还剩17页未读，
继续阅读
所属成套资源：2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义上海市通用
成套系列资料，整套一键下载
2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第11讲 考纲词汇&阅读&综合运用【教案】
展开
这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第11讲 考纲词汇&阅读&综合运用【教案】，共20页。教案主要包含了文章大意等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版）
第11讲 考纲词汇&阅读&综合运用 教师版
教学内容
一、 上次课考纲词汇默写
高考英语词组测验4(P37-48)
1. 忙于…
2. 要求，需要
3. 树立信心
4. 付现金
5. 爆发
6. 注意不要…
7. 在校园内
8. 突然大哭/大笑
9. 实施(计划等)
10. 简言之
11. 不是… 而是…
12. 赶上…
13. 撞上；碰见
14. (机械等)出故障
15. 在…的底部
16. (使)冷静下来
17. 袖珍计算器
18. 给某人带来某物
19. carry on
20. 营业时间
21. 遇到（雨、交通堵塞等）
22. (中间）休息
23. 数码相机
24. …的导因
25. 埋头于…，专心于…
26. 拜访某人
27. nothing but
28. 便装
29. 再 也不为过
30. 做生意
31. 什么都不能做，只得…
32. 因公出差
33. 喘不过气来
34. 从事…职业
35. 不仅…而且…
36. (介）要不是
37. 关心；介意，在乎
38. 给某人买某物
39. 公共汽车站
40. 号召…做
41. 抚养长大
42. 去露营
43. 担负起…的重任
44. in no case
45. 从心底里，发自内心地
46. 不关你的事
47. 按按钮
48. 消防队
49. 喜欢，想要；照顾
50. 有能力做某事
高考英语词汇测验5(P49-60)
1. adj.有挑战性的 challenging 13. n. 喜剧演员（作家）comedian
2. n.化学 chemistry 14. n. 主席 chairman
3. vi./n.闲谈，聊天 chat 15. n.奶酪 cheese
4. n.气候；气氛 climate 16. n.职员 clerk
5. adj.舒适的 comfortable 17. n. 交流；传达；通信 communication
6.认欢呼，喝彩 cheer 18.n. 特征；性格；角色，人物character
7. adj.清澈的；清楚的，清晰的；清除的clear 19. n.世纪 century
8. n.社区；团体；社会 community 20. v. 收集，采集;募集(捐款等)collect
9. n.巧克力 chocolate 21. n. 委员会 committee
10. adj. 中心的，中央的 central 22. adj.多云的 cloudy
11. adj.幼稚的 childish 23. n.冠军 champion
12. vt. /n. 认领 claim 24. n. 市民；公民 citizen
25.adj.色彩鲜艳的，富于色彩的；丰富多彩的 colo(u)rful
26. adv.必定地 certainly
27. comparative adj.相比较而言的，相 对的
28. civilized adj.文明的；开化的
29. charity n.慈善；救济物品；(常charities) 慈善组织
30. disclose vt.揭露
31. certificate n. 证书；证明
32. colony n.殖民地
33. chase v./n.追逐；追求
34. clue n.线索；提示
35. common 共同的；常见的；一般的，普通的
36. classic 经典作品
37. celebration n.厌祝
38. charge vt.收费；充电；谴责；控告
39. comment n./v.评论
40. classify vt.分类
41. chief n.首领，领袖；上司
42. coast n.海岸
43. Christian n.基督教徒
44. cell n.细胞
45. clones.克隆,使无性繁殖
46. communist adj. 共产主义（者）的
47. chapter n.(书籍的)章
48. companion n.同伴；伴侣
49. civilian n. /adj.平民（的）
50. collar 衣领；(动物)颈圈
世界环境日主题
2001年：世间万物 生命之网（Connect with the World Wide Web of life）
2002年：让地球充满生机（Give Earth a Chance）
2003年：水----二十亿人生于它（Water - Two Billion People are Dying for It!）
2004年：海洋存亡，匹夫有责（Wanted! Seas and Oceans——Dead or Alive ）
2005年：营造绿色城市,呵护地球家园!（Green Cities---Plan for the Plan）
2006年：莫使旱地变为沙漠（Deserts and Desertification －Don't Desert Drylands!）
2007年： 冰川消融，后果堪忧 (Melting Ice – a Hot Topic)
2008年： 促进低碳经济（Towards a Low Carbon Economy）
2009年：地球需要你：团结起来应对气候变化（Your Planet Needs You-UNite to Combat Climate Change）
2010年：多样的物种 唯一的星球 共同的未来（Many Species One Planet One Future）
2011年：森林：大自然为您效劳(Forests: Nature at Your Service)
2012年：绿色经济：你参与了吗？（Green Economy: Does it include you?）
2013年：思前，食后，厉行节约（think eat save ）
知识点1：题型说明
特性：
生态环保类阅读理解
考查的题型主要集中在细节题和推断题，词义推测题和主旨大意题也有，且主旨题类中主要考查的是标题类，综合而言，这一类的题型在这四个题型出题方面都比较容易出题，而且和我们的日常生活息息相关，因而成为高考阅读理解喜欢选择的题材，学生们要多积累相关常识和知识，通常出现在阅读理解的B/C篇。
知识点2：答题方法
解题方法各个击破：
1. 先看题目，了解考查文章的哪些细节和内容；
2. 快速通读一边文章，了解文章主旨；
3. 再结合第一道题目，从文章中开始找相应答案，并作出相应的正确判断；
4. 主旨题注意看首尾两段落，归纳总结。
生态环境类阅读理解分类词汇联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会） United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
环发大会首脑会议 Summit Session of UNCED
联合国环境规划署 United Nations Environment Programs （UNEP）
国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day (29 December)
世界水日 World Water Day (22 March)
世界气象日 World Meteorological Day(23 March)
世界海洋日 World Oceans Day (8 June )
人与生物圈方案 Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme (UNESCO)
中国21世纪议程 China's Agenda 21
中国生物多样性保护行动计划 China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan
中国跨世纪绿色工程规划 China Trans-Century Green Project Plan
生物多样性公约 Convention on Biological Diversity
防治荒漠化国际公约 Convention to Combat Desertification
气候变化框架公约 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
国家环境保护总局 State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)
坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection
污染者负担的政策 "the-polluters-pay" policy
强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management
环保执法检查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection
限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time
生态示范区 eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region
国家级生态示范区（珠海） Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region
国家级园林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City
生态环保类词汇
工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes
白色污染 white pollution
可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags
放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste
有机污染物 organic pollutants
三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes
城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse
垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill
垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator
防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation
森林砍伐率 deforestation rate
水土流失 water and soil erosion
土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization
生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture
水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone
海水淡化 sea water desalinization
造林工程 afforestation project
绿化面积 afforested areas; greening space
森林覆盖率 forest coverage
防风林 wind breaks
防沙林 sand breaks
速生林 fast-growing trees
降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation
开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources
环保产品 environment-friendly products
自然保护区 nature reserve
野生动植物 wild fauna and flora
保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats
濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife
珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center
美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes
环境恶化 environmental degradation
温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture
空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration
酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution
工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharge
烟尘排放 soot emissions
矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气） fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas
清洁能源 clean energy
汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust
尾气净化器 exhaust purifier
无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline
天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles
电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles; battery cars
小排量汽车 small-displacement (engine) vehicles
温室效应 greenhouse effect
工业废水处理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents
城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage
集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant
课堂练习1：
2012年二模 浦东新区
（A）
Longer Lives for Wild Elephants
Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals, where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators don't exist. Without such problems, animals in zoos should live to a ripe old age.
But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth. Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health. They develop diseases, joint problems and behavior changes. Sometimes, they even become unable to have babies.
To learn more about how captivity(监禁) affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands. Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care, documenting factors such as birth dates, illnesses, weight and death. These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe. The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born elephants with the life spans of thousands of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps(伐木场), over approximately the same time period.
The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9 years. Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years——more than three times as long. Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern. In zoos, they lived 18.9 years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 years.
Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants seem to live so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts. Georgia Mason, a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study, thinks stress and obesity(肥胖) may be to blame. Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild, and most are very fat. Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild, where they live in large herds and family groups.
Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos. Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive.
The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos. While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations, that doesn't appear to be the case with elephants.
72. According to the first two paragraphs, unlike other zoo animals, zoo elephants _______ .
A. have difficulty eating food. B. 1ive to a ripe old age.
C. are not afraid of predators. D. develop health problems.
73. Which of the following about the international scientists' research on the life spans of elephants is NOT true? (See paragraph 3)?
A. They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants.
B. They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care.
C. They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos.
D. The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos.
74. What do the scientists find in their research?
A. Female elephants live longer than male elephants.
B. Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts.
C. Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts.
D. Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans.
75. Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph?
A. It may not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo.
B. Elephants are no longer an endangered species.
C. Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully.
D. Zoos should keep more animals except elephants.
答案解析：
72：细节题：从第二段第二句Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health.可以看出答案，选D。
答案解析：
73：细节题，答案从第三段中找，从“a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands”可知A对；从“Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care,”，可知keep records的主语是zoos而不是they，故主语偷换，错误，答案选B。
答案解析：
74. 细节题，倒数第二段“Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos.”可选出答案C。
答案解析：
75. 推断题，去仔细看最后一段，“The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos. While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations,”中raise questions, threaten, endangered,等词汇看出是不好的，答案选A。
72--75. DBCA
课堂练习2
2014年一模松江区C篇 生态环保类-种树是否对减少二氧化碳有益？
Scientists have long believed one way to stop the Earth’s atmosphere from warming is by planting more trees. The idea is that more trees will take in or absorb some of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a gas released by cars, factories and other human activities. The gas traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, which warms the planet. However, two new studies have found that trees may not be as helpful in reducing carbon dioxide as thought.
The first study was done at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Researchers pumped extra carbon dioxide into a test area where pine trees were growing. The trees grew thirty-four percent faster during the first three years. However, in time, the trees slowed to about their normal growth rate. The scientists say this is because trees need other nutrients, such as nitrogen.
In the second study, researchers from Duke and Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine examined the soil around trees. They discovered that as the leaves broke down into the soil, all the carbon was not trapped in the soil. Much of it was released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
The findings of the two studies were published last month in Nature magazine. They suggest there is limited value in planting trees to reduce the carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere.
Forest planting has been a part of negotiations on a world agreement to reduce greenhouse gases that scientists believe cause global warming. The United States, Canada, Japan and some other industrial countries have supported the idea. But this new research suggests the idea is not as effective as environmental activists had thought. Scientist Ram Oren of Duke University led the study on tree growth. He says that earlier estimates on the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide were overly hopeful.
Some scientists not involved in the studies say the research provides some of the first evidence on how trees react to carbon dioxide. Other scientists say the research disputes a belief among some coal and power companies. The companies say that more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will not create harmful global warming. Instead, they say it will increase forests and other plants.
73. What is the purpose of this passage?
A. Introduce some new ideas about the relationship between trees and carbon dioxide.
B. Introduce recent condition of global industrial pollution.
C. Call on people to plant more trees to reduce greenhouse gases.
D. Point out that power companies should be responsible for the rising levels of carbon dioxide.
74. Why did the researchers put trees in extra carbon dioxide in the first study?
A. To learn whether trees can still absorb carbon dioxide under extreme conditions.
B. To get more oxygen from these trees.
C. To evaluate the maximum carbon dioxide that trees can absorb.
D. To see the effect of carbon dioxide on the growth rate of these trees.
75. What happened to the leaves falling from the trees in the second study?
A. They broke down and the main parts turned into oxygen.
B. They broke down and the carbon content had mainly turned into carbon dioxide.
C. They broke down and the carbon content was mainly absorbed in the soil.
D. They absorbed more carbon dioxide.
76. Scientist Ram Oren thinks that common beliefs of the tree’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide are ____________.
A. appropriate B. pessimistic C. over-optimistic D. convincing
77. The word “dispute” (Line 2, Para.6) probably refers to ____________.
A. question B. support C. maintain D. accept
参考答案：73-77 ADBCA
本篇文章的主旨大意是：探究二氧化碳的浓度与树木增长速度的关系。首段作者提出了这样一个疑问，然后作者通过进行实验对比的方法对这个疑问加之证明。
73. 答案选择A。本题考察的是推断题，是一道表示目的推理题。所以要抓住全文的主旨，通常在文章的首段和末端。此题的答案就在文章的首段。However, two new studies have found that trees may not be as helpful in reducing carbon dioxide as thought. 通过此句话中的However,进行转折，可以知道重点是在转折后面的这个内容，所以很显然答案选择A。
74. 答案选择D，本题考察的是细节题，我们可以很快的定位文章的答案应该是在第二段，并且从 The trees grew thirty-four percent faster during the first three years. However, in time, the trees slowed to about their normal growth rate. 这句话可以得出实验一研究的是二氧化碳的量与它们增长速度的关系。
75. 答案选择B，本题考察的是细节题，我们可以很快的定位文章的答案应该是在第三段，并且从They discovered that as the leaves broke down into the soil, all the carbon was not trapped in the soil. Much of it was released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.可以得出掉落的叶子被腐烂了，然后分解，最后像二氧化碳一样释放到了空中。
76.答案选择C，本题考察的是作者态度题，从文章的倒数第二段Scientist Ram Oren of Duke University led the study on tree growth. He says that earlier estimates on the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide were overly hopeful.可以看出早期的评估是过分的充满希望的，说明科学家的观点过于乐观。
77.答案选择A，本题考察的是词义猜测题。此题可以通过文章中Some scientists not involved in the studies say the research provides some of the first evidence on how trees react to carbon dioxide. Other scientists say the research disputes a belief among some coal and power companies. 这句话可以看出来，前部分科学家的观点是支持，说明后面部分科学家的观点就是反对，形成了对比。
专题精讲
高考阅读理解共性：
A．阅读理解考查题型：
1. 细节理解题；
2. 词义推测题；
3. 推理判断题；
4. 主旨大意题。
B．解题技巧点拨：
1.细节理解题；
1）细节理解题解题技能
做细节理解题时，不必通篇细看原文，而可采取"带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，对照比较，确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除：
2) 细节题干扰项有如下几个特点：
(1)与原文有相关信息，但不是题目要求的内容；
(2)符合常识，但不是文章内容：
(3)与原文的内容极其相似，但在程度上有些变动：
(4)在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反：
(5)一半正确，一半错误：
细节理解题的答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思：有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。
2.词义推测题；
词义猜测题解题技能
常见的猜测词义的方法:
(1) 利用构词法
(2)利用同义近义词
(3)利用反义词
(4)利用定义、解释和例证
(5)利用上下文语境
(6)根据语义转折
3.推理判断题；
推理判断题解题技能
这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维．同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
(1) 深入理解作者在字里行间渗透出来的深层含义, 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点：
(2) 推理的源泉来自于上下文的语境、语气等：
(3) 紧紧抓住所给文章，决不能脱离文章凭空想像；
(4) 把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，通过分析、综合、判断等进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理，决不能以偏概全、见树不见林。
4.主旨大意题；
主旨大意题解题技能
主要可概括为两大类，
(1) 怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
(2) 怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。
注意：
① 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系：
② 依据文章关键词，再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何：
③ 对比四个选项，先排除两个，再比较余下的，要考虑标题是过大还是过小；
要避免下列三种错误：
(a)概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；
(b)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
(c)以事实、细节替代替抽象具体的大意。
阅读练习
I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London. And my friend Gallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There，“I’m having a dinner party” means “I’m booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can’t afford and we’ll be sharing the check evenly，no matter what you eat.”
Worse，in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They’ll throw down cash，half of what they owe，and then people like me，who don’t drink，end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick，the hostess will shout “Where are you going？”And it’s not like I can say I have somewhere to go：everyone knows I have nowhere to go.
But in London，dinner parties are in people’s homes. Not only that，the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one，the guests were from France，India，Denmark and Nigeria；it was like a gathering at the United Nations. In New York，the mix is less striking. It’s like a gathering at Bloomingdale’s，a wellknown department store.
For New Yorkers，talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York. But at Callery’s，when I said that I had been to Myanmar recently，people knew where it was. In New York people would think it was a usual new club.
( )1. What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Choice. B. Try.
C. Style. D. Goal.
( )2. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?
A. There is a strange mix of people. B. The restaurants are expensive.
C. The bill is not fairly shared. D. People have to pay cash.
( )3. What does the author think of the parties in London?
A. A bit unusual. B. Full of tricks.
C. Less costly. D. More interesting.
( )4.What is the author’s opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience?
A. Easygoing. B. Selfcentered.
C. Generous. D. Conservative.
( )5.What is the main idea of this article?
A．I hated dinner parties. B．I prefer dinner parties in London to those in New York.
C．The difference between London and New York. D．Mallory invited me to a party.
【文章大意】 文章主要通过作者的经历来介绍伦敦和纽约的不同的社会生活方式。
1. B 词义猜测题。从第一句的hated，到But意义上的转折，说明尽管不喜欢，还是要“尝试一下”，所以try的意思更接近shot。
2. C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don't drink, end up paying even more.”可知类似作者这样的人在纽约吃饭吃亏，因为付钱多。故C项意思正确。
3. D 推理判断题。根据第二段和其中的句子Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix.可以推断伦敦的party要比纽约有趣。
4. B 推理判断题。从最后一段的talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York.和In New York people would think it was a usual new club 可以推断，作者对一些纽约人的看法是“以自我为中心的”。
5．B 主旨大意题。A、D都不全面，C 范围扩大。由伦敦和纽约的dinner parties间的不同扩大到两座城市所有的不同。整篇文章都是在比较两个城市间的“dinner parties”的不同之处，同时也表达了作者对纽约聚会的诸多不满，和对伦敦parties的喜欢。
闸北区区阅读C篇 有关生物多样性
(C)
Is growth good for biodiversity(生物多样性)? To answer the question, it is critical to define what we mean by growth. Is growth gross domestic product (GDP), the "monetary value of all the finished goods within a country's borders"? Or does it mean improving the human standard of living? Today, when people say growth, they mean GDP, a measure that is over 70 years old. Actually GDP demonstrates negative implications for biodiversity, as this "growth" measures only money inflows while far more important is the balance sheet, which shows properties and debts. As biodiversity delivers no cash, it has no place in GDP system, but biodiversity provides the asset side of the balance sheet, such as forests, rivers, wetlands and animals—the list goes on.
It is argued that growth is good for biodiversity in the long run as there is an environmental Kuznets curve where environmental conditions get worse in the early stages of modern economic growth, but improve once a growth level has been reached. According to some people, once GDP has been high, more resources are to invest in conservation, and new technologies are used to protect the nature. They said people would have more interest in protecting the environment, and some of the forests started to return and many pollutants were almost eliminated. Standing in America today it might appear that the environmental Kuznets curve works.
At first sight there appears to be a logic. Today the US GDP is increasing while many precious species populations are also recovering? Such conditions, according to some people, can be explained by greater efficiency in cars or more efficient agricultural production. But in fact, the majority of the negative impacts have simply been exported. The high-polluting industries have been outsourced to developing nations. Therefore the bitterest punishments are largely felt beyond the borders while we Americans are enjoying high GDP and selfish biodiversity at the same time. This can be seen in the WWF annual Report, where species population trends are increasing by 7% in high-income countries and declining in middle- and low-income countries by 31% and 60% respectively.
It is self-evident that growth, as currently defined, has a major negative impact upon biodiversity.What needs to change is the definition of growth from a GDP-essential concept to a balance-sheet approach.Organisations and world community should work on creating new vision or reform that will help ensure a real balance between an improving standard of human life and a thriving biodiverse landscape.
74. According to the passage, the author’s opinion toward GDP is that GDP______.
A. has nothing to do with biodiversity as it serves as an economic ruler
B. shouldn't have ignored biodiversity as it does good to balance sheet
C. is out-dated as it leaves out productions outside a country’s borders
D. is a useful economic indicator as it honestly follows the Kuznets curve
75. The environmental Kuznets curve is seemingly working because ______.
A. when US economy is strong, people have more interest in environment protection
B. high GDP helps to introduce high technology for environment protection
C. great fuel efficiency in cars and agriculture helps to protect environment
D. the US makes other weak nations take the harmful consequences
76. The author’s main opinion about growth-biodiversity is that ______.
A. there’s no clear relationship between growth and biodiversity
B. growth harms biodiversity with today’s GDP-centred system
C. biodiversity condition agrees with a country’s economic growth
D. the author is not sure about the exact influence of growth on biodiversity
77. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. GDP focuses on balance sheet rather than monetary increase.
B. Within borders, America is enjoying a better biodiversity right now.
C. Many low-income nations are having a higher GDP growth than the U.S.
D. Creative ways have been found to balance life standard and biodiversity.
参考答案:74-77 BDBB
疑难点词汇提炼：
biodiversity 生物多样性
the finished goods 成品
gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值
demonstrate 证实
asset side of the balance sheet资产负债表
Kuznets Curve 库兹涅茨曲线
invest in conservation
Balance Sheet:also referred to as a statement of financial position, reports on a company's assets, liabilities, and ownership equity at a given point in time.Presents a company’s current financial poistion by disclosing the resouces the company controls (assets)and its obligations to lenders and other creditors (liabilities)at a specific point in time.
资产负债和所有权益反映企业在一定日期的财务状况，是对企业资金运动的静态反映，是资产负债表的构成要素。
1、 专题特点：
这部分阅读涉及到广泛的话题，日常生活中对于衣食住行等话题多加关注，有利于增加这部分阅读理解题的了解；此外，做好这类题要对细节题做题技巧有较好的掌握；同时也要加强练习和总结经验。
2、解题方法：
做题时，要先从题干中找到关键性词语，然后快速在文章中寻找相关细节，细心比较所给选项与文中细节区别，在准确理解了细节的前提下，最终确定最佳答案。
3、注意事项：
由于这类阅读理解主要考细节题，所以在做题时需要切题找答案，不可断章取义及单纯地根据自己的主观观点进行做题。
技巧提炼
只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解：
1．正确处理好“快”与“准”的关系
2．正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选择答案的关系
3．正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系
虹口区A篇 生态环保类-大象回归野生环境
(A)
“It seems likely that a caged elephant would miss the wilderness it was born into.” a six-year study revealed.
British and Canadian scientists studied 4500 elephants in European zoos and compared them with elephants living in the wild. They found that wild elephants are healthier, live longer and reproduce more than those elephants in zoos.
When it comes to living in a zoo, “many species do well but elephants don’t,” said Georgia Mason, one of the researchers of the study. Many animals live longer in zoos than they do in the wild. This isn’t surprising when you consider that zoo animals are not threatened by predators(掠食者),always have plenty to eat, and have professionals on hand to care for them.
When it comes to elephants, however, the situation is different. The world’s largest land animals live much longer in the wild than they do in zoos.
Female African elephants born in zoos live on average for 17 years, while those in the wild make it to 56.” So far,” says Mason, “We’ve got 300 African elephants in zoos in Europe, and not one’s yet reached 50.
Asian elephants are the more endangered of the two elephant species. They live for about 19 years in captivity(圈养) compared to 42 years, in the wild. A few wild Asian elephants have even made it into their 70s. In Kenya, 30 to 50 percent of wild elephants reach 50 years of age.
Fatness and stress are likely causes for the giant land animals early death in captivity, Mason said.
The researchers say that zoos do not offer enough space for animals that can travel as far as 48 kilometers a day. Too little exercise and too much food means captive elephants put on extra weight. The weight gain can lead to heart disease and other health problems.
Being” caged” is bad for health, not only for elephants, but also for humans. Be careful not to become a “caged elephant”!
66. Many animals live longer in zoos owing to the following reasons EXCEPT that ________.
A. they are far away from the danger of being eaten.
B. they can be in a better mood there.
C. they needn’t worry about their food at all.
D. they are taken good care of.
67. Which of the following may probably result in the early death of elephants in zoos?
A. Stress and lack of delicious food.
B. Loneliness and little space for activities.
C. Lack of delicious food and enough exercise.
D. Being stressed and over weight.
68. What can be concluded from the passage?
A. Zoos are not suitable for animals to live in.
B. None of the animals live well in zoos due to lack of exercise.
C. Compared with the elephants in zoos, wild elephants are healthier.
D. Asian elephants can live longer than African elephants in zoos.
69．What’s the passage mainly about?
A. The living conditions of animals in the world are worsening.
B. elephants can live a longer time in the wild than the zoos.
C. All of us should take actions to protect wild animals.
D. The places where wild animals live are being damaged seriously.
参考答案：66. B 67. D 68.C 69. B
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是黄明，你远在加拿大的网友Jerry听说最近上海的空气质量很槽糕，雾霾(haze)很严重，很想进一步了解情况，请你给Jerry写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
Ø 描述上海雾霾的情况和人们的感受；
Ø 分析造成雾霾的原因；
Ø 你对应对雾霾的思考。
分析：
总体来看，崇明一模作文是比较好写的，一般学生都能就这个热点话题“雾霾”说出自己的看法，但是怎么样做到语言高级、结构合理还是有一定难度的。
首先，考生应注意审题，这是一篇电子邮件，属于书信类作文。所以，信件的开头、正文、结尾的基本格式必须是正确的。（请参见范文）
其次，考生要注意内容的完整性，也就是directions里面提到的几个点必须都涵盖到，特别是雾霾产生的原因及应对雾霾的方法。
最后，考生在具体写作中，可以发现其实这是一篇观点性作文，有一些高级词汇表达可以套用，如When it comes to, To begin with，There is no denying the fact that，urgent measures must be adopted to 等等。另外，结构上考生可以灵活运用被动、倒装、强调等特殊句型来增强文采性。
Dear Jerry,
As you may have heard of the extremely poor air quality in Shanghai, I’m writing to you to further inform you of the serious haze here. Recently, haze weather has turned up in quite a few cities frequently, which has aroused wide concern among the public.
When it comes to haze, it undoubtedly has resulted in much inconvenience to our daily life and work. For instance, we are forced to wear a mask when going out so as to avoid inhaling the poisonous air outside. Moreover, a large number of flights have to be put off merely due to the low visibility caused by haze. Just as a saying goes, “There is no smoke without fire.” From my point of view, it can be primarily accounted for as follows.
To begin with, too many irresponsible factories emit a large amount of wastes into the air, thus being a leading factor of haze. Additionally, owing to the well-off life, a growing number of private cars are driven on the road, which also let out large quantities of exhausts. Last but not least, human activities like excessive deforestation worsen the situation as well.
There is no denying the fact that urgent measures must be adopted to settle the problem by the authorities involved. To put it in details, factories should be forbidden to release massive wastes before dealing with them in appropriate ways. Furthermore, we citizens ought to play our own part in contributing to a better world. That’s to say, not only should we advocate everyone to commute by bus instead of private cars, but also we need attempt to plant as many trees as possible. I’m looking forward to hearing from you promptly.
Yours,
Huang Ming
课后作业
．
(C)
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. The term comes from the glacial（冰川的）activity of the Ice Age. At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier descended, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land. And the highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. Marine fossils found here are 225 feet above sea level indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly 2,000 islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to blooming communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands left behind by the glacier. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was very nearly formed as two distinct islands. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long.
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, has afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently, though, Bar Harbor has become a new arts community as well. But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
The establishment of Acadia National park in 1916 means that this natural monument will be preserved and that it will be available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, hiking, cycling, and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the museum learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
72．The large number of small islands along the coast of Maine is the result of __________.
A. the drowning of the Maine coastline
B. glacier’s forcing mountains into the sea
C. the irregularity of the Maine coastline
D. ocean water’s flooding the mountain range
73．From the passage, we learn that __________.
A. the coastline of Maine is ten times longer after the Ice Age
B. there are more than 2500 islands along the Maine coastline
C. Mt. Desert Island has been broken apart by a 7-mile-long water stretch
D. an arts community gave way to the summer homes on Mt. Desert Island
74．What CANNOT be inferred about the Acadia Nation Park?
A. It welcomes all the people, rich or poor.
B. It has much appeal for bird-watching lovers.
C. It offers visitors both entertainment and education.
D. It is a border between the two geographical zones.
75．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. The past and the present of Maine B. The formation of Maine coastline
C. Efforts for preserving national parks D. Tourist attractions on Mt. Desert Island
Keys: 72—75 BCDA
答案解析：
72. 细节题，找原因，答案找到在文章第一段的最后一句“As the glacier descended, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea. ”可知答案选B。
73. 推断题，A，从第一段“If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far.”可知是条件，并非事实，因而错，不选；B从第三段第一句“The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly 2,000 islands.”可知是2000岛屿并非2500，因而错，不选；C从第三段最后一句“a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long.”可知C对；D从第四段可知，并非如此，因而答案选C。
74. 推断题，根据关键词“Acadia National park”可知答案从倒数一二段中找，从倒数第二段“Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones.”可知，答案选D。
75. 主旨大意题，选标题类，本篇文章一直在讲一个地方Maine，从过去讲到了现在的一个情况，其它选项都片面，故而综合选A。
2012年二模 徐汇、松江、金山区
(C)
People are looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing property that is environmentally responsible is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-being of the earth. Based on this trend, entire districts, known as eco-communities, are being designed with a green focus in mind. Dockside Green in Victoria, British Columbia is one of them.
If everything goes according to plan, Dockside Green will be a self sufficient community along the harbour front of British Columbia's capital city. The community will be home to 2500 people and will consist of residential, office, and retail space. Builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make. They ensure proper ventilation（通风）, and guarantee residents 100% fresh indoor air. Building materials, such as paints and wood, are natural and non-poisonous. Eco-conscious builders use bamboo wherever possible because it grows fast and does not require pesticides（杀虫剂） to grow.
Energy efficiency is one of the top concerns in eco-communities, such as Dockside Green. Not only do energy efficient appliances and light fixtures（照明设备） reduce the environmental impact of heating and hot water, they also save residents and business owners money. Dockside Green claims that home owners will use 55% less energy than average residents in Canada. Residents will have individual water metres as studies show that people use around 20% less energy when they are billed for exactly what they use. In addition, water is treated at Dockside Green and reused on site for flushing（冲洗） toilets.
Planners of eco-communities such as Dockside Green must take the future into account. Dockside Green plans on reusing 90% of its construction waste. They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their transport and maintenance needs. This is a great way to reduce emissions（排放）. Dockside residents will be encouraged to make use of a mini transportation system and buy into the community's car share program. Finally, plans are in the works for a high-tech heating system that will use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels (化石燃料).
Dockside residents will benefit from excellent local services with high quality healthcare, shopping and education at the heart of the community, along with excellent recreation facilities and plentiful green open spaces. The Eco-Community will favor the use of locally-sourced goods and services; they will be desirable places to live, promoting a tangible（看得见的） sense of civic pride, responsibility and, as the name suggests, community.
72. Which of the following is TRUE about Dockside Green according to the passage?
A. It is an environmental charity aiming at reducing carbon footprint.
B. It is a self-sufficient community with a population of 2500 people.[来源:Zxxk.Com]
C. It is being built along the harbor front that is threatened by pollution.
D. It emphasizes the importance of green energy and energy efficiency.
73. Bamboo is a favorable choice for builders because it _________.
A. provides good air circulation B. keeps pets outside the house
C. grows quickly and easily D. does not produce any waste
74. Which is NOT one of the issues Dockside Green hope to address in the future?
A. Convincing local factories not to pollute the air.
B. Creating an alternative to fossil fuels heating.
C. Having people pay for individual household usage.
D. Promoting the car share program to the residents.
75. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Ways to Reduce Carbon Footprint B. Green Energy: New Trends in Canada
C. Eco-Communities: Dockside Green D. Wise Investment in Eco-Communities
Passage 2:
2012年一模 杨浦区
(C)
With greenhouse gas emissions（排放）hitting record levels and passing climate scientist's worst predictions, a new group of Chinese activists is making its voice heard at the United Nations climate talks, the COP17, which was held in Durban, South Africa.
The delegation of independent Chinese non-governmental organizations (NGOs) believes that civil society must play a bigger role in the global climate crisis. C Plus is the name given to the project launched by 42 Chinese NGOs, calling for domestic and global action to fight climate change. And they think the best way of demanding governments' action is to take action by themselves. The message is clear: climate action is too important and too urgent. It can't wait. The top-down process of negotiations that we are seeing at the UN is too slow.
C Plus has three components, which together explain its name. C Plus stands for: Beyond Commitment. This means that NGOs must put pressure on their governments to achieve targets that are beyond those that have been officially stated. Second is Beyond China -- in other words, NGOs outside and inside of China together must strive to influence their respective governments to take action. Finally, Beyond Climate. The project targets not just carbon reduction but other environmental measures as well such as clean water and air, public education, water conservation and preservation of forests.
In the last few years, NGOs have played an active role in influencing the government's policy making, supervising the government's task of environment responsibility and raising public awareness in environment protection.
And NGOs can claim some notable successes. NGOs sponsored “26-degree air conditioning office” among the public, which later became a government regulation. A group of Chinese citizens organized together and stopped the construction of a dangerous chemical plant in Xiamen.
In total, there are 3,539 environment NGOs in China, in which 55.2 percent now have their own offices, and 26 percent have fixed source of investment. However, most environment NGOs still face problems including difficulty in raising money, shortage in personnel and weak organization ability in their development process.
In Durban, Chinese NGOs have arrived as a team and are prepared to state their demands.
72. The passage is mainly about _____.
A. Durban climate change conference B. environment NGOs in China
C. C plus project launched by NGOs D. achievements of NGOs
73. Which of the following is true about the C Plus?
A. It is an organization devoted to controlling the greenhouse gas emission.
B. It is a program aiming at influencing government to take action to protect environment.
C. It is a project designed by the government to unite NGOs inside and outside China.
D. It is a statement calling for public awareness in environment protection.
74. Most environment NGOs don’t lack _____.
A. financial support B. human resources
C. development goals D. organizational skills
75. What can be inferred from the passage about the NGOs?
A. They once pushed the government to make a regulation concerning office temperature.
B. They pushed forward the slow negotiations by adopting the top-down style.
C. They were directly involved in making environment-related policies.
D. They successfully pressurized the government to achieve the unofficially stated targets.
Passage 3:
闸北区
(C)
With the death of congestion pricing (高峰期行车收费) which was aimed to charge drivers for driving private cars downtown to ease traffic, New York City is left with drivers still stuck in traffic and riders packed like sardines. How else can we ease traffic jams and provide decent and affordable bus and subway service?
Gov. David Paterson took the first step yesterday by thinking of identifying new ways to improve mass transportation. With the income from congestion pricing gone, the city meets with heavy burden from its proposed $29.5 billion five-year capital program. In killing congestion pricing, the city acknowledged that the program is “severely underfunded” and that the shortfall has to be the first area of concern. Now we need other sources of funding or increases real estate and gasoline taxes that finance the authority.
The state should now conduct a detailed environmental review of all choices for reducing traffic. Many legislators who opposed congestion pricing expressed concern that the previous plan had been given truncated environmental review, where sufficient study under the State Environmental Quality Review Act was called for. There’s time now for an all-out study of all traffic-reducing choices, from restrictions on driving days based on license plate numbers to mandated car pooling（强制共乘）. Many parties of interests, however, argue that the measures, similar to the congestion pricing, make no better sense in solving the problem.
The legislature should also give New York City the tools it needs to make buses go faster. New York has the most upsetting buses in America: it takes more time to take the M15 bus from New York’s Harlem to City Hall than to travel by “Amtrak” train from New York to Philadelphia(费城). It doesn’t have to be this way. Other cities have demonstrated that buses go faster when more dedicated(专用的) bus lanes are provided, when cameras mounted on buses are used to issue tickets to keep cars out of bus lanes and when traffic signals are designed to give buses priority.
Finally, the state should allow the city to issue residential parking permits. A study showed that 45 percent of traffic in Brooklyn New York, consists of cars looking for parking spots. Residential parking permits would discourage drivers from using neighborhood streets as a parking lot, which is definitely good news to the traffic.
72. “Congestion pricing” was mainly used to ______.
A. increase fund to finance railway system
B. reduce the prices for taking public transportation
C. discourage driving private cars in New York city
D. give more attention to environmental quality review
73. The underlined word “truncated” in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. incomplete B. outlined C. flat D. adequate
74. The author refers to “Amtrek” in order to demonstrate that ______.
A. American railway system is very efficient
B. Traveling by trains takes less time than by bus in America
C. Bus transportation within New York city is slow
D. Public traffic service in America is of poor quality
75. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. The lack of financial support is an important problem the city faces.
B. All cars are forbidden to drive on particular days to help relieve traffic.
C. Fining private car drivers for taking bus lanes makes buses faster.
D. Lack of parking spots contributed to traffic jams in Brooklyn.
KEYS: Passage 1: DCAC Passage 2: BBC A Passage 3: CACB
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版）
第11讲 考纲词汇&阅读&综合运用 教师版
教学内容
一、 上次课考纲词汇默写
高考英语词组测验4(P37-48)
1. 忙于…
2. 要求，需要
3. 树立信心
4. 付现金
5. 爆发
6. 注意不要…
7. 在校园内
8. 突然大哭/大笑
9. 实施(计划等)
10. 简言之
11. 不是… 而是…
12. 赶上…
13. 撞上；碰见
14. (机械等)出故障
15. 在…的底部
16. (使)冷静下来
17. 袖珍计算器
18. 给某人带来某物
19. carry on
20. 营业时间
21. 遇到（雨、交通堵塞等）
22. (中间）休息
23. 数码相机
24. …的导因
25. 埋头于…，专心于…
26. 拜访某人
27. nothing but
28. 便装
29. 再 也不为过
30. 做生意
31. 什么都不能做，只得…
32. 因公出差
33. 喘不过气来
34. 从事…职业
35. 不仅…而且…
36. (介）要不是
37. 关心；介意，在乎
38. 给某人买某物
39. 公共汽车站
40. 号召…做
41. 抚养长大
42. 去露营
43. 担负起…的重任
44. in no case
45. 从心底里，发自内心地
46. 不关你的事
47. 按按钮
48. 消防队
49. 喜欢，想要；照顾
50. 有能力做某事
高考英语词汇测验5(P49-60)
1. adj.有挑战性的 challenging 13. n. 喜剧演员（作家）comedian
2. n.化学 chemistry 14. n. 主席 chairman
3. vi./n.闲谈，聊天 chat 15. n.奶酪 cheese
4. n.气候；气氛 climate 16. n.职员 clerk
5. adj.舒适的 comfortable 17. n. 交流；传达；通信 communication
6.认欢呼，喝彩 cheer 18.n. 特征；性格；角色，人物character
7. adj.清澈的；清楚的，清晰的；清除的clear 19. n.世纪 century
8. n.社区；团体；社会 community 20. v. 收集，采集;募集(捐款等)collect
9. n.巧克力 chocolate 21. n. 委员会 committee
10. adj. 中心的，中央的 central 22. adj.多云的 cloudy
11. adj.幼稚的 childish 23. n.冠军 champion
12. vt. /n. 认领 claim 24. n. 市民；公民 citizen
25.adj.色彩鲜艳的，富于色彩的；丰富多彩的 colo(u)rful
26. adv.必定地 certainly
27. comparative adj.相比较而言的，相 对的
28. civilized adj.文明的；开化的
29. charity n.慈善；救济物品；(常charities) 慈善组织
30. disclose vt.揭露
31. certificate n. 证书；证明
32. colony n.殖民地
33. chase v./n.追逐；追求
34. clue n.线索；提示
35. common 共同的；常见的；一般的，普通的
36. classic 经典作品
37. celebration n.厌祝
38. charge vt.收费；充电；谴责；控告
39. comment n./v.评论
40. classify vt.分类
41. chief n.首领，领袖；上司
42. coast n.海岸
43. Christian n.基督教徒
44. cell n.细胞
45. clones.克隆,使无性繁殖
46. communist adj. 共产主义（者）的
47. chapter n.(书籍的)章
48. companion n.同伴；伴侣
49. civilian n. /adj.平民（的）
50. collar 衣领；(动物)颈圈
世界环境日主题
2001年：世间万物 生命之网（Connect with the World Wide Web of life）
2002年：让地球充满生机（Give Earth a Chance）
2003年：水----二十亿人生于它（Water - Two Billion People are Dying for It!）
2004年：海洋存亡，匹夫有责（Wanted! Seas and Oceans——Dead or Alive ）
2005年：营造绿色城市,呵护地球家园!（Green Cities---Plan for the Plan）
2006年：莫使旱地变为沙漠（Deserts and Desertification －Don't Desert Drylands!）
2007年： 冰川消融，后果堪忧 (Melting Ice – a Hot Topic)
2008年： 促进低碳经济（Towards a Low Carbon Economy）
2009年：地球需要你：团结起来应对气候变化（Your Planet Needs You-UNite to Combat Climate Change）
2010年：多样的物种 唯一的星球 共同的未来（Many Species One Planet One Future）
2011年：森林：大自然为您效劳(Forests: Nature at Your Service)
2012年：绿色经济：你参与了吗？（Green Economy: Does it include you?）
2013年：思前，食后，厉行节约（think eat save ）
知识点1：题型说明
特性：
生态环保类阅读理解
考查的题型主要集中在细节题和推断题，词义推测题和主旨大意题也有，且主旨题类中主要考查的是标题类，综合而言，这一类的题型在这四个题型出题方面都比较容易出题，而且和我们的日常生活息息相关，因而成为高考阅读理解喜欢选择的题材，学生们要多积累相关常识和知识，通常出现在阅读理解的B/C篇。
知识点2：答题方法
解题方法各个击破：
1. 先看题目，了解考查文章的哪些细节和内容；
2. 快速通读一边文章，了解文章主旨；
3. 再结合第一道题目，从文章中开始找相应答案，并作出相应的正确判断；
4. 主旨题注意看首尾两段落，归纳总结。
生态环境类阅读理解分类词汇联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会） United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
环发大会首脑会议 Summit Session of UNCED
联合国环境规划署 United Nations Environment Programs （UNEP）
国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day (29 December)
世界水日 World Water Day (22 March)
世界气象日 World Meteorological Day(23 March)
世界海洋日 World Oceans Day (8 June )
人与生物圈方案 Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme (UNESCO)
中国21世纪议程 China's Agenda 21
中国生物多样性保护行动计划 China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan
中国跨世纪绿色工程规划 China Trans-Century Green Project Plan
生物多样性公约 Convention on Biological Diversity
防治荒漠化国际公约 Convention to Combat Desertification
气候变化框架公约 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
国家环境保护总局 State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)
坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection
污染者负担的政策 "the-polluters-pay" policy
强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management
环保执法检查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection
限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time
生态示范区 eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region
国家级生态示范区（珠海） Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region
国家级园林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City
生态环保类词汇
工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes
白色污染 white pollution
可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags
放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste
有机污染物 organic pollutants
三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes
城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse
垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill
垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator
防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation
森林砍伐率 deforestation rate
水土流失 water and soil erosion
土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization
生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture
水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone
海水淡化 sea water desalinization
造林工程 afforestation project
绿化面积 afforested areas; greening space
森林覆盖率 forest coverage
防风林 wind breaks
防沙林 sand breaks
速生林 fast-growing trees
降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation
开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources
环保产品 environment-friendly products
自然保护区 nature reserve
野生动植物 wild fauna and flora
保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats
濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife
珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center
美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes
环境恶化 environmental degradation
温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture
空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration
酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution
工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharge
烟尘排放 soot emissions
矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气） fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas
清洁能源 clean energy
汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust
尾气净化器 exhaust purifier
无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline
天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles
电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles; battery cars
小排量汽车 small-displacement (engine) vehicles
温室效应 greenhouse effect
工业废水处理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents
城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage
集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant
课堂练习1：
2012年二模 浦东新区
（A）
Longer Lives for Wild Elephants
Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals, where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators don't exist. Without such problems, animals in zoos should live to a ripe old age.
But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth. Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health. They develop diseases, joint problems and behavior changes. Sometimes, they even become unable to have babies.
To learn more about how captivity(监禁) affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands. Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care, documenting factors such as birth dates, illnesses, weight and death. These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe. The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born elephants with the life spans of thousands of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps(伐木场), over approximately the same time period.
The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9 years. Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years——more than three times as long. Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern. In zoos, they lived 18.9 years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 years.
Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants seem to live so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts. Georgia Mason, a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study, thinks stress and obesity(肥胖) may be to blame. Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild, and most are very fat. Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild, where they live in large herds and family groups.
Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos. Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive.
The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos. While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations, that doesn't appear to be the case with elephants.
72. According to the first two paragraphs, unlike other zoo animals, zoo elephants _______ .
A. have difficulty eating food. B. 1ive to a ripe old age.
C. are not afraid of predators. D. develop health problems.
73. Which of the following about the international scientists' research on the life spans of elephants is NOT true? (See paragraph 3)?
A. They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants.
B. They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care.
C. They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos.
D. The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos.
74. What do the scientists find in their research?
A. Female elephants live longer than male elephants.
B. Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts.
C. Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts.
D. Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans.
75. Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph?
A. It may not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo.
B. Elephants are no longer an endangered species.
C. Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully.
D. Zoos should keep more animals except elephants.
答案解析：
72：细节题：从第二段第二句Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health.可以看出答案，选D。
答案解析：
73：细节题，答案从第三段中找，从“a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands”可知A对；从“Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care,”，可知keep records的主语是zoos而不是they，故主语偷换，错误，答案选B。
答案解析：
74. 细节题，倒数第二段“Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos.”可选出答案C。
答案解析：
75. 推断题，去仔细看最后一段，“The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos. While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations,”中raise questions, threaten, endangered,等词汇看出是不好的，答案选A。
72--75. DBCA
课堂练习2
2014年一模松江区C篇 生态环保类-种树是否对减少二氧化碳有益？
Scientists have long believed one way to stop the Earth’s atmosphere from warming is by planting more trees. The idea is that more trees will take in or absorb some of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a gas released by cars, factories and other human activities. The gas traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, which warms the planet. However, two new studies have found that trees may not be as helpful in reducing carbon dioxide as thought.
The first study was done at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Researchers pumped extra carbon dioxide into a test area where pine trees were growing. The trees grew thirty-four percent faster during the first three years. However, in time, the trees slowed to about their normal growth rate. The scientists say this is because trees need other nutrients, such as nitrogen.
In the second study, researchers from Duke and Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine examined the soil around trees. They discovered that as the leaves broke down into the soil, all the carbon was not trapped in the soil. Much of it was released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
The findings of the two studies were published last month in Nature magazine. They suggest there is limited value in planting trees to reduce the carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere.
Forest planting has been a part of negotiations on a world agreement to reduce greenhouse gases that scientists believe cause global warming. The United States, Canada, Japan and some other industrial countries have supported the idea. But this new research suggests the idea is not as effective as environmental activists had thought. Scientist Ram Oren of Duke University led the study on tree growth. He says that earlier estimates on the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide were overly hopeful.
Some scientists not involved in the studies say the research provides some of the first evidence on how trees react to carbon dioxide. Other scientists say the research disputes a belief among some coal and power companies. The companies say that more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will not create harmful global warming. Instead, they say it will increase forests and other plants.
73. What is the purpose of this passage?
A. Introduce some new ideas about the relationship between trees and carbon dioxide.
B. Introduce recent condition of global industrial pollution.
C. Call on people to plant more trees to reduce greenhouse gases.
D. Point out that power companies should be responsible for the rising levels of carbon dioxide.
74. Why did the researchers put trees in extra carbon dioxide in the first study?
A. To learn whether trees can still absorb carbon dioxide under extreme conditions.
B. To get more oxygen from these trees.
C. To evaluate the maximum carbon dioxide that trees can absorb.
D. To see the effect of carbon dioxide on the growth rate of these trees.
75. What happened to the leaves falling from the trees in the second study?
A. They broke down and the main parts turned into oxygen.
B. They broke down and the carbon content had mainly turned into carbon dioxide.
C. They broke down and the carbon content was mainly absorbed in the soil.
D. They absorbed more carbon dioxide.
76. Scientist Ram Oren thinks that common beliefs of the tree’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide are ____________.
A. appropriate B. pessimistic C. over-optimistic D. convincing
77. The word “dispute” (Line 2, Para.6) probably refers to ____________.
A. question B. support C. maintain D. accept
参考答案：73-77 ADBCA
本篇文章的主旨大意是：探究二氧化碳的浓度与树木增长速度的关系。首段作者提出了这样一个疑问，然后作者通过进行实验对比的方法对这个疑问加之证明。
73. 答案选择A。本题考察的是推断题，是一道表示目的推理题。所以要抓住全文的主旨，通常在文章的首段和末端。此题的答案就在文章的首段。However, two new studies have found that trees may not be as helpful in reducing carbon dioxide as thought. 通过此句话中的However,进行转折，可以知道重点是在转折后面的这个内容，所以很显然答案选择A。
74. 答案选择D，本题考察的是细节题，我们可以很快的定位文章的答案应该是在第二段，并且从 The trees grew thirty-four percent faster during the first three years. However, in time, the trees slowed to about their normal growth rate. 这句话可以得出实验一研究的是二氧化碳的量与它们增长速度的关系。
75. 答案选择B，本题考察的是细节题，我们可以很快的定位文章的答案应该是在第三段，并且从They discovered that as the leaves broke down into the soil, all the carbon was not trapped in the soil. Much of it was released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.可以得出掉落的叶子被腐烂了，然后分解，最后像二氧化碳一样释放到了空中。
76.答案选择C，本题考察的是作者态度题，从文章的倒数第二段Scientist Ram Oren of Duke University led the study on tree growth. He says that earlier estimates on the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide were overly hopeful.可以看出早期的评估是过分的充满希望的，说明科学家的观点过于乐观。
77.答案选择A，本题考察的是词义猜测题。此题可以通过文章中Some scientists not involved in the studies say the research provides some of the first evidence on how trees react to carbon dioxide. Other scientists say the research disputes a belief among some coal and power companies. 这句话可以看出来，前部分科学家的观点是支持，说明后面部分科学家的观点就是反对，形成了对比。
专题精讲
高考阅读理解共性：
A．阅读理解考查题型：
1. 细节理解题；
2. 词义推测题；
3. 推理判断题；
4. 主旨大意题。
B．解题技巧点拨：
1.细节理解题；
1）细节理解题解题技能
做细节理解题时，不必通篇细看原文，而可采取"带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，对照比较，确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除：
2) 细节题干扰项有如下几个特点：
(1)与原文有相关信息，但不是题目要求的内容；
(2)符合常识，但不是文章内容：
(3)与原文的内容极其相似，但在程度上有些变动：
(4)在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反：
(5)一半正确，一半错误：
细节理解题的答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思：有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。
2.词义推测题；
词义猜测题解题技能
常见的猜测词义的方法:
(1) 利用构词法
(2)利用同义近义词
(3)利用反义词
(4)利用定义、解释和例证
(5)利用上下文语境
(6)根据语义转折
3.推理判断题；
推理判断题解题技能
这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维．同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
(1) 深入理解作者在字里行间渗透出来的深层含义, 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点：
(2) 推理的源泉来自于上下文的语境、语气等：
(3) 紧紧抓住所给文章，决不能脱离文章凭空想像；
(4) 把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，通过分析、综合、判断等进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理，决不能以偏概全、见树不见林。
4.主旨大意题；
主旨大意题解题技能
主要可概括为两大类，
(1) 怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
(2) 怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。
注意：
① 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系：
② 依据文章关键词，再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何：
③ 对比四个选项，先排除两个，再比较余下的，要考虑标题是过大还是过小；
要避免下列三种错误：
(a)概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；
(b)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
(c)以事实、细节替代替抽象具体的大意。
阅读练习
I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London. And my friend Gallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There，“I’m having a dinner party” means “I’m booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can’t afford and we’ll be sharing the check evenly，no matter what you eat.”
Worse，in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They’ll throw down cash，half of what they owe，and then people like me，who don’t drink，end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick，the hostess will shout “Where are you going？”And it’s not like I can say I have somewhere to go：everyone knows I have nowhere to go.
But in London，dinner parties are in people’s homes. Not only that，the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one，the guests were from France，India，Denmark and Nigeria；it was like a gathering at the United Nations. In New York，the mix is less striking. It’s like a gathering at Bloomingdale’s，a wellknown department store.
For New Yorkers，talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York. But at Callery’s，when I said that I had been to Myanmar recently，people knew where it was. In New York people would think it was a usual new club.
( )1. What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Choice. B. Try.
C. Style. D. Goal.
( )2. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?
A. There is a strange mix of people. B. The restaurants are expensive.
C. The bill is not fairly shared. D. People have to pay cash.
( )3. What does the author think of the parties in London?
A. A bit unusual. B. Full of tricks.
C. Less costly. D. More interesting.
( )4.What is the author’s opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience?
A. Easygoing. B. Selfcentered.
C. Generous. D. Conservative.
( )5.What is the main idea of this article?
A．I hated dinner parties. B．I prefer dinner parties in London to those in New York.
C．The difference between London and New York. D．Mallory invited me to a party.
【文章大意】 文章主要通过作者的经历来介绍伦敦和纽约的不同的社会生活方式。
1. B 词义猜测题。从第一句的hated，到But意义上的转折，说明尽管不喜欢，还是要“尝试一下”，所以try的意思更接近shot。
2. C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don't drink, end up paying even more.”可知类似作者这样的人在纽约吃饭吃亏，因为付钱多。故C项意思正确。
3. D 推理判断题。根据第二段和其中的句子Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix.可以推断伦敦的party要比纽约有趣。
4. B 推理判断题。从最后一段的talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York.和In New York people would think it was a usual new club 可以推断，作者对一些纽约人的看法是“以自我为中心的”。
5．B 主旨大意题。A、D都不全面，C 范围扩大。由伦敦和纽约的dinner parties间的不同扩大到两座城市所有的不同。整篇文章都是在比较两个城市间的“dinner parties”的不同之处，同时也表达了作者对纽约聚会的诸多不满，和对伦敦parties的喜欢。
闸北区区阅读C篇 有关生物多样性
(C)
Is growth good for biodiversity(生物多样性)? To answer the question, it is critical to define what we mean by growth. Is growth gross domestic product (GDP), the "monetary value of all the finished goods within a country's borders"? Or does it mean improving the human standard of living? Today, when people say growth, they mean GDP, a measure that is over 70 years old. Actually GDP demonstrates negative implications for biodiversity, as this "growth" measures only money inflows while far more important is the balance sheet, which shows properties and debts. As biodiversity delivers no cash, it has no place in GDP system, but biodiversity provides the asset side of the balance sheet, such as forests, rivers, wetlands and animals—the list goes on.
It is argued that growth is good for biodiversity in the long run as there is an environmental Kuznets curve where environmental conditions get worse in the early stages of modern economic growth, but improve once a growth level has been reached. According to some people, once GDP has been high, more resources are to invest in conservation, and new technologies are used to protect the nature. They said people would have more interest in protecting the environment, and some of the forests started to return and many pollutants were almost eliminated. Standing in America today it might appear that the environmental Kuznets curve works.
At first sight there appears to be a logic. Today the US GDP is increasing while many precious species populations are also recovering? Such conditions, according to some people, can be explained by greater efficiency in cars or more efficient agricultural production. But in fact, the majority of the negative impacts have simply been exported. The high-polluting industries have been outsourced to developing nations. Therefore the bitterest punishments are largely felt beyond the borders while we Americans are enjoying high GDP and selfish biodiversity at the same time. This can be seen in the WWF annual Report, where species population trends are increasing by 7% in high-income countries and declining in middle- and low-income countries by 31% and 60% respectively.
It is self-evident that growth, as currently defined, has a major negative impact upon biodiversity.What needs to change is the definition of growth from a GDP-essential concept to a balance-sheet approach.Organisations and world community should work on creating new vision or reform that will help ensure a real balance between an improving standard of human life and a thriving biodiverse landscape.
74. According to the passage, the author’s opinion toward GDP is that GDP______.
A. has nothing to do with biodiversity as it serves as an economic ruler
B. shouldn't have ignored biodiversity as it does good to balance sheet
C. is out-dated as it leaves out productions outside a country’s borders
D. is a useful economic indicator as it honestly follows the Kuznets curve
75. The environmental Kuznets curve is seemingly working because ______.
A. when US economy is strong, people have more interest in environment protection
B. high GDP helps to introduce high technology for environment protection
C. great fuel efficiency in cars and agriculture helps to protect environment
D. the US makes other weak nations take the harmful consequences
76. The author’s main opinion about growth-biodiversity is that ______.
A. there’s no clear relationship between growth and biodiversity
B. growth harms biodiversity with today’s GDP-centred system
C. biodiversity condition agrees with a country’s economic growth
D. the author is not sure about the exact influence of growth on biodiversity
77. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. GDP focuses on balance sheet rather than monetary increase.
B. Within borders, America is enjoying a better biodiversity right now.
C. Many low-income nations are having a higher GDP growth than the U.S.
D. Creative ways have been found to balance life standard and biodiversity.
参考答案:74-77 BDBB
疑难点词汇提炼：
biodiversity 生物多样性
the finished goods 成品
gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值
demonstrate 证实
asset side of the balance sheet资产负债表
Kuznets Curve 库兹涅茨曲线
invest in conservation
Balance Sheet:also referred to as a statement of financial position, reports on a company's assets, liabilities, and ownership equity at a given point in time.Presents a company’s current financial poistion by disclosing the resouces the company controls (assets)and its obligations to lenders and other creditors (liabilities)at a specific point in time.
资产负债和所有权益反映企业在一定日期的财务状况，是对企业资金运动的静态反映，是资产负债表的构成要素。
1、 专题特点：
这部分阅读涉及到广泛的话题，日常生活中对于衣食住行等话题多加关注，有利于增加这部分阅读理解题的了解；此外，做好这类题要对细节题做题技巧有较好的掌握；同时也要加强练习和总结经验。
2、解题方法：
做题时，要先从题干中找到关键性词语，然后快速在文章中寻找相关细节，细心比较所给选项与文中细节区别，在准确理解了细节的前提下，最终确定最佳答案。
3、注意事项：
由于这类阅读理解主要考细节题，所以在做题时需要切题找答案，不可断章取义及单纯地根据自己的主观观点进行做题。
技巧提炼
只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解：
1．正确处理好“快”与“准”的关系
2．正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选择答案的关系
3．正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系
虹口区A篇 生态环保类-大象回归野生环境
(A)
“It seems likely that a caged elephant would miss the wilderness it was born into.” a six-year study revealed.
British and Canadian scientists studied 4500 elephants in European zoos and compared them with elephants living in the wild. They found that wild elephants are healthier, live longer and reproduce more than those elephants in zoos.
When it comes to living in a zoo, “many species do well but elephants don’t,” said Georgia Mason, one of the researchers of the study. Many animals live longer in zoos than they do in the wild. This isn’t surprising when you consider that zoo animals are not threatened by predators(掠食者),always have plenty to eat, and have professionals on hand to care for them.
When it comes to elephants, however, the situation is different. The world’s largest land animals live much longer in the wild than they do in zoos.
Female African elephants born in zoos live on average for 17 years, while those in the wild make it to 56.” So far,” says Mason, “We’ve got 300 African elephants in zoos in Europe, and not one’s yet reached 50.
Asian elephants are the more endangered of the two elephant species. They live for about 19 years in captivity(圈养) compared to 42 years, in the wild. A few wild Asian elephants have even made it into their 70s. In Kenya, 30 to 50 percent of wild elephants reach 50 years of age.
Fatness and stress are likely causes for the giant land animals early death in captivity, Mason said.
The researchers say that zoos do not offer enough space for animals that can travel as far as 48 kilometers a day. Too little exercise and too much food means captive elephants put on extra weight. The weight gain can lead to heart disease and other health problems.
Being” caged” is bad for health, not only for elephants, but also for humans. Be careful not to become a “caged elephant”!
66. Many animals live longer in zoos owing to the following reasons EXCEPT that ________.
A. they are far away from the danger of being eaten.
B. they can be in a better mood there.
C. they needn’t worry about their food at all.
D. they are taken good care of.
67. Which of the following may probably result in the early death of elephants in zoos?
A. Stress and lack of delicious food.
B. Loneliness and little space for activities.
C. Lack of delicious food and enough exercise.
D. Being stressed and over weight.
68. What can be concluded from the passage?
A. Zoos are not suitable for animals to live in.
B. None of the animals live well in zoos due to lack of exercise.
C. Compared with the elephants in zoos, wild elephants are healthier.
D. Asian elephants can live longer than African elephants in zoos.
69．What’s the passage mainly about?
A. The living conditions of animals in the world are worsening.
B. elephants can live a longer time in the wild than the zoos.
C. All of us should take actions to protect wild animals.
D. The places where wild animals live are being damaged seriously.
参考答案：66. B 67. D 68.C 69. B
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是黄明，你远在加拿大的网友Jerry听说最近上海的空气质量很槽糕，雾霾(haze)很严重，很想进一步了解情况，请你给Jerry写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
Ø 描述上海雾霾的情况和人们的感受；
Ø 分析造成雾霾的原因；
Ø 你对应对雾霾的思考。
分析：
总体来看，崇明一模作文是比较好写的，一般学生都能就这个热点话题“雾霾”说出自己的看法，但是怎么样做到语言高级、结构合理还是有一定难度的。
首先，考生应注意审题，这是一篇电子邮件，属于书信类作文。所以，信件的开头、正文、结尾的基本格式必须是正确的。（请参见范文）
其次，考生要注意内容的完整性，也就是directions里面提到的几个点必须都涵盖到，特别是雾霾产生的原因及应对雾霾的方法。
最后，考生在具体写作中，可以发现其实这是一篇观点性作文，有一些高级词汇表达可以套用，如When it comes to, To begin with，There is no denying the fact that，urgent measures must be adopted to 等等。另外，结构上考生可以灵活运用被动、倒装、强调等特殊句型来增强文采性。
Dear Jerry,
As you may have heard of the extremely poor air quality in Shanghai, I’m writing to you to further inform you of the serious haze here. Recently, haze weather has turned up in quite a few cities frequently, which has aroused wide concern among the public.
When it comes to haze, it undoubtedly has resulted in much inconvenience to our daily life and work. For instance, we are forced to wear a mask when going out so as to avoid inhaling the poisonous air outside. Moreover, a large number of flights have to be put off merely due to the low visibility caused by haze. Just as a saying goes, “There is no smoke without fire.” From my point of view, it can be primarily accounted for as follows.
To begin with, too many irresponsible factories emit a large amount of wastes into the air, thus being a leading factor of haze. Additionally, owing to the well-off life, a growing number of private cars are driven on the road, which also let out large quantities of exhausts. Last but not least, human activities like excessive deforestation worsen the situation as well.
There is no denying the fact that urgent measures must be adopted to settle the problem by the authorities involved. To put it in details, factories should be forbidden to release massive wastes before dealing with them in appropriate ways. Furthermore, we citizens ought to play our own part in contributing to a better world. That’s to say, not only should we advocate everyone to commute by bus instead of private cars, but also we need attempt to plant as many trees as possible. I’m looking forward to hearing from you promptly.
Yours,
Huang Ming
课后作业
．
(C)
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. The term comes from the glacial（冰川的）activity of the Ice Age. At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier descended, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land. And the highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. Marine fossils found here are 225 feet above sea level indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly 2,000 islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to blooming communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands left behind by the glacier. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was very nearly formed as two distinct islands. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long.
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, has afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently, though, Bar Harbor has become a new arts community as well. But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
The establishment of Acadia National park in 1916 means that this natural monument will be preserved and that it will be available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, hiking, cycling, and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the museum learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
72．The large number of small islands along the coast of Maine is the result of __________.
A. the drowning of the Maine coastline
B. glacier’s forcing mountains into the sea
C. the irregularity of the Maine coastline
D. ocean water’s flooding the mountain range
73．From the passage, we learn that __________.
A. the coastline of Maine is ten times longer after the Ice Age
B. there are more than 2500 islands along the Maine coastline
C. Mt. Desert Island has been broken apart by a 7-mile-long water stretch
D. an arts community gave way to the summer homes on Mt. Desert Island
74．What CANNOT be inferred about the Acadia Nation Park?
A. It welcomes all the people, rich or poor.
B. It has much appeal for bird-watching lovers.
C. It offers visitors both entertainment and education.
D. It is a border between the two geographical zones.
75．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. The past and the present of Maine B. The formation of Maine coastline
C. Efforts for preserving national parks D. Tourist attractions on Mt. Desert Island
Keys: 72—75 BCDA
答案解析：
72. 细节题，找原因，答案找到在文章第一段的最后一句“As the glacier descended, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea. ”可知答案选B。
73. 推断题，A，从第一段“If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far.”可知是条件，并非事实，因而错，不选；B从第三段第一句“The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly 2,000 islands.”可知是2000岛屿并非2500，因而错，不选；C从第三段最后一句“a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long.”可知C对；D从第四段可知，并非如此，因而答案选C。
74. 推断题，根据关键词“Acadia National park”可知答案从倒数一二段中找，从倒数第二段“Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones.”可知，答案选D。
75. 主旨大意题，选标题类，本篇文章一直在讲一个地方Maine，从过去讲到了现在的一个情况，其它选项都片面，故而综合选A。
2012年二模 徐汇、松江、金山区
(C)
People are looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing property that is environmentally responsible is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-being of the earth. Based on this trend, entire districts, known as eco-communities, are being designed with a green focus in mind. Dockside Green in Victoria, British Columbia is one of them.
If everything goes according to plan, Dockside Green will be a self sufficient community along the harbour front of British Columbia's capital city. The community will be home to 2500 people and will consist of residential, office, and retail space. Builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make. They ensure proper ventilation（通风）, and guarantee residents 100% fresh indoor air. Building materials, such as paints and wood, are natural and non-poisonous. Eco-conscious builders use bamboo wherever possible because it grows fast and does not require pesticides（杀虫剂） to grow.
Energy efficiency is one of the top concerns in eco-communities, such as Dockside Green. Not only do energy efficient appliances and light fixtures（照明设备） reduce the environmental impact of heating and hot water, they also save residents and business owners money. Dockside Green claims that home owners will use 55% less energy than average residents in Canada. Residents will have individual water metres as studies show that people use around 20% less energy when they are billed for exactly what they use. In addition, water is treated at Dockside Green and reused on site for flushing（冲洗） toilets.
Planners of eco-communities such as Dockside Green must take the future into account. Dockside Green plans on reusing 90% of its construction waste. They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their transport and maintenance needs. This is a great way to reduce emissions（排放）. Dockside residents will be encouraged to make use of a mini transportation system and buy into the community's car share program. Finally, plans are in the works for a high-tech heating system that will use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels (化石燃料).
Dockside residents will benefit from excellent local services with high quality healthcare, shopping and education at the heart of the community, along with excellent recreation facilities and plentiful green open spaces. The Eco-Community will favor the use of locally-sourced goods and services; they will be desirable places to live, promoting a tangible（看得见的） sense of civic pride, responsibility and, as the name suggests, community.
72. Which of the following is TRUE about Dockside Green according to the passage?
A. It is an environmental charity aiming at reducing carbon footprint.
B. It is a self-sufficient community with a population of 2500 people.[来源:Zxxk.Com]
C. It is being built along the harbor front that is threatened by pollution.
D. It emphasizes the importance of green energy and energy efficiency.
73. Bamboo is a favorable choice for builders because it _________.
A. provides good air circulation B. keeps pets outside the house
C. grows quickly and easily D. does not produce any waste
74. Which is NOT one of the issues Dockside Green hope to address in the future?
A. Convincing local factories not to pollute the air.
B. Creating an alternative to fossil fuels heating.
C. Having people pay for individual household usage.
D. Promoting the car share program to the residents.
75. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Ways to Reduce Carbon Footprint B. Green Energy: New Trends in Canada
C. Eco-Communities: Dockside Green D. Wise Investment in Eco-Communities
Passage 2:
2012年一模 杨浦区
(C)
With greenhouse gas emissions（排放）hitting record levels and passing climate scientist's worst predictions, a new group of Chinese activists is making its voice heard at the United Nations climate talks, the COP17, which was held in Durban, South Africa.
The delegation of independent Chinese non-governmental organizations (NGOs) believes that civil society must play a bigger role in the global climate crisis. C Plus is the name given to the project launched by 42 Chinese NGOs, calling for domestic and global action to fight climate change. And they think the best way of demanding governments' action is to take action by themselves. The message is clear: climate action is too important and too urgent. It can't wait. The top-down process of negotiations that we are seeing at the UN is too slow.
C Plus has three components, which together explain its name. C Plus stands for: Beyond Commitment. This means that NGOs must put pressure on their governments to achieve targets that are beyond those that have been officially stated. Second is Beyond China -- in other words, NGOs outside and inside of China together must strive to influence their respective governments to take action. Finally, Beyond Climate. The project targets not just carbon reduction but other environmental measures as well such as clean water and air, public education, water conservation and preservation of forests.
In the last few years, NGOs have played an active role in influencing the government's policy making, supervising the government's task of environment responsibility and raising public awareness in environment protection.
And NGOs can claim some notable successes. NGOs sponsored “26-degree air conditioning office” among the public, which later became a government regulation. A group of Chinese citizens organized together and stopped the construction of a dangerous chemical plant in Xiamen.
In total, there are 3,539 environment NGOs in China, in which 55.2 percent now have their own offices, and 26 percent have fixed source of investment. However, most environment NGOs still face problems including difficulty in raising money, shortage in personnel and weak organization ability in their development process.
In Durban, Chinese NGOs have arrived as a team and are prepared to state their demands.
72. The passage is mainly about _____.
A. Durban climate change conference B. environment NGOs in China
C. C plus project launched by NGOs D. achievements of NGOs
73. Which of the following is true about the C Plus?
A. It is an organization devoted to controlling the greenhouse gas emission.
B. It is a program aiming at influencing government to take action to protect environment.
C. It is a project designed by the government to unite NGOs inside and outside China.
D. It is a statement calling for public awareness in environment protection.
74. Most environment NGOs don’t lack _____.
A. financial support B. human resources
C. development goals D. organizational skills
75. What can be inferred from the passage about the NGOs?
A. They once pushed the government to make a regulation concerning office temperature.
B. They pushed forward the slow negotiations by adopting the top-down style.
C. They were directly involved in making environment-related policies.
D. They successfully pressurized the government to achieve the unofficially stated targets.
Passage 3:
闸北区
(C)
With the death of congestion pricing (高峰期行车收费) which was aimed to charge drivers for driving private cars downtown to ease traffic, New York City is left with drivers still stuck in traffic and riders packed like sardines. How else can we ease traffic jams and provide decent and affordable bus and subway service?
Gov. David Paterson took the first step yesterday by thinking of identifying new ways to improve mass transportation. With the income from congestion pricing gone, the city meets with heavy burden from its proposed $29.5 billion five-year capital program. In killing congestion pricing, the city acknowledged that the program is “severely underfunded” and that the shortfall has to be the first area of concern. Now we need other sources of funding or increases real estate and gasoline taxes that finance the authority.
The state should now conduct a detailed environmental review of all choices for reducing traffic. Many legislators who opposed congestion pricing expressed concern that the previous plan had been given truncated environmental review, where sufficient study under the State Environmental Quality Review Act was called for. There’s time now for an all-out study of all traffic-reducing choices, from restrictions on driving days based on license plate numbers to mandated car pooling（强制共乘）. Many parties of interests, however, argue that the measures, similar to the congestion pricing, make no better sense in solving the problem.
The legislature should also give New York City the tools it needs to make buses go faster. New York has the most upsetting buses in America: it takes more time to take the M15 bus from New York’s Harlem to City Hall than to travel by “Amtrak” train from New York to Philadelphia(费城). It doesn’t have to be this way. Other cities have demonstrated that buses go faster when more dedicated(专用的) bus lanes are provided, when cameras mounted on buses are used to issue tickets to keep cars out of bus lanes and when traffic signals are designed to give buses priority.
Finally, the state should allow the city to issue residential parking permits. A study showed that 45 percent of traffic in Brooklyn New York, consists of cars looking for parking spots. Residential parking permits would discourage drivers from using neighborhood streets as a parking lot, which is definitely good news to the traffic.
72. “Congestion pricing” was mainly used to ______.
A. increase fund to finance railway system
B. reduce the prices for taking public transportation
C. discourage driving private cars in New York city
D. give more attention to environmental quality review
73. The underlined word “truncated” in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. incomplete B. outlined C. flat D. adequate
74. The author refers to “Amtrek” in order to demonstrate that ______.
A. American railway system is very efficient
B. Traveling by trains takes less time than by bus in America
C. Bus transportation within New York city is slow
D. Public traffic service in America is of poor quality
75. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. The lack of financial support is an important problem the city faces.
B. All cars are forbidden to drive on particular days to help relieve traffic.
C. Fining private car drivers for taking bus lanes makes buses faster.
D. Lack of parking spots contributed to traffic jams in Brooklyn.
KEYS: Passage 1: DCAC Passage 2: BBC A Passage 3: CACB
相关教案
2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第19讲 考纲词汇&summary 六选四&综合运用【教案】： 这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第19讲 考纲词汇&summary 六选四&综合运用【教案】，共15页。
2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第18讲 考纲词汇&分词&综合运用【教案】： 这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第18讲 考纲词汇&分词&综合运用【教案】，共23页。教案主要包含了浦东新区等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第17讲 考纲词汇&不定式&综合运用【教案】： 这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第17讲 考纲词汇&不定式&综合运用【教案】，共16页。教案主要包含了不定式作主语和表语，不定式作宾语，不定式作补语，不定式作定语，不定式作状语等内容，欢迎下载使用。
