考】英语专题讲与练——专题3《阅读主旨大意题》全能练（含解析）（新高考地区专用）
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这是一份【备战2023高考】英语专题讲与练——专题3《阅读主旨大意题》全能练（含解析）（新高考地区专用），文件包含专题19阅读专项---主旨大意题解析版docx、专题19阅读专项---主旨大意题原卷版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共42页， 欢迎下载使用。
专题19 阅读专项---主旨大意题
（原卷版）
三年真题多维细目表
年份
试卷
篇目
体裁
主题
考点
主题语境
语境内容
细节
理解
题
推理
判断
题
主旨
大意
题
词义猜测题
2022
全国
甲卷
A
应用文
人与社会
英国剧院
21 22 23 24 25 29 30 33
26 34 35
27 31 32
28
B
说明文
人与自然
生物与人的智力对比
C
记叙文
人与自我
难忘的南极之旅
D
夹叙夹议
人与社会
不同的人文化冲突的见解
全国
乙卷
A
应用文
人与社会
画家亨利·雷伯恩爵士展览
21 22 23 24 26 28 32 33 34
25 27
30 35
31
29
B
书评
人与社会
Dorothy Wickenden的书籍
C
说明文
人与自然
“空中之眼”的技术应用于无人机
D
说明文
人与自我
征收的糖税来解决青少年儿童健康问题
新I卷
A
应用文
人与社会
文学概论课程评分办法
22 25 26 27 32 33
21 23 24 28 29 31 35
34
30
B
说明文
人与社会
日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力
C
说明文
人与社会
旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目
D
说明文
人与社会
因为饮食的改变导致了现在从世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音
新II卷
A
应用文
人与社会
儿童博物馆团体游
21 22 23 25 27 29
26 28 32 33 34 35
31
24 30
B
记叙文
人与社会
新型阅读体验
C
说明文
人与社会
使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车
D
说明文
人与社会
锻炼对于心脏的好处
2021
全国
甲卷
A
应用文
人与社会
摄影领域赛事
21 22 25 26 28 34
23 24 27 30 31 32 33
35
29
B
说明文
人与自然
人与动物
C
记叙文
人与社会
家庭生活
D
议论文
人与社会
生存与环境
全国
乙卷
A
说明文
人与社会
体育建筑
21 22 23 33
26 27 28 29 30 32 34 35
24 31
25
B
说明文
人与社会
科学与技术
C
说明文
人与自然
环境保护
D
说明文
人与自我
乐于、善于学习
新I卷
A
应用文
人与社会
罗马的四个旅馆
21 22 23 24 26 27 28 32
25 30
33 34
32 35
29
B
记叙文
人与社会
介绍钢琴翻页的职业
C
说明文
人与社会
湿地破坏，保护环境
D
议论文
人与自我
人们对情商概念的误解
新II卷
A
应用文
人与社会
今年夏天约克郡的四个活动
21 22 23 24 27 28 30 32 33 34 35
26 29
31
25
B
记叙文
人与自然
作者保护两个老虎幼崽
C
记叙文
人与社会
英国女教师获得奖金后帮助艺术家进入学校
D
说明文
人与社会
澳大利亚教授开发机器人来检测牧牛的情况
2020
全国I卷
A
应用文
人与社会
乘坐火车信息
21 22 23 33
24 25 27 28 29 30 31 34
32 35
26
B
说明文
人与自我
认识自我
C
说明文
人与自然
体育健康
D
记叙文
人与自我
人与植物
全国II卷
A
说明文
人与社会
旅游交通
21 22 23 24 25 26 29 34
28 31 32
27 35
30 33
B
说明文
人与社会
完善自我
C
说明文
人与自然
人与动物
D
说明文
人与自我
终身学习
全国III卷
A
说明文
人与社会
地理概况
21 22 23 24 33 34
27 28 29 30 32
25 31 35
26
B
说明文
人与社会
人与动物
C
说明文
人与自然
家庭生活
D
说明文
人与自我
生存与环境
主旨大意类题目近三年高考的设问方式如下：
序号
来源
题干
1
2022甲卷
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
2
2022甲卷
31. What is the text mainly about?
3
2022甲卷
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
4
2022乙卷
11 Which is the most suitable title for the text?
5
2022新I卷
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
6
2022新II卷
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
7
2021甲卷
35. What is the best title for the text?
8
2021乙卷
24. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
9
2021乙卷
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
10
2021新I卷
32. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
11
2021新I卷
35.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
12
2021新II卷
11.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
13
2020全国I卷
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
14
2020全国I卷
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
15
2020全国II卷
27. What is the text mainly about?
16
2020全国II卷
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
17
2020全国III卷
25. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
18
2020全国III卷
31. What is the text mainly about?
19
2020全国III卷
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
高考主旨大意题的考查方式
题目特点
主旨是文章的核心，即文章的中心思想。主旨大意题是阅读四大题型中难度最大的一类，主要考察考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等方法进行高度概括和总结。
题型
主旨大意题
选择标题题
选项特点
正确选项通常具有全面性和概括性，通常不含有细节信息和表达绝对意义的词。
概括性：抽象、准确、简短
针对性：避免以偏概全
醒目性：新颖奇特，激发读者的阅读兴趣
解题方法
1. 借助段落主题句归纳，主题句常见位置：段首/段尾
2. 借助文章主题段归纳：常见位置：首段/末段
3. 借助主题词或关键词归纳：抓住文中出现频率较高的主题词或关键词，然后对其进行概括，确定文章主旨
1. 根据文章中心句，提炼主题词充当标题
2. 将文章的写作对象和其主要特点、意义或影响整合充当文章的标题
3. 当文章的写作对象的特点较多时，常用写作对象的名称作为文章的标题
经典真题呈现
（2022·全国甲卷·阅读B）
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A．How far they are able to see. B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
（2022·全国甲卷·阅读D）
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
5．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．Sydney’s striking architecture. B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C．The key to Sydney’s development. D．Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
6．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A．He goes to work by boat. B．He looks forward to a new life.
C．He pilots catamarans well. D．He is attached to the old ferries.
7．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
8．Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A．A city can be young and old at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
（2022·全国I卷·阅读D）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
9．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.
10．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
11．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
12．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings.
（2021·全国甲卷·阅读D）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
13．What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A．They're unfair. B．They're conservative.
C．They're objective. D．They're strict.
14．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A．They think themselves smart.
B．They look up to great thinkers.
C．They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
15．Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A．Improved global communication.
B．Less discrimination against women.
C．Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D．Changes in people's social positions.
16．What is the best title for the text?
A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck
（2021·全国乙卷·阅读C）
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
17．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A．Beautifying the city he lives in. B．Introducing eco-friendly products.
C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D．Reducing garbage on the beach.
18．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B．To explain why they are useful.
C．To voice his views on modern art.
D．To find a substitute for them.
19．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A．Calming. B．Disturbing.
C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.
20．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
（2021·全国I卷·阅读C）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
21．What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A．Loss of wetlands. B．Popularity of water sports.
C．Pollution of rivers. D．Arrival of other wild animals.
22．What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C．Destroy. D．Distribute.
23．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A．The stamp price has gone down. B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting. D．The government has collected money.
24．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Story B．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
（2021·全国II卷·阅读C）
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
25．What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?
A．Make a movie. B．Build new schools.
C．Run a project. D．Help local musicians.
26．What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?
A．It is particularly difficult. B．It increases artists' income.
C．It opens children's mind. D．It deserves greater attention.
27．What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?
A．Moral principles. B．Interpersonal skills.
C．Creative abilities. D．Positive worldviews.
28．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Bring Artists to Schools B．When Historians Meet Artists
C．Arts Education in Britain D．The World's Best Arts Teacher
（2020·全国I卷·阅读D）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
29．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
30．What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A．To detect plants’ lack of water
B．To change compositions of plants
C．To make the life of plants longer.
D．To test chemicals in plants.
31．What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A．They will speed up energy production.
B．They may transmit electricity to the home.
C．They might help reduce energy consumption.
D．They could take the place of power plants.
32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Can we grow more glowing plants?
B．How do we live with glowing plants?
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
（2020·全国II卷·阅读B）
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
33．In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A．Building confidence. B．Developing spatial skills.
C．Learning self-control. D．Gaining high-tech knowledge.
34．What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A．Parents’ age. B．Children’s imagination.
C．Parents’ education. D．Child-parent relationship.
35．How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A．They play with puzzles more often.
B．They tend to talk less during the game.
C．They prefer to use more spatial language.
D．They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
36．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
（2020·全国III卷·阅读B）
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
37．Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?
A．To see famous film stars.
B．To oppose wearing fur coats.
C．To raise money for animal protection.
D．To express thanks to some filmmakers.
38．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.”
B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.”
D．The performance of real apes.
39．What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Listing completely.
B．Directing professionally.
C．Promoting successfully.
D．Watching carefully.
40．What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?
A．They may be badly treated.
B．They should take further training.
C．They could be traded illegally
D．They would lose popularity.
（2020·全国III卷·阅读C）
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol - one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married.
41．Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?
A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn D．The daughters.
42．What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law?
A．Positive. B．Carefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.
43．What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on?
A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports. C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions.
44．What is the text mainly about?
A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
（2020·全国III卷·阅读D）
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C．Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
45．What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A．Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B．New knowledge of human evolution.
C．Recent findings of human origin. D．Significance of food selection.
46．Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A．In valleys. B．Near rivers. C．On the beach. D．Off the coast.
47．Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A．They could walk on stilts all day. B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater. D．They lived on both land and water.
48．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B．Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C．Basic Methods of Genetic Research D．The World’s Best Divers
专题19 阅读专项---主旨大意题
（原卷版）
三年真题多维细目表
年份
试卷
篇目
体裁
主题
考点
主题语境
语境内容
细节
理解
题
推理
判断
题
主旨
大意
题
词义猜测题
2022
全国
甲卷
A
应用文
人与社会
英国剧院
21 22 23 24 25 29 30 33
26 34 35
27 31 32
28
B
说明文
人与自然
生物与人的智力对比
C
记叙文
人与自我
难忘的南极之旅
D
夹叙夹议
人与社会
不同的人文化冲突的见解
全国
乙卷
A
应用文
人与社会
画家亨利·雷伯恩爵士展览
21 22 23 24 26 28 32 33 34
25 27
30 35
31
29
B
书评
人与社会
Dorothy Wickenden的书籍
C
说明文
人与自然
“空中之眼”的技术应用于无人机
D
说明文
人与自我
征收的糖税来解决青少年儿童健康问题
新I卷
A
应用文
人与社会
文学概论课程评分办法
22 25 26 27 32 33
21 23 24 28 29 31 35
34
30
B
说明文
人与社会
日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力
C
说明文
人与社会
旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目
D
说明文
人与社会
因为饮食的改变导致了现在从世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音
新II卷
A
应用文
人与社会
儿童博物馆团体游
21 22 23 25 27 29
26 28 32 33 34 35
31
24 30
B
记叙文
人与社会
新型阅读体验
C
说明文
人与社会
使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车
D
说明文
人与社会
锻炼对于心脏的好处
2021
全国
甲卷
A
应用文
人与社会
摄影领域赛事
21 22 25 26 28 34
23 24 27 30 31 32 33
35
29
B
说明文
人与自然
人与动物
C
记叙文
人与社会
家庭生活
D
议论文
人与社会
生存与环境
全国
乙卷
A
说明文
人与社会
体育建筑
21 22 23 33
26 27 28 29 30 32 34 35
24 31
25
B
说明文
人与社会
科学与技术
C
说明文
人与自然
环境保护
D
说明文
人与自我
乐于、善于学习
新I卷
A
应用文
人与社会
罗马的四个旅馆
21 22 23 24 26 27 28 32
25 30
33 34
32 35
29
B
记叙文
人与社会
介绍钢琴翻页的职业
C
说明文
人与社会
湿地破坏，保护环境
D
议论文
人与自我
人们对情商概念的误解
新II卷
A
应用文
人与社会
今年夏天约克郡的四个活动
21 22 23 24 27 28 30 32 33 34 35
26 29
31
25
B
记叙文
人与自然
作者保护两个老虎幼崽
C
记叙文
人与社会
英国女教师获得奖金后帮助艺术家进入学校
D
说明文
人与社会
澳大利亚教授开发机器人来检测牧牛的情况
2020
全国I卷
A
应用文
人与社会
乘坐火车信息
21 22 23 33
24 25 27 28 29 30 31 34
32 35
26
B
说明文
人与自我
认识自我
C
说明文
人与自然
体育健康
D
记叙文
人与自我
人与植物
全国II卷
A
说明文
人与社会
旅游交通
21 22 23 24 25 26 29 34
28 31 32
27 35
30 33
B
说明文
人与社会
完善自我
C
说明文
人与自然
人与动物
D
说明文
人与自我
终身学习
全国III卷
A
说明文
人与社会
地理概况
21 22 23 24 33 34
27 28 29 30 32
25 31 35
26
B
说明文
人与社会
人与动物
C
说明文
人与自然
家庭生活
D
说明文
人与自我
生存与环境
主旨大意类题目近三年高考的设问方式如下：
序号
来源
题干
1
2022甲卷
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
2
2022甲卷
31. What is the text mainly about?
3
2022甲卷
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
4
2022乙卷
11 Which is the most suitable title for the text?
5
2022新I卷
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
6
2022新II卷
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
7
2021甲卷
35. What is the best title for the text?
8
2021乙卷
24. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
9
2021乙卷
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
10
2021新I卷
32. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
11
2021新I卷
35.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
12
2021新II卷
11.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
13
2020全国I卷
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
14
2020全国I卷
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
15
2020全国II卷
27. What is the text mainly about?
16
2020全国II卷
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
17
2020全国III卷
25. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
18
2020全国III卷
31. What is the text mainly about?
19
2020全国III卷
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
高考主旨大意题的考查方式
题目特点
主旨是文章的核心，即文章的中心思想。主旨大意题是阅读四大题型中难度最大的一类，主要考察考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等方法进行高度概括和总结。
题型
主旨大意题
选择标题题
选项特点
正确选项通常具有全面性和概括性，通常不含有细节信息和表达绝对意义的词。
概括性：抽象、准确、简短
针对性：避免以偏概全
醒目性：新颖奇特，激发读者的阅读兴趣
解题方法
1. 借助段落主题句归纳，主题句常见位置：段首/段尾
2. 借助文章主题段归纳：常见位置：首段/末段
3. 借助主题词或关键词归纳：抓住文中出现频率较高的主题词或关键词，然后对其进行概括，确定文章主旨
1. 根据文章中心句，提炼主题词充当标题
2. 将文章的写作对象和其主要特点、意义或影响整合充当文章的标题
3. 当文章的写作对象的特点较多时，常用写作对象的名称作为文章的标题
经典真题呈现
（2022·全国甲卷·阅读B）
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A．How far they are able to see. B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
（2022·全国甲卷·阅读D）
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
5．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．Sydney’s striking architecture. B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C．The key to Sydney’s development. D．Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
6．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A．He goes to work by boat. B．He looks forward to a new life.
C．He pilots catamarans well. D．He is attached to the old ferries.
7．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
8．Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A．A city can be young and old at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
（2022·全国I卷·阅读D）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
9．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.
10．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
11．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
12．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings.
（2021·全国甲卷·阅读D）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
13．What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A．They're unfair. B．They're conservative.
C．They're objective. D．They're strict.
14．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A．They think themselves smart.
B．They look up to great thinkers.
C．They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
15．Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A．Improved global communication.
B．Less discrimination against women.
C．Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D．Changes in people's social positions.
16．What is the best title for the text?
A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck
（2021·全国乙卷·阅读C）
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
17．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A．Beautifying the city he lives in. B．Introducing eco-friendly products.
C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D．Reducing garbage on the beach.
18．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B．To explain why they are useful.
C．To voice his views on modern art.
D．To find a substitute for them.
19．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A．Calming. B．Disturbing.
C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.
20．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
（2021·全国I卷·阅读C）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
21．What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A．Loss of wetlands. B．Popularity of water sports.
C．Pollution of rivers. D．Arrival of other wild animals.
22．What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire. B．Export.
C．Destroy. D．Distribute.
23．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A．The stamp price has gone down. B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting. D．The government has collected money.
24．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Story B．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
（2021·全国II卷·阅读C）
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
25．What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?
A．Make a movie. B．Build new schools.
C．Run a project. D．Help local musicians.
26．What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?
A．It is particularly difficult. B．It increases artists' income.
C．It opens children's mind. D．It deserves greater attention.
27．What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?
A．Moral principles. B．Interpersonal skills.
C．Creative abilities. D．Positive worldviews.
28．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Bring Artists to Schools B．When Historians Meet Artists
C．Arts Education in Britain D．The World's Best Arts Teacher
（2020·全国I卷·阅读D）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
29．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
30．What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A．To detect plants’ lack of water
B．To change compositions of plants
C．To make the life of plants longer.
D．To test chemicals in plants.
31．What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A．They will speed up energy production.
B．They may transmit electricity to the home.
C．They might help reduce energy consumption.
D．They could take the place of power plants.
32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Can we grow more glowing plants?
B．How do we live with glowing plants?
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
（2020·全国II卷·阅读B）
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
33．In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A．Building confidence. B．Developing spatial skills.
C．Learning self-control. D．Gaining high-tech knowledge.
34．What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A．Parents’ age. B．Children’s imagination.
C．Parents’ education. D．Child-parent relationship.
35．How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A．They play with puzzles more often.
B．They tend to talk less during the game.
C．They prefer to use more spatial language.
D．They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
36．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
（2020·全国III卷·阅读B）
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
37．Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?
A．To see famous film stars.
B．To oppose wearing fur coats.
C．To raise money for animal protection.
D．To express thanks to some filmmakers.
38．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.”
B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.”
D．The performance of real apes.
39．What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Listing completely.
B．Directing professionally.
C．Promoting successfully.
D．Watching carefully.
40．What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?
A．They may be badly treated.
B．They should take further training.
C．They could be traded illegally
D．They would lose popularity.
（2020·全国III卷·阅读C）
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol - one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married.
41．Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?
A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn D．The daughters.
42．What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law?
A．Positive. B．Carefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.
43．What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on?
A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports. C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions.
44．What is the text mainly about?
A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
（2020·全国III卷·阅读D）
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C．Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
45．What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A．Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B．New knowledge of human evolution.
C．Recent findings of human origin. D．Significance of food selection.
46．Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A．In valleys. B．Near rivers. C．On the beach. D．Off the coast.
47．Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A．They could walk on stilts all day. B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater. D．They lived on both land and water.
48．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B．Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C．Basic Methods of Genetic Research D．The World’s Best Divers
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