2022届新高考英语一轮复习 过关检测 题型一 阅读理解专题二 主旨大意题

第三部分 高考题型突破

题型一 阅读理解

专题二　主旨大意题

过关检测

Passage 1[2020全国Ⅰ,D]

　　The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another, employees were shown to be 15%more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) have taken it a step further — changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day," explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.

One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光) in experiments using some common vegetables.Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start.The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.

In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off "switch" where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.

Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源) — such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.

32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　

A. A new study of different plants.

B. A big fall in crime rates.

C. Employees from various workplaces.

D. Benefits from green plants.

33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?

A. To detect plants’ lack of water.

B. To change compositions of plants.

C. To make the life of plants longer.

D. To test chemicals in plants.

34.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?

A. They will speed up energy production.

B. They may transmit electricity to the home.

C. They might help reduce energy consumption.

D. They could take the place of power plants.

35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. Can we grow more glowing plants?

B. How do we live with glowing plants?

C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?

D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?

Passage 2[2020全国Ⅱ,B]

　　Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.

Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.

The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.

"The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes," Levine said in a statement.

The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.

The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.

24.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?

A. Building confidence.

B. Developing spatial skills.

C. Learning self-control.

D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.

25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?

A. Parents’ age.            B. Children’s imagination.

C. Parents’ education.        D. Child-parent relationship.

26.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?

A. They play with puzzles more often.

B. They tend to talk less during the game.

C. They prefer to use more spatial language.

D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.

27.What is the text mainly about?

A. A mathematical method.   B. A scientific study.

C. A woman psychologist.   D. A teaching program.

Passage 3[2019江苏,B]

　　In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before: he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that’s what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.

Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆) piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn’t find the caldera anywhere.

Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park — 2.2 million acres — was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across — much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.

58.What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?

A. Its complicated geographical features.

B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.

C. The mysterious history of the park.

D. The exact location of the volcano.

59.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?

A. The shapes of volcanoes.

B. The impacts of volcanoes.

C. The activities of volcanoes.

D. The heights of volcanoes.

60.What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean?　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　

A. Hot-air balloon.            B. Digital camera.

C. Big photograph.            D. Bird’s view.

Passage 4[2018全国Ⅱ,D]

　　We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.

What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.

Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast."Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains."The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them."

In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动)with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband," says Dunn. "But interactions with peripheral(边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also."

Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners," he says.

32.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?

A. Addiction to smartphones.

B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.

C. Absence of communication between strangers.

D. Impatience with slow service.

33.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　

A. Showing good manners.      B. Relating to other people.

C. Focusing on a topic.          D. Making business deals.

34.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?

A. It improves family relationships.

B. It raises people’s confidence.

C. It matters as much as a formal talk.

D. It makes people feel good.

35.What is the best title for the text?

A. Conversation Counts

B. Ways of Making Small Talk

C. Benefits of Small Talk

D. Uncomfortable Silence

Passage 5[2018全国Ш,D]

　　Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. 

I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).

For weeks, I’ve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball — simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.

We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.

32.What do the words "more is more" in paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. The more, the better.

B. Enough is enough.

C. More money, more worries.

D. Earn more and spend more.

33.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?

A. Saving up for her holiday.

B. Raising money for a poor girl.

C. Adding the money to her fund.

D. Giving the money to a sick mother.

34.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?

A. To try out an idea.

B. To show a parent’s love.

C. To train his attention.

D. To help him start a hobby.

35.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Take It or Leave It        B. A Lesson from Kids

C. Live More with Less        D. The Pleasure of Giving

Passage 6[2017浙江,A]

　　Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.

　　The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged(蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.

The cat’s lot was about to improve. That year, one of Benjamin’s cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版画) by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. 

In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr.Pennington returned for another visit. He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.

In the city, Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape(风景) painting. William Williams, a well-known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, "Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night." While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist.

21.What is the text mainly about?

A. Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia.

B. Williams’ influence on Benjamin.

C. The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist.

D. The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.

22.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest?

A. The cat would be closely watched.

B. The cat would get some medical care.

C. Benjamin would leave his home shortly.

D. Benjamin would have real brushes soon.

23.What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?

A. He took him to see painting exhibitions.

B. He provided him with painting materials.

C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.

D. He taught him how to make engravings.

24.Williams’ two books helped Benjamin to 　　　　. 

A. master the use of paints

B. appreciate landscape paintings

C. get to know other painters

D. make up his mind to be a painter

专题二　主旨大意题 答案

【答案速查】　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Passage 1　DACC   Passage 2　BCDB  Passage 3　DAC

Passage 4　CBDC   Passage 5　ACAC Passage 6　CDBD

Passage 1

　　本文介绍了运用高科技改造绿色植物从而实现节能减排的科学探索。

32.D　考查段落大意。根据第一段第二句"Recent studies have found positive effects"及本段中的"greener areas of the city experienced less crime" 和"employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants"可知,D选项"Benefits from green plants"能概括本段内容。

33.A　考查细节理解。根据第二段第二句中的"These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water"可知,A选项正确。 根据该句后半部分"a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater"可知,D选项错误。

34.C　考查推理判断。最后三段探讨了麻省理工学院的工程师对植物发光进行的研究以及将其用于室内外照明的一些设想。根据第三段最后一句中的"could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps",以及最后一段的最后一句"Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy"可推知,在未来发光植物可能有助于减少能源消耗。

35.C　考查标题判断。文章第一段点明植物的积极作用;第二段是有关植物的其他功能的研究;第三段介绍将植物开发为发光植物,利用发光植物来代替灯;第四段是有关将来要开发的一种用在植物叶子上的技术及研究植物发光是否可以 "打开"和 "关上";第五段表述能量在传输中损失很多,或许发光植物可以解决这一问题。故C选项(发光植物能代替灯吗?)最能凸显本文主题。

Passage 2

　　本文主要介绍了接触智力游戏有助于孩子发展与数学相关的技能,特别是孩子的空间技能。

24.B　考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Psychologist Susan Levine...found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills"以及第三段内容可知,孩子们通过玩智力游戏可以培养空间技能。故选B。

25.C　考查细节理解。根据第二段最后一句"Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said"可知,Levine在设计实验时,考虑到了父母的收入、教育以及谈话量。故选C。

26.D　考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段最后一句"However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls"可知,较女孩们而言,男孩们倾向于玩更复杂的智力游戏。故选D。

27.B　考查主旨大意。阅读全文内容尤其是最后一段"The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science"可知,该篇文章主要介绍的是一项科学研究。故选B。

Passage 3

　　20世纪60年代,Bob Christiansen在研究黄石国家公园的火山历史时,对一件以前从未困扰过任何人的事情感到困惑:他找不到公园里的火山。

58.D　考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before: he couldn’t find the park’s volcano"可知,Bob Christiansen对黄石国家公园的火山位置感到困惑。

59.A　考查段落大意。根据第二段内容尤其是其中的"Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro"和"a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building"可知,该段主要讲两类火山的形状。

60.C　考查词义猜测。根据画线词前的"NASA decided to...by taking photographs of Yellowstone"和后面的"As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park — 2.2 million acres — was caldera"可知,NASA拍摄了黄石国家公园的照片,Christiansen在照片上看到公园的全景。由此可推知,blow-up意为"放大的照片"。

Passage 4

　　研究表明,闲聊在人际交往中起着重要的作用。

32.C　考查细节理解。文章第一段描述了人们在公共场所不交流的现象,本段中的"uncomfortable silence"与选项C中的"Absence of communication"相呼应。

33.B　考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them"可知,Carducci认为成功闲聊的关键在于学会如何与他人沟通。

34.D　考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段第三句"The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience"可知,闲聊使得人们感觉很好。故选D项。

35.C　考查标题判断。通读全文可知,文章主要讨论了闲聊在人际交往中的重要作用。故C项是本文的最佳标题。

Passage 5

　　本文作者通过引导孩子主动捐赠或变卖玩具以及与儿子玩球的事例说明了简单物品能够使我们获得快乐的道理。

32.A　考查句意理解。根据生活常识可知,父母对孩子总是倾注所有,所以可以猜测more is more应该是"多多益善"的意思。此外,第一个句子表明成年人明白到处堆满物品是什么感觉,而后面用Why提问,由此可知more is more 应该和前句中的be flooded with所表达的意思相似。同时,第三句话又从反面呼应了第二句话,表示好消息是我能帮助自己的孩子早早学会如何从较少的东西中获得更多(乐趣)。结合生活常识,再加上三句话在意思上相互印证,就可以选出答案。Enough is enough意为"够了,适可而止";More money, more worries意为"钱越多烦恼越多";Earn more and spend more意为"挣得越多花得越多"。

33.C　考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)" 可知,当我们承诺将变卖玩具所得费用存入她的上学基金时,女儿就挑选了一些平时不经常玩的大点儿的玩具去卖。

34.A　考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this"可知,作者与儿子玩球的目的是检验自己的想法,故选A。

35.C　考查标题判断。全文围绕 "Live More with Less"这一观点展开论述。A项"Take It or Leave It"(要么接受,要么放弃),文章并未讨论两种非此即彼的选择,故错误;B项"A Lesson from Kids"(从孩子那里获得的教训)与文意不符;D项"The Pleasure of Giving"(给予的乐趣)曲解文意,语篇的重点并非给予。

Passage 6

　　本文主要讲述了美国绘画之父本杰明·韦斯特小时候受到的艺术启蒙。

21.C　考查主旨大意。根据文章第一段首句"Benjamin West... showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age"以及第四段首句"In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old"和最后一段内容可知,文章主要讲述了本杰明·韦斯特小时候受到的艺术启蒙,故选C项。

22.D　考查句意理解。该句要结合上下文来理解,第二段提到本杰明用猫毛制作画笔,导致猫"破相",而下文又提到本杰明的堂兄Pennington给他送来了颜料和画笔。由此可以推知,画线句说"猫的命运即将得到改善",隐含着"本杰明将不必再用猫毛制作画笔,他会有真正的画笔"这层含义,故选D项。

23.B　考查细节理解。根据文章第五段首句"In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings"可知,为了帮助本杰明培养绘画才能,堂兄Pennington给他提供了绘画材料,故选B项。

24.D　考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段本杰明说的话以及"While it is likely that he understood ...The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist"可知,Williams给本杰明两本关于绘画的书,这两本书是帮助本杰明了解古典绘画的入门读物,并使他决定成为一名画家,故选D项。