初中英语八大时态概括总结资料

这是一份初中英语八大时态概括总结资料，共50页。教案主要包含了概念，常搭配的时间状语，基本结构，基本用法，表示将来的五种常用非时态方式，过去完成时与现在完成时的区别等内容，欢迎下载使用。

初中英语八大时态概括总结
时态的概念：
英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示， 这种不同的动词形式称为时态。
时态的种类：（基本时态）      
一般现在时   一般过去时
现在进行时   过去进行时  
一般将来时   过去将来时 
现在完成时   过去完成时
一般现在时
一、概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
二、常搭配的时间状语：
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month„), once a week, etc.
三、基本结构
①be动词（is,am,are）；②行为动词(主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s或es外)
否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
例句：
I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。
Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。
四、基本用法：
1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：
They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。
2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
顾名思义，客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的；也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。例如：
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
4) 当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
一般过去时
一、概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
二、常搭配的时间状语：
ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), etc.
三、基本结构：
①be动词的过去式（was/were）；
②行为动词的过去式（即在动词原形后加ed，不规则变化的动词除外）
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
一般过去时用谓语动词的过去式构成，即在动词原形后加ed，不规则变化的特殊动词除外。例句：
He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事？
四、基本用法
主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。
使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。
"过去"的时间概念有两层意思：
一是指"现在某个时间"以前的时间；二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间，在这个意义上，"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。
例如：
He got his driving license last month. 
他上个月拿到了驾照。
--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？
--He just went out.他刚刚出去。
 一般将来时
一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
二、时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes等。
三、基本结构
①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.
否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。
如： Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 
今晚给我打电话，我会在家。
I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 
下次我要干得好些。
四、基本用法：
主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的“将来时间”是指“说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间”。它的表示方法主要有如下几种：
1)shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说，动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来的某个时间内发生；它没有主观性，是“纯粹的将来动作”。例如：
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
　2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式
这种表示方法主要是说明 A）“说话人的意图、打算”；B）“某种可能性”。例如：
A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 
他打算在伦敦度假。
B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。
3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况：
按计划安排要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远； 要求或命令他人做某事。例如：
A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。
B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。
4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时（限于某些动词）表示按计划安排要发生的事。主要强调“按计划安排要发生的事”。例如：
Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗？
五、表示将来的五种常用非时态方式　　
1. “be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。如：
She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱丽叶。
2. “be about to + 不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如：
The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。
3. “be going + 不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如：
We are going to call her this evening. 
我们打算今晚给她打电话。
4. 用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如：
The students are leaving on Sunday. 
学生们星期日出发。
5. 用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如：
We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假
过去将来时
一、概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 
二、常搭配的时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.
三、 基本结构：
①was/were going to + do；②would/should + do; ③was/were to was/were about to+do
否定形式：
①was/were/not + going to + do;
②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should 提到句首。
例句：I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。
四、基本用法
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：
A)宾语从句或间接引语中；
When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 
当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
B)表示过去习惯性的动作；
During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。
C)表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
 现在进行时
一、概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
二、常搭配的时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
三、基本结构：
am/is/are+动词的现在分词（V-ing)
否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
例：They’re having a meeting. 他们在开会。
四、基本用法
主要用来描述“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作，或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。适用于下面的情况：
1）“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。例如：
They are having a football match .
他们正在赛足球。
2）“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生，而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着，或是重复地发生着。例如：
He is preparing for CET Band Six. 
他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。
3）表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行，而是表示经常性，相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况。例如：
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . 
（表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。
4）表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如：
I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 
今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。
过去进行时
一、概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
二、时间状语：
at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
三、基本结构：
was/were+动词的现在分词（doing）
否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
四、基本用法：
主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作，所以，句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语，词组，或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中：
1）表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作，例如：
At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.
昨天这时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。
2）用于故事的开头，交代故事发生的背景情况。
过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”，所以，在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”，从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如：
One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity … .
一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源……
3)（仅限少数动词）表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如：
When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候，他们开始制订度假计划。
五、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
两者的基本差别是过去进行时通常表示一个过去正在进行且尚未完成的动作，而一般过去时则通常表示一个过去已经完成的动作。
如：
I was reading a book last night. 
我昨晚在看书。(不一定看完)
I read a book last night. 
我昨晚看了一本书。(已经看完)
现在完成时
一、概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
二、现在完成时用法之常用词语：
能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：
(1) since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时：
I haven’t seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。
【注】有时可用其他时态的情况，但须注意：
① 对于某些表示状态的动词(如 seem 等)，或因语义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适：
It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
② 若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时：
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)
③ 表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时：
It’s ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。
(2) so far  (到目前为止)：
So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。

(3) in [for, during] the past [last] … years(在过去…年中)：
In the past two years I’ve seen him little. 过去两年我很少见到他。
【注】在一定的上下文里，若是以过去时间为起点，也可用过去完成时。
(4) up to [until] now(到现在为止)：
Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。
(5) It’s [will be] the first time that…(第一次…)：
It’s the first time I’ve come here. 这是我第一次来这儿。
三、基本结构：
have/has + done
否定形式：have/has + not +d one.
一般疑问句：have或has开头+主语+动词的过去分词。
例：I have seen the film already. 
我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。)
Have you seen my bag? 
你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? )
四、基本用法
对于初接触现在完成时的人来说，往往会产生一种茫然，因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。那就是，这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。
其实不然，现在完成时主要表示，发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续；侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别，就很容易理解现在完成时了。它主要适用于下面的几种情况：
1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作
By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。
2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作
Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？
3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续
It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。
　几点注意：
1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以及它所处的语言环境。例如：
He speaks English .（一般现在时，说明动作发生的经常性。）
He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般过去时，说明动作发生的时间。）
He is speaking English.（现在进行时，说明动作正在进行。）
He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（现在完成时，这里说明动作的总和。）
He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. （现在完成进行时，强调动作的连续性。）
2）在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时；如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。
例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.
3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作，它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有：be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。
过去完成时
一、概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即"过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）"。
二、常搭配的时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.
三、基本结构：had + 动词的过去分词（done）. （had通用于各种人称）
否定形式：had + not + 动词的过去分词done.
一般疑问句：had放于句首。
例句：She said she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。

四、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
(1) by + 过去的时间点。
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
(2)  by the end of + 过去的时间点。
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
(3) before + 过去的时间点。
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由"过去的过去"来判定。
过去完成时表示"过去的过去"，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
(1) 宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
(2) 状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
(3) 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
五、过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在"过去的过去"。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在"过去的过去"）
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是"过去的过去"，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.　
4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.   
（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
六、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词"。
过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调"过去的过去"，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
I have learned 1000 English words so far
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
初中英语八大时态全套精讲
.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。　 时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday
　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
　 The earth moves around the sun.　 Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。
　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
　 I don't want so much. 　 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.　　　I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
二. 构成及变化
　　1、be动词的变化
　　肯定句：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：　I am a boy.　　我是一个男孩。
　　否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker.　　他不是工人。
　　一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。 如：-Are you a student?　　-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike?
2、行为动词的变化
　　当主语为第一，二人称及复数时，助动词为do
　　肯定句：主语+动词原形(+其它)。　　如：　We often play basketball after school.
　　否定句：主语+ don't+动词原形(+其它)。　　如：we don’t play basketball after school.
　　一般疑问句：Do +主语+动词原形+其它?　　如： Do you often play basketball after school l? Yes, we do. / No, we don't.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+以do开头的一般疑问句?　　如： What do you often do after school ?
　　当主语为第三人称单数时 ,助动词为does
　　肯定句：主语+动词三单式(+其它)。如： He swims well.
　　否定句：主语+ doesn’t+动词原形(+其它)。
　　如：He doesn’t swim well..
　　一般疑问句：Does +主语+动词原形+其它。
　　如：Does he swim well ?
　　Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+以does开头的一般疑问句?
　　如： How does your father go to work?
三、第三人称单数的动词变化规则(只有在第三人称为主语的肯定句中，动词才用三单式)
　　(1)多数动词直接加s:
　　runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs…….
　　(2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母,结尾加es :
　　watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes
　　(3)动词末尾y前为辅音:将y改为i加es:
　　study→studies fly→flies carry→carries cry→cries
　　但在y前如果为元音则直接加s:
　　buys says
2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 　　yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)　　last night (week, month, year…),　　a moment ago , a week ago, three years ago…　just now,等。
　 Where did you go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
　 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.　　　　　
3）句型：
　 It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了"
　 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了"
　 It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。
　 It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。
　 would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'
　 I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
　I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：　　一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
　Christine was an invalid all her life.　
　 (含义：她已不在人间。)
　Christine has been an invalid all her life.　
　 (含义：她现在还活着)
　Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
　 (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
　Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
　( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
　　　Did you want anything else?
　　　I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
　　　Could you lend me your bike?
3 used to / be used to
　　used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　　
　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (过去常常散步)
　　be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题　　　
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.　　　　　　
A. didn't　　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't
　　答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
二、构成及变化
1. Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：
am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t)
are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t)
带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
2.行为动词在一般过去时中的变化：
肯定句 ： 主语 + 动词的过去式 .
I watched a film last Sunday .
否定句 ： 主语+ didn’t + 动词原形.
I didn’t watch a film last Sunday .
一般疑问句：Did + 主语 + 动词原形 ?
Did you watch a film last Sunday ? Yes, I did . No , I didn’t .
特殊疑问句：疑问词+ 以did 开头的一般疑问句 ?
What did you do last Sunday ?
3、现在进行时
一、意义——当表示现在正在进行的动作或正在发生的事。
时间标志——now，句前的look ,listen
二、构成:be (am, is ,are )+动词现在分词-ing形式
肯定句： 主语 + be + 现在分词V-ing (+ 其他)
I’m doing my homework now .
否定句：主语+be+not+动词-ing +其他.
I’m not doing my homework now.
一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词-ing +其他?
Are you doing your home work now?
Yes, I am . No , I’m not .
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词-ing+其他?
What are you doing now ?
三、现在分词的构成：
(1)一般在动词末尾直接加ing,
(2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e,再加ing，
如 skate →skating make →making dance → dancing write → writing have → having
ride → riding come → coming
(3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词，中间只有一个元音字母，词尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing, 如： putting running beginning stopping swimming shopping jogging
sitting getting forgetting letting
四、现在进行时的基本用法：
　a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
　　 We are waiting for you.
　b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　
　　　(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
　　 She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
　c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
　　 The leaves are turning red.
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer.
　d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
　　 You are always changing your mind.
典型例题
　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　
　A. has lost, don't find　　 B. is missing, don't find　C. has lost, haven't found　 D. is missing, haven't found.　　
　 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
9 不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
　　I have two brothers.
　　This house belongs to my sister.
　2) 心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
　　I need your help.
　　He loves her very much.
　3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
　　I accept your advice.
　4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
　　You seem a little tired.
4 过去进行时
1）概念：过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　
　　 It was raining when they left the station.
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　
A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes
　 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同　时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell
　 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
一、过去进行时结构：
was/were + 动词的现在分词
否定句则在was/were后加一个not,疑问句将was/were提前则可。
如：He was reading a book at 5:00pm yesterday.
→He was not reading a book at 5:00 yesterday.
→Was he reading a book at 5:00 yesterday? (Yes, he was./ No, he wasn’t.)
→What was he doing at 5:00 yesterday?
二、过去进行时用法：
1. 过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的状语连用。如：
（just）then 那时，当时 at this/that time 在这/那时 yesterday afternoon昨天下午
at nine 在九点 last night 昨晚 （at）this time yesterday在昨天这个时候
但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示。
①What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九点的时候，你在做什么？
②I was watching TV at home yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午正在家里看电视。
③They were playing football at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他们在踢足球。
2.过去进行时也可以表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。常与those days, the whole morning, from 8:00 to 12:00 last night等时间状语连用。
（1）From 1983 to 1998 , he was teaching at Yale . 从1983到1998年，他正在耶鲁大学教书。
（2）They were building a bridge last winter . 去年冬天他们正在造一座桥。
(3) He was writing a book those days. 那几天他正在写一本书
3.过去进行时与频度副词always forever， continually， constantly等连用时表示过去经常反复的动作，常常带有埋怨、讨厌、赞扬或喜爱等情绪。
⑴My sister was always forgetting things.(表示埋怨)
⑵He was always helping others. (表示赞扬)
4. 过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作，常用在间接引语中。
①Lucy arrived in Beijing last Friday. But she was leaving for Hong Kong the next morning.
上周五Lucy到达北京，但第二天早晨就要动身去香港了。
②She asked him if he was coming back for lunch. 她问他午饭是否准备回来吃。
5、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别。
（1）过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作，而一般过去时则表示一个完成的动作。也就是说用一般过去时，只表示有过这件事；用过去进行时，则强调动作的连续性。
① I wrote a letter this morning. 今天上午我写了一封信。（信写完了）
I was writing a letter this morning. 今天上午我在写一封信。（信不一定写完）
② The children watched TV yesterday evening. 昨天晚上孩子们看了电视。（强调过去发生了这件事）
The children were watching TV yesterday evening. 昨晚孩子们都在看电视。（强调昨晚看电视这一动作的持续性）
(2) 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be， like， love， hate， fear， own， hear， see， know， want， notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如：
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
(3) 一般过去时与always， constantly， forever， continually等连用，表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”;而过去进行时与always， constantly， forever， continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感****彩。如：
He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。
He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。
(4) 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的;而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如：
I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以为它会同意我们的。
I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要说服他接受我们的建议
6. 使用过去进行时应注意的几点
(1) 动词hope， wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语气比一般现在时或一般过去时要委婉。如：
　　I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否过来跟我们一起活动?
7下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时：
(1). 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如：
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。
(2). 与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。如：
John was always coming to school late. 约翰上学总是迟到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷锋总是为人民做好事。
(3) 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如：
　　It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚，风刮得很厉害，雨下得很大，一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上，他想过河去。
(4) when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：
I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇见了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。
(5) go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如：
I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武汉。
She was coming later. 她随后就来。
8过去进行时表示婉转语气(只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词)，用以提出请求。如：
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.
三、when, while 的用法
when和while与过去进行时有着密切的关系，他们作从属连词时都有“当…….时候”之意，
用法稍有不同：
① when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是短暂性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词只能是延续性动词。
② when引导的从句谓语动词如果是短暂性动词则用一般过去时，主句是延续性动词则用过去进行时，从句动作发生在主句动作的时间段之内（长动作用过去进行时，短动作用一般过去时）；如果主句和从句两个谓语动词都是延续性动词则全部用过去进行时,这时when和while都可以用。
③ when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。
when +短/延
while +延

④ when和while两个词还可以用作并列连词，但意思不同，when相当于“在那时”，等于at that time或just then;而while则相当于“而；却；但是”；相当于but,表示对比关系。（这一点暂时可以不掌握）
eg. ⑴ I was playing computer games when my father got home.
= When my father got home,I was playing computer games.
(2) Mother was cooking when/while I was doing my homework.
= When/While I was doing my homework, mother was cooking.

过去进行时巩固练习：（聪明的你一定能全部做对）
1． Simon _____________ (make) a model plane at 8:00 a.m.
2． Peter ______________(do) his homework at seven last night.
3． They ____________ (watch) a football match from 7:00 to 9:00 last night.
4． He _____________(try) to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.
5． What book ________ you ____________(read) when I ________ (see)you at four yesterday afternoon?
6． While she __________ (watch) TV, her son ____________ (play) outside the room.
7． It ________ (begin) to rain while we _____________(work) in the field.
8． I ________ (do) my homework last night when the light _______ (go) out. {go out 意为熄灭}
9． ——I saw you in the reading room yesterday , Tom. What were you doing?
------Oh, I ____________ (read) some books on science.
10. Girls ___________(dance) while boys ____________(sing) at the party.
11.--- Did you see Tim just now?
--- Yes. He __________ (fish) by the river.
12.When the teacher ______ (come) into the classroom, the students __________（laugh）loudly.
5一般将来时
一、意义：表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或重复发生的动作。
时间标志：tomorrow , soon ,　next Monday , 　next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening ……
二. 构成及变化：
一般将来时常用的两种结构
be going to+动词原形 : 表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事。
shall/will+动词原形 : 表示将要发生的动作或情况，没有太多的计划性, 还用来表示意愿
⑴ be going to +动词原形
㈠肯定句 主语+be(am /,is,/ are) going to +动词原形+其它成份
My sister is going to learn English next year.　　我姐姐准备明年学英语。
㈡否定句 主语+be(am / is / are)not going to +动词原形 +其它成份
I am not going to(go to)the cinema tonight.　　我今天晚上不打算去看电影。
㈢一般疑问句 　Be (am / is / are)+主语+going to+动词原型+其它成份…?
Is your father going to play basketball with you ?你父亲打算和你去打篮球吗?No , he isn’t.不。
㈣.特殊疑问句　特殊疑问词(Wh-)+一般疑问句 ?
Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.?　　春节你打算在哪过?
㈤.注意: be going to 结构后面习惯上不跟 go ， come 等表位移的动词，一般用该动词的进行时形式表示。
如: He’s going to New York next week.下周他要去纽约.
⑵.will /shall +动词原形
(在书面语中，主语是第一人称时，常用shall ,在口语中，所有人称都可以用will)
1.肯定句 主语+will/shall+动词原形+其它成份
(shall) write to him next week.下周我将给他写信。
2.否定句 主语 + will /shall+ not + 动词原形 +其它成份
They won’t watch TV this evening.　　今天晚上他们不看电视。
3.一般疑问句　will/shall+主语 +动词原形+其它成份
Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ?　　明天你和我们呆在家里好吗?
4.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词(Wh-) +一般疑问句
When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么时侯回来?
三、附 :Shall I /we …常用来征求对方意见，而问对方是否愿意，或者表示客气的邀请，常用Will you…?他们的回答比较灵活。
1.Shall we go to the park ?
肯定Sure , let’s go .
否定 No , let’s go to the cinema.
2.Will you please come to my birthday party next week ?
肯定Yes, I will. / Sure .
否定 I’m sorry. I’m afraid I can’t.
四、时间标志：tomorrow , soon ,　next Monday , 　next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening ……
1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
　　will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
　　Which paragraph shall I read first.
　　Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
　　　What are you going to do tomorrow?
　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
　　 The play is going to be produced next month。
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事
　　 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3)　 be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
　　He is about to leave for Beijing.
　 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to　表将来　　　　　　　 will　表意愿
　　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror
6 be to和be going to
　　 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
　　 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排)
　I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
　　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
　　　 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week.
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
.8 用现在进行时表示将来
　意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
　 I'm leaving tomorrow.
　 Are you staying here till next week?
6.过去将来时
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
　　2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
　　3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.
　　4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
　　5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
　　6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the
(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词原形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。 I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
过去将来时也可以用“was(were) going to +动词原形”来表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。 Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
7现在完成时
用法1：表示：过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
标志词：already, yet, just, ever, never, before
用法2：表示：过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
标志词：for, since, since…ago
基本结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词
(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have)
1)肯定式：主语 + have / has + 过去分词
2)否定式：主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词
3)一般疑问句： Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词
Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)　　No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
4)特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词
例句1. 过去某时发生的动作到目前为止这个动作已经完成或刚刚完成。
如：1)I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。(过去某时开始做，到现在已完成)
2)He has already come 他已经来了。(过去某时开始离开某地到这来，现在已在这。)
2. 表示动作发生在过去并延续到现在。
如：1)I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。
(六年前开始学英语，一直学到现在, 也可能继续学也可能就此不学了。)
2)I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我从1990年就在沈阳住。
(从1990年开始住在沈阳一直住到现在，也可能继续住也可能就此为止。)
注意1) 当表示一段时间，现在完成时可以用for 或since引导的状语。
例如：I’ve known Li Li for 4 years. 我认识丽丽已经4年了。
I have worked here since 8 years ago. 自从8年前我就在这工作。
注意2) 当在肯定陈述句中含有already或just 时，在转换成否定句时，要把句中的already 或just 去掉，在句末加上yet.。
例如：I have already seen the film. ------ I haven’t seen the film yet.
He has just come. He hasn’t come yet?
使用时注意事项
1.“have/ has got ” 形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意思“有”。
如：Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have.
你有笔友吗?是的，我有。
Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he hasn’t.
他有许多工作要做吗?不，他没有。
2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别
have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用
如：He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。
He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。
Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗?
3. have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用;have/ has gone to则不可。
例如:─ Has Tom ever been to Paris? 汤姆去过巴黎吗?
─ Yes, he’s been there several times. 是的，他去过好几次了。
─ Where have they gone? 他们去哪里了?
─ They’ve gone to Shenyang. 他们去沈阳了。
4.非延续性动词不能用“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。
这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的非延续性性动词。
例如： arrive, come → be here, 　　be in buy → have begin, start → be on ;
die → be dead 　　　　　 finish, end → be over　　 go out → be out
join → be in 　　　　　　　borrow→keep 　　 finish/end →be over
close →be closed　　 leave, move → be away; fall asleep → be asleep
10 比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:　
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　　　　　　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
　 I saw this film yesterday.
　　（强调看的动作发生过了。）
　 I have seen this film.
　　（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　
　 Why did you get up so early?
　　（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
　 Who hasn't handed in his paper?　
　　（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
　 She has returned from Paris.　
　　 她已从巴黎回来了。
　 She returned yesterday.
　　 她是昨天回来了。
　 He has been in the League for three years.
　　(在团内的状态可延续)
　 He has been a League member for three years.
　　(是团员的状态可持续)
　 He joined the League three years ago.　
　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
　 I have finished my homework now.　
　 ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
　 ---He's already been sent for.　
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
　　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?　
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
8 过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
　　2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
　　3.基本结构：had + done.
　　4.否定形式：had + not + done.
　　5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
　　6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
　　By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
2） 用法
　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
　b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
　 He said that he had learned some English before.
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
其他关于动词时态的知识点
.1 用一般过去时代替完成时
1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3)　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
2 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
　A. had not given; had not succeeded　　B. would not give; succeed
　C. will not give; succeed　　　　　　 D. would not give; will succeed.
　 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
3一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。
　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
　 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
　 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
4 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,　remember.
　I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
　I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
5 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
　 Look, here comes Mr. Li.
6现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
　　We are leaving soon.　 我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
　　He is dying.
7时态一致
　 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
　At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
　He told me last week that he is eighteen.
　 2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
　He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
8 时态与时间状语
　　　　　　　　　时间状语
一般现在时　　every …, sometimes,　at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时　　yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时　　next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时　　before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时　　this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时　　soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
动词时态巩固练习50题
( )1. There _______ no hospitals in my hometown fifty years ago.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )2. --- Who sings best in your class? --- Jenny _______.
A. do B. did C. does D. has done
( )3. --- _____ the young girl _____ the old man clean his room every day? --- Yes, she does.
A. Does; help B. Has; helped C. Did; help D. Do; helps
( )4. --- Can I go to Beijing for my holiday, Dad? --- You can when you _______ a bit older.
A. will get B. get C. are getting D. got
( )5. --- What does Linda often do in the evening?
--- She often _______ her homework, but on the evening of March 12 she _______ TV.
A. does; watches B. is doing; watched C. does; watched D. is doing; was watching
( )6. Our geography teacher told us yesterday that the earth _______ around the sun.
A. was moving B. moved C. has moved D. moves
( )7. If he _______harder, he will catch up with us soon.
A. study B. studies C. will study D. studied
( )8. --- Don’t forget to ask him to write to me.
--- I won’t. As soon as he _______, I’ll ask him to write to you.
A. will come B. came C. comes D. is coming
( )9. --- Do you like this silk dress? --- Yes, I do. It _______ so soft and comfortable.
A. is feeling B. feels C. has felt D. is felt
( )10. Oh, it’s you. I’m sorry I _______ know you _______ here.
A. don’t; are B. didn’t; are C. didn’t; were D. don’t; were
( )11. Mr Lu Xun died in 1936. He _______ a lot of famous novels.
A. wrote B. was writing C. has written D. would write
( )12. --- Your telephone number again? I _______ quite catch it. --- It’s 2567321.
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. didn’t
( )13. --- How was your weekend on the farm? --- Great! We _______ with the farmers.
A. enjoy ourselves B. went fishing C. will work D. make friends
( )14. --- What did Mr Jones do before he moved here?
--- He _______ a city bus for over twenty-five years.
A. is driving B. drove C. has driven D. drives
( )15. Jane _______ a new dress every month when she was in Shanghai.
A. buys B. is buying C. bought D. will buy
( )16. --- Liu Mei can’t come tonight. --- Why? But she _______ me she would come.
A. tells B. told C. is told D. had told
( )17. He turned off the light and then _______.
A. leaves B. has left C. will leave D. left
( )18. --- Keep quiet, please. They _______ a meeting. --- Sorry.
A. have B. had C. are having D. have had
( )19. --- Jimmy is leaving for a holiday. --- Really? Where _______ he _______?
A. has; gone B. will; go C. did; go D. would; go
( )20. Frank _______ to see his grandma if he _______ free tomorrow.
A. will come; will be B. comes; is C. will come; is D. comes; will be
( )21. There _______ a talk on science in our school next Monday.
A. will give B. will be C. is going to give D. is
( )22. --- Shall we go shopping now?
--- Sorry, I can’t. I _______ my shirts.
A. wash B. washes C. washed D. am washing
( )23. Hurry up! We’re all waiting for you. I _______ for an important phone call. Go without me.
A. wait B. was waiting C. am waiting D. waited
( )24. --- Did you see Tom at the party? --- No, he _______ by the time I got there.
A. had left B. was leaving C. left D. has left
( )25. --- Is this raincoat yours? --- No, mine _______ there behind the door.
A. has hung B. is hanging C. hung D. will hang
( )26. --- _______ you _______ TV at the moment? --- No, you can turn it off.
A. Did; watch B. Are; watching C. Do; watch D. Have; watched
( )27. I don’t think Jim saw me; he _______ a book at that moment.
A. just read B. has just read C. was just reading D. had just read
( )28. Mr Smith _______a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
( )29. --- I called you at seven yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
--- Oh, I am sorry. I _______ dinner at my friend’s home.
A. am having B. had C. was having D. have had
( )30. --- Do you know Miss Wang?
--- Yes. I first met her two years ago. She _______ at a radio shop at that time.
A. was working B. has worked C. is working D. had worked
( )31. Mr White _______ the newspaper, while his daughter _______TV.
A. read; was watching B. was reading; watched C. was reading; was watching D. read; watched
( )32. --- I _______ you at the meeting. Why? --- I was ill.
A. saw B. have seen C. not see D. didn’t see
( )33. When the teacher came in, the students _______ about the new film.
A. are talking B. were talking C. talked D. talks
( )34. The 2004 Athens Olympic Games _______ on August 13.
A. has begun B. lasted C. began D. has lasted
( )35. Hurry up! The play _______ for ten minutes.
A. has been on B. has begun C. had begun D. began
( )36. --- May I speak to Mr Smith? --- Sorry, he _______ Australia. But he _______ in two days.
A. has been to; will come back B. has gone to; will be back
C. has been in; would come back D. is leaving for; doesn’t come back
( )37. I can’t go to see the film tonight, because I ______ my ticket.
A. have lost B. lost C. will lose D. was losing
( )38. --- What do you think of the film Harry Potter? --- It is very nice. I _______ it twice.
A. will see B. have seen C. saw D. see
( )39. We _______to learn English five years ago. We _______ it for five years up to now.
A. began; learned B. begin; have learned C. have begun; had learned D. began; have learned
( )40. --- What a nice bike! How long _______ you _______ it？ --- Just two weeks.
A. have; bought B. did; buy C. have; had D. are; having
( )41. You don’t have to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
( )42. --- I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.--- Oh, not at all. I _______ here only a few minutes.
A. have come B. had been C. was D. have been
( )43. --- _______ my dictionary anywhere?--- Yes. I saw it on your desk a moment ago.
A. Have you seen B. Do you see C. Had you seen D. Would you see
( )44. --- I haven’t heard from Li Jun for a long time.--- What do you think _______ to him?
A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. had happened
( )45. --- Do you know our town at all?--- No, this is the first time I _______ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
( )46. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _______ office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. will leave D. had left
( )47. --- How long _______ your father _______ the Party? --- For more than twenty years.
A. has; joined B. did; join C. has; been in D. does; join
( )48. Mrs Smith _______ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _______ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; would come D. had left; came
( )49. Do you know Betty very well? Yes, she and I _____ friends since we met in Guangzhou last summer.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
( )50. What did your son say in the letter? He told me that he ____ the Disney World the next day.
A. would visit B. has visit C. is going to visit D. will visit
Key:
1-5 DCABC 6-10 DBCBC 11-15 ADBBC 16-20 BDCBC
21-25 BDCAB 26-30 BCDCA 31-35 CDBCA 36-40 BABDC
41-45 BDACB 46-50 BCDCA