初中英语复习资料大全

这是一份初中英语复习资料大全，共220页。教案主要包含了初中英语词组总结， 延续动词与瞬间动词，重点部分提要，课题专练，第1讲：名词，第2讲：代词，第3讲：形容词，第4讲：副词等内容，欢迎下载使用。

初中英语单词短语资料

【初中英语词组总结】
1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do
eg ;like watching monkeys jump
2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样
3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）
4 agree with sb 赞成某人
5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样
6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界
7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去
the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树
8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样
9 as you can see 你是知道的
10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西）
11 ask sb for sth 询问某人某事 什么
12 ask sb to do sth 叫某人做某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事
13 at the age of 在……岁时
14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始
15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾
16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候
17 be /feel confident with sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信
18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时
19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够……
21 be afraid of doing sth 恐惧，害怕……
22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么
23 be angry with sb 生某人的气
24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气
25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高
26 be ashamed to
27 be away from 远离
28 be away from 从……离开
29 be bad for 对什么有害
30 be born 出生于
31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……
32 be careful 当心；小心
33 be different from…… 和什么不一样
34 be famous for 以……著名
35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好
36 be from = come from 来自
37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water
38 be glad to do/从句
39 be going to + v(原） 将来时
40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……
41 be good for 对什么有好处
42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事
43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处
44 be in good health 身体健康45 be in trouble 处于困难中
46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到
48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother
49 be mad at 生某人的气
50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)
51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)
52 be not sure 表不确定
53 be on a visit to 参观
54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎
55 be quiet 安静
56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰
57 be sick in bed 生病在床
58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you
59 be sorry to hear that
60 be sorry to trouble sb
61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事
62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格
63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格
64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么
65 be sure 表确定
66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心
67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心
68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心
69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语
70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕……
71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事
72 be the same as … 和什么一样
73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早
74 be worth doing 值得做什么
75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句
76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache
77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么
78 between…and… 两者之间
79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西
80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同
81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth
eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station
我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站
82 by the end of 到……为止
83 call sb sth
85 catch up with sb 赶上某人
86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地
87 come in 进
88 come over to 过来
89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？
90 communicate with sb 和某人交流
91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？
92 dance to 随着……跳舞
93 decide to do sth 决定做某事
94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查
95 do better in 在……方面做得更好
96 do wrong 做错
97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事
98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意……
99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing
101 enjoy +doing喜欢
102 escape from 从……逃跑
103 expect to do sth 期待做某事
104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来
105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么
106 far from 离某地远
107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样
108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting
109 finish 完成+doing（名词）
110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人
111 forget to do 忘了去做某事 forget doing 忘了做过某事
112 from…to… 从。。到。。（形容几点到几点时，表不停地，不间断的）
Eg： From me for her
113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）
Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）
114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job
115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好
116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处
117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备
118 get sb in to trouble 给某人带来麻烦
120 get…from… 从某处得到某物
121 give a talk 做报告
122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物
123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳
124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事
125 go out away from远离 go out of 从….离开
126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学）
127 good way to 好方法
128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事
129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会
130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈
131 have been doing 现在完成进行时
132 have been to …( 地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方） 去了某地还没回来
133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴
134 have sth to do 有什么事要做
135 have to do sth 必须做某事
136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦
137 have…time +doing
138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事
140 help a lot 很大用处
141 help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事
142 hope to do sth 希望做某事
143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)
144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法
145 if : 是否＝whether
eg: I don't know if (whether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会
He don't know if (whether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达
146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句
eg: I'll go to Luzhou if it doesn’t rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州
If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的
I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国
147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为
148 in some ways 在某些方面
149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后
150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 （north 北 south 南 west 西 east 东 ）
151 in the sun 在太阳下
152 increase 增加
eg : They've increased the price of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3%
153 instead of +（名 ） 代替
eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子
154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍
155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事
156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某事花掉某人多少时间
eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook
157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样
158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么样
159 It's +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It's +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样
160 It's +adj(for sb) to do（对某人来说） 做某事怎么样 It's +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样
eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English
161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意
162 It's important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: It's important to me
163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间
eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了
164 join = take part in 参加
165 just now 刚才
166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语 让什么保持什么样？
167 keep out 不让 …… 进入
168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… keep healthy 保持健康
169 key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案
170 key to… answer to … key 可以是答题或钥匙
171 laugh at… 取笑……
172 learn by oneself 自学
173 learn from sb 向某人学习
174 learn to do sth 学做某事
175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事
176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： We shouldn't let our parents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望
177 live from :离某地远
178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地
179 look after = take care of 照顾 照看
180 lose one's way 谁 迷 路
181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事
182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you
183 make it early 把时间定的早一点
184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相
185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么
186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样 eg : You must made your bed clean
187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样
188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事
189 make up be made up of (被动语态）由……组成
190 make difference to 使…不同（有差异）
191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做什么
192 most +名 most of +代
193 much too +形容词 太….
194 must be 一定
195 need +名词
196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事
197 need to do (实义动词） need do (情态动词）
198 no /neither of hate to do 没有讨厌做
no /neither of hate doing
199 no +名词
200 not any more = no more 再也不…… eg: He didn't cry any more
201 not… (形 、副）at all eg: He's not tall at all she doesn't jump far at all
202 not…at all 一点都不
203 not…either 表否定，也不 eg: I don't Japanese either I don't have sister, either 我也没有姐姐
204 not…until 直到……才……
205 provide sb with sth 给某人提供
206 offer sb sth ( offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人 eg : I offer you water (I offer water to you 我给你提供水
207 on one's way to… 在谁去那的路上
208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面
209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈
210 on time 准时 in time 及时
211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，有一天
212 one of +可数名词的复数形式
213 one to another 一个到另一个
214 over and over again 一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over again
215 part-time job 兼职工作 fall-time job 全职工作
216 pay for… 付……钱 pay the bill 开钱 ，付钱
217 please +do
218 please help yourself
219 pleased with sb
220 pool into = pore into
221 practice +doing 练习做某事
222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢…… eg : I prefer physics to chemistry 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理
prefer sb not to do sth 更愿意… eg: I prefer her not to come 我不喜欢她不来
223 pretend to do sth 装着去做什么 pretend that 从句
eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 这两个骗子装着努力工作
224 rather…than 宁可……也不……
eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生，也不当老师
225 regard…as 把……当作…… I regard you as my friend 我把你当作我的朋友
226 remind sb about sth 提醒某人什么事 remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事
eg : he reminds me about cooking (he reminds me to cook 他提醒我做饭
227 remind sb of sth 使某人想起什么
The words that (which) the teacher talk to remind me of my mother
228 return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人
229 say to oneself 对自己说
230 say to sb 对某人说
231 sb spend some money on sth 花了多少钱在某事上
232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少时间陪谁
233 sb spend sometime(in) doing sth 花了多少时间做某事
234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are
235 see sb do 看见某人做过某事 see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事
236 seem to do/be +adj 显得怎么样 eg : You seem to be tired You seem to be happy
237 send +sb sth 送给某人某物
238 send…to…把什么寄到哪里去？
239 shock 使……震惊 eg : Oh , It's only you ! You give me a shock 啊，是你呀！吓我一跳
240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物
241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿什么东西给某人看
242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物
243 some…others… 一些……另一些……
244 start…with… 从……开始 begin…with… 从……开始
245 stay away from 远离……
eg : We're told to stay away from the animals when visiting the zoo 当我们参观zoo 时，我们要远离动物
246 stop doing 停下正在做的事
247 stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
248 stop sb(from) doing 阻止某人做某事
249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事
250 such +名 这样 ，这种
251 suit sb 适合某人
252 surprise sb 使某人惊奇 to one's surprise 令某人惊奇
253 take classes 上课
254 take sb to 把某人带去 eg : I take you to the hospital
255 take walks = take a walk ＝ go for a walk 散步
256 ①talk to 对谁说 ② talk with 和谁说 ③ talk of 谈到 ④ talk about 谈论关于……
257 talk with sb 和某人说话
258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事
259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事
261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事 tell sb that 丛句 tell sb not to do sth
262 tell sb 〔not〕 to do sth 告诉某人做什么
263 tell…from… 区别
264 thank you for +doing
265 the same +名词(doing)+as……
266 the same… (名)…as
as…(adj adv)…as 相同
267 the way to do sth ＝ the way of doing sth做某方面 的方法 the way to +地方 去哪的路
e g :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English
268 the way to…（地点） 到哪的
270 translate ……into…… 把什么翻译成什么 eg : Translate English into Chinese
271 travel with sb和某人去旅游
272 try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事eg: I will try my best to learn English well
273 try to do sth 想干什么，但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已经做过了
274 try…试衣服 have a try 试一下
275 turn down 开小 ←→ turn up 开大
276 turn off 关上 ←→ turn on 打开 open 拆开
277 upside down 倒着
278 visit to… 参观某个地方
279 wait for sb 等某人

【比较since和for 】

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： 
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） 
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 


【 since的四种用法】

1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： 
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 

2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： 
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 

3） since +从句。例如： 
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 

4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： 
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。

【 延续动词与瞬间动词】 
1） 用于完成时的区别 
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： 
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） 
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 

2） 用于till / until从句的差异 
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如： 
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 

典型例题 
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. 
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

【重点部分提要】
一. 词汇
⑴ 单词
1. 介词：in, on, under, behind, near, at, of
1). in表示"在……中"， "在……内"。in my bag 在我的书包里in our class 在我们班上
2). on 表示"在……上"。例如： on the wall 在墙上
3). under表示"在……下"。例如：under the tree 在树下
4). behind表示"在……后面"。例如：behind the door 在门后
5). near表示"在……附近"。例如 near the teacher's desk 在讲桌附近
6). at表示"在……处"。例如：at school 在学校
7). of 表示"……的"。例如： a map of China 一张中国地图

2. 冠词 a / an / the:
冠词一般位于所限定的名词前，用来署名名词所指的人或事物。冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词有两个形式，即a和an。a用在以辅音音素开头的词前，如a book; an用在以元音音素开头的字母前，如an apple.
a或an与可数名词单数连用，泛指某类人或某物中的一个。
the既可以用在可数名词前，也可以用在不可数名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或事物，也可以指上文提到过的人或事物。

3.some和any
①在肯定句中用some.
②在疑问句和否定句中用any

⑵记住它们的特殊用法。
①some亦可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问句中，这一点我们不久就会学到。例如：
Would you like to have some apples?你想吃苹果吗？
②any也可用于肯定句中，表示"任何的"。例如：
Any one of us can do this.我们当中任何一个都能做这个。

4.family
①family看作为一个整体时，意思是"家庭"，后面的谓语动词be用单数形式 is ；如把family看作为家庭成员时，应理解为复数，后面的谓语动词be应用are。
②Family强调由家人组成的一个集体或强调这个集体中的成员。home指个人出生、被抚养长大的环境和居住地点。 house指"家"、"房屋"，侧重居住的建筑本身。

5. little的用法
little常用来修饰有生命的名词。
*但little还可表示否定意义，意为"少的"，修饰不可数名词。
There is little time. 几乎没时间了。


三. 语法
1. 名词所有格
名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系，通常用名词所有格的形式，意为"……的"。一般有以下几种形式：
Ⅰ一般情况下在词尾加 's。
Ⅱ.如果复数名词以s结尾，只加 '。 .
Teachers' Day 教师节
Ⅲ如果复数名词不以s结尾，仍加 's
Children's Day 儿童节
Ⅳ表示两个或几个共有时，所有格应加在后一个名词上。
ⅥLucy and Lily's room Lucy 和Lily的房间
.动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加"'s"，而常常用介词of的短语来表示。

2. 祈使句
祈使句主要用来表示说话人的请求、命令、建议、叮嘱等意图。祈使句一般不用主语，读时用降调。为使语气委婉、礼貌，常在句首或句尾加please 。在句尾时，please前多用逗号。
（1）. 祈使句肯定形式的谓语动词一律用动词原形。
（2）. 祈使句的否定形式常用don't于句首。
⑶ .说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时，表示建议做某事。
祈使句 + and + 简单句 表示“如果…，就…”祈使句 + or + 简单句 表示“…否则…”
2.so,neither引导的倒装句,为了避免和前一句话的内容重复，英语中习惯用so neither引导的倒装句。
a. So be (助动词，情态动词) +主语。表示某人也是如此。
b. Neither be (助动词，情态动词) ＋主语，表示某人也不。
C .So＋主语＋be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同),

【课题专练】
1.英语构词法汇 2.英语语法汇总及练习
3.复合句 见语法书。
【第1讲：名词】
　　名词复数的特殊变化。
普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或 - es，
a. class, box, watch, brush等词以 s, x, ch, sh, 结尾，复数要加-es；
　　b. story, factory 等以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es；
　　c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es；
　　d. 以-o结尾的名词，一般来说，末尾是"元音字母+o" 的词加-s，我们学过的有radio ,zoo。末尾是"辅音字母+o"的词，变复数加-es。如：tomato, hero, potato，当然其中的piano 和photo，又是一个例外，他们的结尾只能加-s。
　　e. child（children）, foot（feet）, tooth（teeth）, mouse（mice）, man（men ）, woman（women ）等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；
f. deer，sheep等词单复数同形。 people，police，cattle 等词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数，所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式，这就是集体名词。the English，the French，the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时，也作复数用。
　　注意：Math，politics，physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾，仍为不可数名词。还有the United States(美国），the United Nations（联合国）等应视为单数。
　　别奇怪，名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
　　a. man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men　workers， women teachers。
　b. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如：a ten-mile walk十里路，two-hundred trees 两百棵树。

名词所有格：上面内容提到过


【第2讲：代词】
代词中第一个“小个性”就是物主代词。像my和mine这两个小冤家总是让人分不清谁是谁。但你只要记住它们最重要的区别—my的后面一定要接名词，不可以单独出现，只能做定语，如：my father；而 mine则是名词性，只能单独出现，在句中做主语和表语。如：Mine is green. It's mine. 记住这两个句子，凡是名词性物主代词（yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs）就都可以放在mine的位置上了。
　
代词的第二个“罗嗦”就是它有一个小跟班－self(selves)—反身代词，也就是表示“自己、亲自”的意思。关于反身代词，需要注意的是她不能单独做主语，但可以放在人称代词后面，做同位语。　　　　如：Marry herself said so. 玛丽她自己这么说的。
　　
Of+名词性物主代词：of +物主代词构成双重所有格。公式为：a（an, this, that ）+名词+of +名词性物主代词。因为物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, no, each, every, such, another等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。如： a friend of mine（我的一个朋友）
　
some, any的用法：上面的内容以提到过
　
every 和each的用法：every 强调全体的概念，指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，不可单独使用；each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)，可单独使用.。Every student in our school works hard.（我们学校的学生都很用功。） Each student may have one book.. （每个学生都可有一本书。）

both, either, neither的用法：
both意为“两者全都”，与复数连用。either意为“两者中间的任何一个”，neither 表示“两者之间一个也不是”，与单数连用。如：Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。 You may take either with you。 两个中间你随便带哪个都行。 Neither is correct。 两个都不对。

Few，a few和little，a little的用法：
Few，a few用来代替和修饰可数名词，little，a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little 着重肯定意思，相当于汉语“有几个”，“有一点儿”；few和little 着重否定意思，相当于汉语 “没有几个”，“没有多少”


【第3讲：形容词】
定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律：冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。
There is something wrong with my bike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮。大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的，但当形容词所修饰的词为something，anything，nothing，everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时，形容词要后置。

　形容词级别问题：
　a. Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。（我们的教室是他们的两倍。）这种表示倍数的句子用 …times +形容词比较级+than …
b. I'm three years older than you.（我比你大三岁。）表示"大三岁，""高二厘米"等时用"表示数量词的词+比较级"。
　c."越来越……"用"比较级+and +比较级"来表示。如：The earth is getting warmer and warmer。（地球变得越来越暖和。）
　d."越……就越……"用"the +比较级…，the+比较级…"来表示。如： The busier he is，the happier he feels。(他越忙，越觉得高兴。)

最高级用法，最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的：
alone 和lonely：I feel lonely, because I am alone at home. 你独自一人在家用
"alone" 表示"单独的"、"独自一人的"，它表示一个客观事实，在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞，
"lonely"，表示主观上感到 "孤独""寂寞"，指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪，可作定语和表语。
　older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用"older"，表示"年纪大的，年老的"，常用做表语；他是我的长兄用"elder"，表示"年老的，年长的"，用做定语，只用于比较两个人的长幼，只能作表语。
　

【第4讲：副词】
一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词，如形容词quick
加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly , lovely 虽然以 ly 结尾，但实则是形容词，She is friendly to me (她对我很友好。)　　
　
　　 already 和 yet ：
　　Where is Tom? He hasn't come yet. But Jack is already here . 这句话中又是 already，又有yet，是怎么回事吗？原来already和yet意思虽然相同，但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用 already，一般放于句中，用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already 变为yet，且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
hard 和 hardly：
hard，hardly 两者虽然只有-ly之差，意义却大不相同。hard表示"辛苦，使劲，努力，而hardly为否定副词，表示"几乎不"。　　
ago 和 before：
　ago 不能单独使用，应与three days (months , weeks)等连用, 而且和动词的过去时连用。
如： I met my neighbor an hour ago. Before 之前有"一段时间"时，指"距这段时间以前"，和过去完成时连用。如：He said he had finished the work two days before.（他说他两天前已完成了工作。） 如果before单独使用，是泛指"以前"，常常和完成时连用。如：I have seen the film before.（我以前没看过这部电影。）
farther 和 further:
　　far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。如： He runs farther than she does.（他比她跑得远。）在美语中，farther 表示距离，further表示进一步。 如： I have nothing further to say.（我没什么要说的了。）
　　

【第5讲：动词】
一定要记牢动词的现在分词，过去式，过去分词。比如：catch 的过去式和过去分词(caught，caught) 你可能就不知道吧?痛下决心，好好记一记吧。先讲系动词。
系动词：大概是最简单的动词了。你只需注意的是系动词除了be的形式之外，还有become，get，grow，turn，sound，look，smell，taste等，它们不能单独作谓语,必须和作表语的词语(如形容词, 名词等) 连用, 所以用的时候，可要小心为是呀！如：It smells delicious.(它闻起来味道很美)。delicious 是形容词，不是副词。
情态动词：首先要记住情态动词后必跟动词原形。
must的意思是"应当，必须"，侧重于说话者的主观看法，没有时态变化，其否定式是mustn't，在"Must I(we) ...."的疑问句中，须注意的是其否定回答常用needn't。如：Must I go?(我一定要走吗?)　No, you needn't.(不，不必。)
　 need意为"需要"。既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词，因此在用法上需要注意。作实义动词时，need后跟名词，动名词，或不定式。如：I need to go. (我得走了。) 作情态动词时，后跟动词原形。如：You needn't come tomorrow if you are busy. (如果你忙，明天就不必来了。)

实意动词：我们跑(run)，我们跳(jump)，我们笑(laugh)，这些都得用实意动词来表达。我们一起来看一看一些特殊的词吧。它们在接动名词和不定式时意义有所不同。
　 stop：这个词让好多同学大伤了一番脑筋，到底什么时候加to do，什么时候加
　　doing 呢?两者意义又有什么不同呢?OK, Come with me. 看下面两个句子。
　　When the teacher came in, they stopped to read.
　　When the teacher came in, they stopped talking.
第一句的意思是"当老师进来时，他们停下来开始读书"。而第二句的意思是 "老师进来时，他们停止了说话"。所以stop to do sth表示"停止正在做的事情去干另一件事"。而stop doing表示"中断正在做的某事"。
forget，remember，regret 这三个词用法基本相同，只要记住+doing 表示"事情已经做过"，+to do表示"事情还未做"就可以了。
　　感官动词：see, watch, notice ,look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel 等 +do 表示动作的完整性，真实性 +doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。如：I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
　

【第6讲：不定式】
不定式的构成非常简单，是to+动词原形。to有时也可以不带。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，可以担当除谓语外的任何句子成分。什么时候可以不带to
　　不定式省to有四种情况：
　 使役动词 let, have, make 等后接不定式。如：Let him go! 让他走!
　　would rather，had better后。如：You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。
　 Why... / why not...后。如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?
　 感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省to。如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
　　注意：这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to 哟！ 如：The boss made them work the whole night. 变成被动句：They were made to work the whole night.
　　
不定式的特殊用法：
It与不定式：动词不定式可以做主语，但如果动词不定式太长，显得头重脚轻的，那么我们就可用形式主语it代替，而把真正主语(即不定式)放于句尾。
　　如: It is not difficult for me to study English well.(对我来说学好英语是可能的。)
不定式还可以充当句子的宾语，但有些动词，如find，think，believe 等，在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语，只有用it作形式宾语，从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式可继续充当其宾语的作用。
　　如: I found it difficult to fall asleep.我发现很难入睡。
还有一点：动词不定式，还可用在how，when，where，what，which 等疑问代词或副词之后，与其共同作宾语。如：I don't know how to use a computer.我不知道怎样使用电脑。

too...to...和enough...to：too...to表达"太 ... 一致于不能..."。
　　enough ... to 表达 "足以..."。这两个词组的用法用两个例子就可以说清楚了。
　
　　
【第7讲 介词】
它用来表明名词与句中其他词的关系，
不能单独使用。常考点包括一些固定搭配和一些近义词。固定搭配如：on one's way 　　home, help...with, send for, be interested in..., be late for, be angry with, be good at等。　　常用介词解析及用法比较：
　　 at, on和in：这三个介词在试卷中的出现频率极高。对于它们的的分辨只要记住一句话就可以了。at表示点，on表示线，in表示面。它们表达的范围逐渐增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等用at表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄。on具体到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天早上,下午,晚上：on Saturday，on July 1st，on my birthday，on the morning of July 16th，on a spring afternoon。in表达的范围更大一些。与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上等连用。如：in the seventh century，in 1950's ,in 2000, in the morning等。
　For ,since：上面内容提到过
　 after, in ：这两个介词都可以表示时间"在以后"的意思。其区别是：after 以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间之后，常用于过去时态的句子；in 以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以
后，常用于将来时态的句子。
　 by，with，in：by表示"以...的方式，方法，手段" 和 "乘某种交通工具"；with指"借助于具体的手段或工具"；in 表示"以......方式，用语言，文字等媒介"。
　 for和of：试比较：It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o'clock. It's kind of you to help me.
两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定,一般来说,of之前的形容词往往是用于描写人的品质的好坏，人自身的特点，如聪明与否，细心与粗心等；for之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点，如可能性，必然性，难易程度等。


【第8讲：连词】
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
both ...and：表示"两者都...".注意：当both...and 连接主语时，后面动词一般要用复数。
not only... but also: "不仅...而且..."。注意：后面动词采用就近原则,与but also后的词保持一致。
either...or:"或者...或者..."。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。如：Either you or I am wrong.
neither...nor："既不...也不..." 是 "either...or" 的否定形式。谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致 如：Neither you nor he is right.。
or的用法： 意思为"否则"。如：I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.(我必须好好学习，否则我会考不及格了。)


【第9讲：时态一】
一般现在时：常与always, often, sometimes, every day连用，表示习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态。提醒你当第三人称单数做主语时，别忘了动词的变化。注意：象"地球大，月亮小"等客观真理、事实一定用一般现在时。
　　现在进行时：要注意其构成：由be+动词+ ing,表示说话时正在进行的动作。如：We're studying now. 我们现在正在学习。
　一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1949,two years ago,等表示过去时间的状语连用。注意：We often went to dance last summer.有的同学一见到often就想到用一般现在时，其实因为后面有表示过去时间的 last summer,所以要用过去式，千万别误用了，切记，切记。
　　过去进行时：显然过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在做什么，常和特定的时间状语如at that time，at six yesterday，at that moment，when he came in等连用。如： When he knocked at the door ,his mother was cooking.
　　一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来时间状语如 next year, tomorrow等连用。注意：在Will you ....?问句中，回答必须是 Yes, I will.或 No, I won't而不能用Yes, I shall. No, I shan't.来回答过去将来时：过去将来时不可以单独使用，它一般在宾语从句中作间接引语，表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如：They told me that they would go to work in Guangdong.
　　现在完成时：顾名思义，现在完成时表示的是已经完成的动作，但动作造成的影响还在，常被just, already, yet 等副词修饰。如：He has already gone to Tianjin. 对现在造成的影响是他已经不在这儿了。现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，常带有for或since等表示一段时间的状语。如： Mr. Wang has lived here since 1983.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，我们常用"过"来表示，常带有twice, once, ever, never等时间状语。如：I've never seen that film.
　　过去完成时：我们可以用"过去的过去"来概括过去完成时，表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，通常与by, before等构成的短语或when, before, after引导的从句连用。也可表示过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for或since构成的时间状语连用。用法和现在完成时大致相同，只不过又向前推了一个时态。
　

【第10讲：时态 (二)】
　　一般过去式和现在完成时：
　　一般过去式只是表示事情发生在过去，陈述一个事实，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语如：last night, in 1999, three days ago等连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。
　　如： We have seen that film. 我们已看过那部电影。 对现在造成的影响是我们对影片已有所了解。 We saw the film last night. 昨天晚上我们看了那部电影。只说明昨天晚上看电影这一事实。
　　注意：有些时间状语，如this morning tonight, this month 等，既可用于一般过去时，又可用于现在完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括现在在内，而用于一般过去式则与现在无关。如： I have read this book this April.(说话时仍然为四月。) I read this book this April. (说话时四月份已过。)
　　一般过去式和过去完成时的比较：
　　一般过去式表示过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态，即"过去的过去"。当强调过去某一动作发生在某一动作之前时，常用此时态。　　
　　如： He had finished his homework before nine o'clock.　九点之前他已经完成了作业。实际上，一般现在时和过去完成时常搭配使用。如： When he got home, his daughter had already gone to bed. 当他到家的时候，他的女儿早已去睡觉了。
在带有after和before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。　如：He called on me soon after he had finished his homework. 他做完作业后不久便来拜访我。也可以说： He called on me soon after he finished his homework.
　

【第11讲：动词语态】
　　和时态一样，语态也是动词的一种形式，用来说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果动作由主语执行，就可使用主动语态，如果主语不是由主语执行，主语是动作的承受者，则可使用被动语态。由此我们可以看出英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
　　被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者，什么事情被主语做。被动语态的构成和形式被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成，一定要记住是及物动词。助动词必须与主语的人称和数一致，注意要与我们前一讲学过的八个时态配合使用。
　　适合被动语态的情况：
　　不知道动作由谁发出，或由于某种原因没有必要说明谁发出动作。如： This table is made of wood. 　　需要突出或强调动作的承受者时，如： This park was built for children.
注意：主动句中的主语如果是people，they，somebody等含糊的表示"人或人们"，没有确指执行者是谁，为被动句时，通常省略"by+执行者"。如：The door was opened secretly. But nobody came in.
　　注意：在主动句里,不定式在make，see，hear等动词后面作宾语补足语时都不带to，但变成被动句时，后面的不定式都需带to。如：He was made to do that work.
主动语态不能变被动语态的情况：学了被动语态，别以为主动句和被动句可以随意转换，千万要注意呀！有些主动语态不能转换成被动语态。当宾语是反身代词时, 如：You should take care of yourself.　当谓语是表状态的而不是表具体动作的及物动词时，如：Does the skirt suit you?
　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　

【第12讲：句子种类（一）】
　　我们都知道，根据句子的使用目的，句子可分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句。疑问句是常考的重点，也是要掌握的难点，这里我们先重点讲一下.
　　疑问句中我们只讲一讲难掌握的反意疑问句和特殊疑问句.
　　反意疑问句: 在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句. 如前面陈述句部分是肯定式，后面问句部分一般用是否定式；如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式.前后两部分在人称，数及时态上通常保持一致. 如：You are a student，aren't you?(你是学生，对吗?)
在祈使句后面用反意疑问句，要注意人称的变化。 如：Go to the cinema，will you?
　　在省略的感叹句后面，要注意主语的单复数。　如：What fine weather，isn't it?
　 陈述句部分的主语如是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.　 如: I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
　 陈述部分用never，hardly，few，nothing, nobody, few, seldom, hardly, little　等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义. 如: He seldom came here, did he?
　 陈述句部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didn't+主语或 used not +主语.　如: He used to go to school at seven, didn't he? / use not he?
　 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?　 如: You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
　 陈述部分有You'd like to +v.疑问部分用wouldn't+主语. 如：You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
　 主语是everyone， someone，anyone，no one等不定代词时，多用they 指代.　如：Everyone is here，aren't they?(所有的人都来了吗?)
　主语是everything，something，anything，nothing时，用it 指代。省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。如: Don't do that again, will you? 注意 Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
　 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。如: There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
　　特殊疑问句: 注意疑问词 how many how much , how often , how old, how long, what, what time, what day , what color , which , when , who, whose等疑问词的用法。


【第13讲：句子的种类(二) 】
　　本讲主要讲一下感叹句,祈使句,再顺便提一下强调句.
感叹句注意事项：
　　感叹句往往由what和how引导。至于what和how的区别则是再好辨别不过了。跟我背一背下面的顺口溜,感叹句你就不再陌生了.
　感叹句用法很简单, How和What放句前, How与形、副词类连, What后面名词添.主语谓语不用变,省掉它们也常见. 当然，what 感叹句和how 感叹句有时可以互相转换。当What修饰单数可数名词时，如果这一名词有形容词修饰，也可用how引导感叹句，但不定冠词a或an 需放在形容词之后。如：What a large factory = How large a factory it is!
　祈使句: 祈使句所需注意的是：含有第二人称的祈使句的否定句用don't.含有第一、第三人称的祈使句的否定句用 Let not+动词原形或 Don't let+第三人称代词的宾格或名词。
　下面稍微提一下常考的强调句：我们学过的强调句是it引导的句子。记住：强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用"that". 句式是：It is (was) 被强调部分+that(who) + 句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。判断一个句子是否是强调句，只需看去掉It be… that是否还是一个完整的句子。
　　看下面例题：
　It is twenty years ___ Miss Feng returned to China. 　　A. that B. when C. since D. as
　答案C.本题易误选为A(that). 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 "It is...that"，只剩下ten years Miss Feng returned to China.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
　

【第14讲：宾语从句】
　　 一个句子如果加上宾语从句，句子显然变复杂了，也变的difficult了，其实，你大可不必发愁。只要掌握好宾语从句的用法，一切问题就迎刃而解了。
　 宾语从句由关系代词或关系副词引出。我们根据引导宾语从句的连词不同，可把宾语从句分为三类。
　　以that引导的宾语从句。 　　 如：I hear that you have passed the examination. Good luck!
　　以if 和whether引导的宾语从句。　　 如：I don't know if you can come tomorrow.
　　以连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。　　 如：Please tell me how you can get here.
　 运用宾语从句要注意以下几点：
宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。
主句的谓语动词的时态如果是过去时态，宾语从句谓语动词的时态要选用相应的过去某一种形式。
如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理，事实时，即使主句是过去式，从句仍用一般现在时。


【第15讲：状语从句 】
　　状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。
　　状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。下面我们拣重点的一个一个来分析。
　　时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there.
　　原因状语从句： because, since, as和for都表示原因。常常令我们不知该用哪个好。我们来比较一下。because语势最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用as或since。如：I don't like that coat, because the color looks terrible. 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。如：He is not here, because / for his mother is ill.
　　目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。如：You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly.
　　结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so...that 或 such...that引导，要掌握和区分这两个句型，首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。如：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
　　让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句。though, although 和 but不能同时使用。
　　Although it rained, they had a good time.


【第17讲 There be句型与中考试题】
There be句型的基本用法是表示“某地（或某时）有某人（或某物）”，其形式为“There be＋代词或名词（短语）＋地点／时间状语”。这里there是引导词，没有词义，be是谓语动词，代词或名词（短语）是主语。be要与主语保持人称和数的一致。否定句是在be后加not；一般疑问句是将be放在句首；反意疑问句中的简短问句是由“be（或其否定式）＋there”构成。例如：
1．There is a desk and two chairs in the room．（紧挨着be动词的主语是a desk，是单数，故be的形式要用is）当be动词后接两个以上主语时，be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为"某地有某人或某物"。
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。

（4）如果名词是不可数名词，用：How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语？
How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水？

2．There aren't two chairs and a desk in the room．（否定句）
3．Is there anything wrong with your ears？（Yes，there is．／No，there isn't．）
4．There wasn't a meeting yesterday，was there？（反意疑问句）
除此之外，还有一个重要句式“有某人在做某事”，要用“There be ＋sb．＋doing sth．＋地点／时间状语”。例如：
There are several children swimming in the river．河里有几个孩子在游泳。
There be 结构中常见的时态有如下几种情况：
通过上表可知：各种时态的变化是通过 be动词的变化来体现的。至于你提到的两个句子我们先不考虑对错，首要的问题是弄清楚There be与have所表示的意义。There be句型表示“存在”关系，have表示“所属”关系，两者不能混合在一个句子中。例如，要说“明天有一个班会。”（1）There will have a class meeting tomorrow．（×）（2）There is going to／will be a class meeting tomorrow．（√）有时候既表示“存在”又表示“所属”时两种都可以用。例如：Class Three have a map of China on the wall．（“地图”为三班学生所有）There is a map of China on the wall in Class Three．（“地图”存在于三班）由此看来，There will have是错误的。
复习There be句型时除了掌握基础知识外，还应注意以下问题：
1．如果作主语的是一个短语，则常常考查短语中的修饰语。可数名词的复数形式前可以用any，some，few，a few，m any或用数词 ＋hundred／thousand／million，hundreds／ thousands／millions of，no等修饰；不可数名词可以受any，some，no，little，a little，much等词的修饰。例如：
（1）There were _____ students in our school．
A．hundreds B．eight hundred C．eight hundreds of
（2）There is _____ water．You needn't get some more．
A．few B．little C．much
解析：（1）由数词与名词的搭配关系可知选B，（2）由water可知排除A项，再由后一句意思便知选C。
2．注意不定代词的用法。
（1）不定代词在句中作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：There is nothing in the fridge．（2）不定代词受形容词修饰时要放在形容词的前面。例如：There is something interesting in today's newspaper．
3．There be句型的反意疑问句，要注意陈述部分的形式。
如果陈述部分含有little，few，no，nobody，none等否定词时，后面的简短问句中要用肯定形式。例如：There is nobody in the room，is there？
但有的含有否定意义的形容词修饰不定代词时则仍看作肯定句式。例如：There is something unusual in the room，isn't there？
There be句型命题趋向有两个方面：一是进一步加强对知识的理解与运用方面的考查。例如be动词与主语的一致性、名词或代词的修饰语、搭配关系、含否定词的反意疑问句等。二是有可能出现“有某人在做某事”这一句型，即“There be ＋sb．＋doing sth．＋地点／时间状语”。
被动语态： 
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。 Be有人称，数量和时态变化。
一般现在时：be (is am are) +及物动词的过去分词
一般过去时：be (was were)+ 及物动词的过去分词
情态动词的过去分词：情态动词+be +及物动词的过去分词

【第18讲 被动语态复习 ABC】
A．熟记结构
被动语态的结构为“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词（p．p）”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为：

一般现在时：am／is／are＋p．p．
一般过去时：was／were＋p．p．
一般将来时：shall ／will be ＋p．p．
现在完成时：have ／has been ＋p．p．
现在进行时：am／is／are＋being＋p．p．
过去将来时：should ／would be ＋p．p．
含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词＋be＋p．p．

被动语态常用于以下两种情况：
1．不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者；
2．强调动作的承受者。例如：

C．熟练转换
1．将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为：
①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；
②谓语动词变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；
③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by短语可以省略）。

2．被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前；否定句是在第一个助动词后加not；特殊疑问句的语序为：疑问词＋一般疑问句。例如：
Where did they grow vegetables？（改为被动语态）
Where were vegetables grown ？

将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：
1．含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变；
②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。

2．短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。

3．含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。
4．不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be ＋过去分词”。

5．以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：

E．注意区别
被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：
1）含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：
2）用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：

F．牢记（相关）句型
初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：
1．be covered with被……覆盖

2．be made of由……制作（发生物理变化）
be made from由……制作（发生化学变化）
be made in由（某地）制造
be made by被（某人）制造

3．be used for被用来……
be used as被当作（作为）……来使用
be used to do sth．被用来做某事

4．It is said that．．．据说……
It is hoped that．．．希望……
It is well known that．．．众所周知……例如：


中考基础知识(JUNIOR BOOK I)

一．知识网络
【重点内容概要】
1．元音字母在重读开音节、闭音节中的读音。
2．常用的日常交际用语。
3．人称代词，物主代词、指示代词及基数词。
4．动词be(am，is，，are)的用法及人称代词，名词的数的一致性，
5．一些表示方位、地点介词的用法．
6．名词所有格。My father’s watch the pic of Billy billy’s pictures
7，冠词a，an，the的基本用法。
8．以What、Where、Who、Whose、Which、How等引导的疑问句和一般疑问句以及它们的回答．
9．能灵活运用人称代词的主格和宾格．
10．掌握可数名词和不可数名词的用法，以及与其搭配使用的相关修饰词
11．There be句型以及与have(has)的运用及区别。
12．动词的现在进行时和一般现在时的运用。
13．祈使句的肯定、否定形式．
14．常用的句型及交际用语。
15．人称代词主格和宾格的使用。
16．可数名词和不可数名词的运用．
17．常用的句型。
18．现在进行时和一般现在时的使用。
【句型、词组精讲】
Words and Expressions
1. Excuse, me. / I’m sorry.
这两个句子是会话时常用客套语。
1）Excuse me. 表示“劳驾”，“请问”，“请原谅”，“对不起”，“打扰一下”等意思，多用于句首，主要用于在请求别人帮忙时用。如：
Excuse me, is this watch yours?
Excuse me. How can I get to the station?
2）I’m sorry. 或Sorry. 一般用于听到别人的不幸或做了对不起别人的事情表示遗憾或向其道歉，或不能够给对方提供信息或帮助时的场合。如： I’m sorry I’m late.
I’m sorry to hear your mother is ill.
Sorry, I can’t go with you.
Sorry, I won’t do that again.
2. it’s / its
1）it’s是it is的缩写形式，意思是“那是”。
2) its是it的物主代词，具有形容词的性质，作定语，意思是“它的”。如：This is a bird. Its name is Polly. 这是一只鸟，它的名字叫波莉。It’s a cat. Can you spell its name? 那是一只猫，你能拼出它的名字吗？
3. listen/ hear
1）listen意为“听”，强调听的动作，当后接听的对象时要加to。如：Listen! Who is talking? 听！谁在讲话？We’re listening to the teacher. 我们正在听老师讲课。
2）hear意为“听到”，强调听的结果。如：I’m listening to the teacher, but I can’t hear him. 我正在听老师讲课，但我听不见他讲的话。
4. not…at all/ Not at all
1) not…at all意为“根本不……，一点也不……”，not放在助动词之后。如：He doesn’t study hard at all. 他学习一点也不认真。
2) Not at all. 意为“不用谢”、“没关系”，回答对方的感谢、道歉时用语。如：“Thank you very much.” “Not at all.” “非常感谢。”“不用谢。”
5. speak/ say / tell/ talk
这四个词都有“说”之意。
1）speak强调说话的能力和方式，后常接说的某种语言。如：Do you speak English? 你讲英语？
2）say强调说的内容。如：What is he saying? 他在说什么？
3）tell意为“告诉”，后常接双宾语或复合宾语。如：Let me tell you a story. 让我给你们讲个故事吧。 The teacher often tells us to study hard. 老师经常叫我们努力学习。
4）talk为不及物动词，构成短语talk with, talk to, talk about等。如：What are they talking about? 他们正在谈论什么？
6. old/ age
old（指年龄），表示“……岁的”意思，常和how 一起构成疑问句。如：How old are you? 你多大？
age是“年龄”的意思，通常和what一起构成特殊疑问句。如：What age is he? 或What’s his age? 他多大了？
Old people aged people
介词+名词归纳
1．in+语言：表示用什么语言或用什么语言说（或写）。如：What’s this in English? He is writing a letter to his father in Chinese.
2．in pairs意为“成双地”，“成对地”，“两人一组”。如：Please ask and answer in pairs.
3．in the wall 表示在墙里面。如：There is a hole in the wall. 如果表示在墙的表面或墙上，用on the wall。如：She put a map of China on the wall.
4．at work意为“在工作”，work前不加the。类似这样的词组还有at home（在家），at school（上学），at table（就餐）等。
5．by+交通工具：表示“乘……”。如：
by bike= on the bike
by train= on the train, by boat= on the boat
by plane / air = on the plane, by ship/sea= on the ship
by car = in the car, by bus =in the bus等。
但：步行则用on foot来表达。
6．on one’s way…表示“在去……的途中”。如：
He found a dog walking in the street on his way home.
on one’s way to school 在某人上学的途中
on one’s way back 在某人返回的途中
7．on duty表示“值日”。如：Who’s on duty today? 今天谁值日？I am on duty. 我值日。
动词+介词&副词结构
1．动词+介词结构。
这类词组无论其宾语是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。如：
look after= take care of 照看，照料 look like 看上去像
look at… 看…… be worried about… 对……担忧
come from… =be from … 来自……
get to… 到达…… work on… 从事，操作……
turn on(off)打开，（关掉） come into… 进入……
2．动词+副词结构
这类词组后接宾语时，宾语如果是名词既可放在动词与副词之间，也可放在副词之后；如果是人称代词，多放在动词和副词之间。如：
hand up 举起手来 put on 穿上；挂上（贴上） take off 脱掉 put away… 把……放好；把……收起来
There be和to have句型
这两个句型都表示“有”的意思。There be表示“存在”的关系，to have侧重“所属关系”。如：
There are forty students in our class.
We have a happy family.
使用There be和to have句型时还应注意以下几点：
1．There be句型中的就近一致原则。即be的形式与靠近它的主语一致。如：
There is a table and two chairs in the room.
There are four chairs and a table in the room.
2．就There be句型中的主语提问时，往往把there这个引导词省掉。如：
There is a book on the desk. （就划线部分提问）
What’s on the desk?
3．当表示某物属于另一物中不可分割的一部分时，往往用to have句型。如：桌子有四条腿。The table has four legs.
4．美国英语常用have got表示“有”。如：They have got an English-Chinese dictionary.
二．考试热点
1．人称代词和物主代词的运用．
2．疑问词的正确运用。
3．be与主语的数的一致性．
4．介词的常见用法．
5．人称代词的主格和宾格．
6．现在进行时和一般现在时。主要题型有用所给词的适当形式填空、交际运用。
7．交际运用
三．重、难点突破
1．代词的正确运用，疑问词的运用及be的使用。在运用代词时，我们应从所替代名词的数、性别着手，并根据它在句中的位置来确定是主格还是宾格，是用名词性物主代词还是形容词性物主代词．具体来说，在主语的位置用主格；在动词、介词或副词后作宾语时，要用宾格．而形容词性物主代词后面要带名词．
2．疑问词的使用则要根据疑问词能作什么成分，是问时间、地点，颜色，人还是物等以及其答语来做出选择．
3．be的使用要看主语是单数名词、不可数名词、还是复数名词来确定。主要题型有用所给词的适当形式填空、交际运用。
4．正确区分可数名词和不可数名词十分重要。不可数名词作主语时，谓语要用单数，而可数名词又有单复数之分。一般地，many、a few／few只修饰可数名词，much、a little／little只修饰不可数名词，而some、any、a lot of、lots“两者均可修饰。
5．现在进行时的使用关键在于其构成和依其常用的时态标志词，如look、listen，now等来判断．一般现在时的难点在其疑问、否定的变化和当主语为单数第三人称时其谓语动词的变化。现在以work为例来看看一般现在时的句式变化规律。
He works every day．
He doesn't work every day．
Does he work every day?
即一般变化规律(注意：谓语动词为行为动词或连系动词时；be型不在此例)
主语+谓语十其他
否定，主语+don't／doesn't+谓语动词原形+其他
疑问：Do／Does主语+谓语动词原形+其他?
总之，这两种时态的正确使用关键在于用法和常用时间状语。
四．典型例题
【考题导析】
例1 语音题：选出划线部分的读音与其他三个划线部分读音不同的单词。
(1)A. lake B. cat C. take D. cake
(2)A. bed B. desk C. she D. let
(3)A. fish B. fine C. nice D.time
(4)A. box B. hot C. shop D. home
分析：此题考查元音字母在重读开音节、闭音节中的读音。关键之处是学生对重读开音节、闭音节要了解。(1)小题的A、B、C、D中只有B是闭音节，a发 音，其余都是开音节，a发[ei]音。(2)小题C为开音节，e发[i:]音，其余都是闭音节，e发[e]音。(3)小题A为闭音节，i发[i]音，其余都是开音节，i发[ai]音。(4)小题D为开音节，o发 音，其余都是闭音节，。发 音。
例2 选择填空
A. ______ pencil-box is this, Patrick?
B. It’s _______.
A. Whose, mine B. Who’s, mine C. Whose, my D. Who’s my
分析：此题考查疑问词的正确使用及两种物主代词的用法。首先要分清Whose 与Who’s的读音相同，但含义不同。Whose“谁的”Who“是谁”“谁是……”根据题意，询问“铅笔盒是谁的？”那么答案从A和C中选择。而形容词性的物主代词要用于名词之前，名词性物主代词相当于一个形容词性的物主代词和名词，故此题答案为A。
例3 I found the bottle in _______ room.
A. Sara and Kate B. Sara’s and Kate's
C. Sara's and Kate D. Sara and Kate's
分析：此题考查名词所有格。英语中表示所属，在人名后加上’s，但两人共有一物，只在最后一人名后加’s。故此题答案为D。
例4 Jack and Tom are ________.
A. good friends B .good friend C. a good friend D. good a friend
分析：此题考查名词的数与be动词的一致性。Jack和Tom是两人，谓语是are, 故朋友“friend”一词应加s，所以答案为A。
例5
1)—Who’s that? —______..
A. I'm Tom speaking B. My name is Tom
C. Tom speak D. This is Tom speaking
2)—________? —This is Mr. Smith speaking now.
A. Who are you B. Who's that
C. Who are you calling D. What do you want to say
分析：此两题考查英语打电话的交际用语。打电话中问对方是谁，要说“Who’s that?”，不能说“Who are you?”。而回答“我是……”要说This is…, 不能说I am…。故答案为1) D 2) B。
例6 —Lily, it's Linda's birthday tomorrow. —Oh yes. I will buy ______ a big birthday cake.
A. him B. you C. her D. it
分析：此题考查人称代词的正确使用。根据语境分析，准备给Linda买蛋糕，由于Linda是女孩的名字，故要用“她”一词来代替，而用于动词后的人称代词要用宾格，所以正确答案为C。
例7 Is this cake for______?
A. I B. my C. me D. mine
分析：此题同样考查人称代词用于介词之后应用宾格这一用法，所以C答案为正确的。
例8 Listen! Someone______ in the next room.
A. cry B. is crying C. are crying D. crying
分析：此题有一关键词listen，提示此处应用现在进行时态填空。而Someone作主语时，谓语用单数形式，故答案为B。
例9 How many ______ do you want?
A. glasses of milk B. glass of milks C. glasses of milks D. milks
分析：此题有两处应该注意：一是不可数名词无复数形式；二是How many与可数名词的复数形式搭配。所以此题正确答案为A。
例10 There ______ pencil-box, two books and some flowers on the desk.
A. is a B. are some C. has a D. have some
分析：英语中“有”可以用there be结构和have/has，但两者用法不同。there be表示存在有，即“某地有……”；而have/ has表示所有，即“某人(物)有……”。此题的on the desk表明某地有，C、D则不能选。而根据there be句型中主谓一致、就近的原则，pencil-box没有用复数形式。故答案选A。
[例11] (山东省淄博市，2002)That’s coat. It's
A. yours，Tom's B. your, Tom，x
C your，Tom D. yours，Tom
分析：此题考查代词和名词所有格的用法。名词性物主代词相当于一个形容词性物主代词加上一个名词，故由第一空可排除A、D两项，又由句竟“它是汤姆的上衣”知，应选B．
解后反思 根据句意和所处位置来确定代词是解题的关键。
[例12] (兰州市，2002) 一This is a photo of when they were young． 一OK，how happy they both looked
A．my father and mother B. my mother and father's
C．my mother's and father's D. my father's and my mother
分析：此题考查名词的所有格，A、D不合所有格用法，故可以排除。又由题意可知这张相片是共有的，故选B．
解后反思 英语中名词表示所属，在人名后加’s，如两人共有一物，则在最后一人名后加’s，若为两人各自所有的，则在两人名后分别加’s
[例13] (青岛市，2003) ---- Where my money？I can't find it. —Look! some money under your chair
A. There has B. There are C There is D lt's
分析: 此题显然考查there be句型。there be句型中be的数要采取就近原则，即be的效由离它最近的主语来决定，本题主语some money是不可数名词，故谓语要用单数，所以选C，
解后反思 在there be句型中不会出现have的各种形式。
[例14] (北京市海淀区，2002)"Can I get you a drink?" "That's very nice of you. I've already got_______."
A. it B. one C. that D. this
分析：此题考查这四个指示代词的用法。当被替代的名词前有修饰语时，要用one或ones。当替代不可数名词时不能用one，只用that。而it替代同类事物中的同一件事物。this是近指，往往替代即将要说的，且that，this，it前均不带修饰语，故此题选B。
[例15] (泉州市，2002)I'm thirsty．I want to buy
A. two bottles of oranges B. two bottles of orange
C. two bottle of oranges D．two bottle of orange
分析：此题考查不可敷名词的计量表达法。oranges是橘子之意，显然与thirsty不符，故A、C可排除，D也不行，选B。
解后反思 orange是多义词，当“橘汁”讲时，是不可数名词，当“橘子”讲是可数名词．不可数名词的量化常用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”结构，当数量超过一时，量词应用复数，如本题B．
[例16] (北京市海淀区，2002) Look! The boys happily in the river．
A. swim B. swam C. will swim D. are swimming
分析：此题考查谓语的时态。由look这一关键词可知，此处应用现在进行时，故答案为D．
解后反思 谓语动词的时态是由时间状语、暗示词或上下文来确定的，它的数由主语决定。所以，做这种题，要纵观全局。
[例17] (厦门市，2003) Kate has lost keys，so she asks for help
A. her，mine B. hers，me C。hers，I D. her，me
分析：此题考查代词的用法。由前空所处位置知该空应填形容词性物主代词，而后句意为“她向……寻求帮助”即asks sb. for help。故后空应填代词宾格。故选D，
解后反思 作宾语的代词要用宾格，而作定语的代词要用形容词性物主代词。
【正误例析】
1．那个男孩是谁？
误：Whose that boy?
正：Who’s that boy?
析：whose和who’s虽然发音一样，但在句子中的功能却大不相同。前者表示“谁的”，作定语用，后者表示“是谁”，是系表结构。（有时who’s也可作主谓结构）。如：
Whose book is this?
Who’s that girl over there?
Who’s talking in the next room?
2．这条裤子是我的。
误：This trouser is mine.
正：This pair of trousers is mine. & The trousers are mine.
析：某物如果是由两个对称的部分组成的，该物应用复数形式。如shoes, glasses, compasses（圆规）等。如果表示“一条……，一双……，一副……”等时，往往用a(this, that)pair of+该物。这一结构作主语时谓语动词用单数。如果前面与物主代词或名词所有格连用作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
That pair of glasses is hers.
My shoes are black.
3．请把你的自行车借给我。
误：Please borrow your bike to me.
正：Please lend your bike to me. & Please lend me your bike.
析：lend sth. to sb. / lend sb. sth.意为“把某物借给某人”，即从物主那儿借出去。borrow sth. from sb.意为“从某人那儿借来某物”。

五．强化训练
I．单词拼写
A）按要求写出下列单词的适当形式。
1. family（复数） ___________ 2. my（名词性物主代词）__________
3. swim（现在分词）__________ 4. meet（同音词）___________
5. short（反义词）___________ 6. study（第三人称单数）________
7. friend (形容词) ______________ 8. question（同义词）___________
9. they（宾格）_____________ 10. boys（所有格形式）____________
B）根据句意及首字母提示，补全单词
11. The bottle is e______. I want a full one.
12. In the classroom there are many pictures on the t ______desk.
13. —May I borrow your dictionary?
—Of c______. Here you are.
14. He likes t______ by train, because it’s cheap and safe.
15. Tom is at the door of the classroom. But it is l_______. He can’t open it.
C）用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
16. Li Ning can speak________(English).
17. There are three _______ (knife) on the table.
18. We’re doing ______ (we) homework at home.
19. The school gate is _______ (close) now.
20. You can eat_______ (difference) kinds of food in that restaurant.
II．选择填空
21. ____ girl has ______ apple. _____ apple is big and red.
A. An, an, The B. The, an, The C. A, a, An D. The, an, An
22. These are ______ cups. _______ are over there.
A. our, Yours B. yours, Mine C. his, Our D. Their, Your
23. —I often go to school_____. What about you? —I often _____ to school.
A. by bus, ride a bike B. by a bus, ride a bike
C. by a bus, by a bike D. by bus, ride bike
24. This is Lucy’s pen. Please ________.
A. give her to it B. give her it
C. give it to her D. give it her
25. —______ that? —I think _______ Han Mei.
A. Who’s, it’s B. Whose, its C. Who’s, its D. Whose, it’s
26. I have two pens. One is blue, ____ is black.
A. other B. others C. the other D. another
27. —Your English is very good. —______.
A. Yes, you’re right B. Thank you
C. That’s right D. No, it’s not good
28. Your coat is here. Please ________.
A. put on them B. put them on C. put on it D. put it on
29. —_____ do you like about Beijing? —The people, and the food.
A. How B. Where C. Which D. What
30. _____ she ______ a computer?
A. Is, have B. Is, has C. Does, has D. Does, have
31. Let’s go and _______.
A. play football B. play the football
C. play a football D. to play football
32. —Nice to meet you. —________.
A. Nice to see you. B. Hello, how are you?
C. Nice to meet you, too. D. Thank you very much.
33. —What’s wrong ________ your bike? —It’s broken.
A. with B. on C. for D. about
34. It’s seven o’clock. Kate ______ supper now.
A. have B. has C. are having D. is having
35. —Who is the woman in the car? —She is ______ mother.
A. Kate’s and Mary’s B. Kate and Mary’s
C. Kate and Mary D. Kate’s and Mary
36. You like _________ basketball. Would you like _______ a new one?
A. play, buying B. to play, buy
C. to play, buying D. playing, to buy
37. —____ ? —I’d like a pair of shoes. Please show me the white pair.
A. Can I help you B. What do you do
C. What are you doing D. Will you please help me
38. Very nice _______ to you.
A. talk B. talking C. talks D. to talk
39. What does he ______ at the meeting?
A. say B. tell C. talk D. speak
40. —______? —It’s five o’clock.
A. What day is it, please B. What’s the name, please
C. What’s the time, please D. What’s this, please
III．动词应用
41. My father _____ (get) up at 5:30 every morning.
42. It’s time______ (have) classes. Let’s go.
43. _______ (not be) late for school again.
44. Would you like something ________(eat)?
45. I can help you ________ (carry) the heavy box.
46. Look! They _____ (play) games over there.
47. —What ______ Wang Fang _____ (do)? —She is a teacher.
48. What about _______ (watch) TV now?
49. There _______ (be) an English book and two Chinese books on the desk.
50. How long _________ it ________ (take) you to get to your home?
IV．句型转换。
51. She does her homework in the evening. （改为一般疑问句）
_________ she ________ her homework in the evening?
52. There is some milk in the bottle. （改为否定句）
There ______ _______ milk in the bottle.
53. Do they work in a factory? （改为现在进行时）
_______ they ______ in a factory?
54. She often goes to school by bike. （对划线部分提问）
________ _______ she often go to school?
55. You can’t take off your coat. （改为祈使句）
________ ______ your coat off.
56. What’s your father, Lucy? （改为同义句）
What ______ your father ______, Lucy?
57. The girl behind the house is my sister. （对划线部分提问）
________ _______ the girl behind the house?
58. I’d like an apple.（用an orange改为选择疑问句）
_______ you like an apple _____ an orange?
59. There are some trees near the school. （对划线部分提问）
______ _____ near the school?
60. Why don’t you get up at six in the morning? （改为同义句）
_________ _______ get up at six in the morning?
V．补全对话
A: What are you doing?
B: I’m looking for my pen. But I __61__ find it.
A: You can borrow mine.
B: Thanks a lot. But I must ____62____ one in the shop.
A: _____63__ shop?
B: The one over there. Could you go with____64____?
A: Certainly.
B: ____65___ can I do for you?
A: I want a pen, please.
B: OK. ____66_____ you ____67_____.
A: Thank you. ____68___ ____69____ is it?
B: It’s four yuan. Is that___70____?
A: Yes. Thank you. Good-bye!
B: Bye.
VI．完形填空。
Mike and Jack are monks（和尚）. Mike is short and fat. Jack is tall and thin. They ___71___ brothers but they live ____72___ same room. Every morning they go out ___73____ food.
One day, they go out for food very ___74__ . They are on a road to a village. There aren’t any men on the road. They are walking __75___. Suddenly（突然）they stop. There is a comb（梳子）on the road___76___ them. Both of them are running up to it. “I find it first. It’s ___77___ comb, ” one of them is saying.
“No, I find it before you,” ____78__ is saying. “It’s not yours.”
Mike and Jack are sitting ____79___ the road. They are quarreling（争吵）about the comb. Morning is up and then comes the afternoon. They’re still quarreling.
A little boy comes up to them and says, “You’re monks. Monks have no hair. What’s the use of the comb ___80___ you?”
71.A. don’t have B. are going to have C. have not D. aren’t
72.A. in B. in the C. the D. on
73.A. to B. with C. in D. for
74.A. early B. earlier C. earliest D. the earliest
75.A. to B. along C. on D. out
76.A. near B. after C. behind D. in front of
77.A. you B. mine C. my D. yours
78.A. other B. the other C. others D. another
79. A. in B. on C. at D. with
80. A. for B. about C. on D. with

强化训练答案：
I.1.families 2.mine 3.swimming 4.meat 5.tall/long 6.studies 7.friendly 8.problem 9.them 10.boys’ 11.empty 12.teacher’s 13.course 14.traveling 15.locked 16.English 17.knives 18.our 19.closed 20.different
II．21—25 BAACA 26—30CBDDD 31—35 ACADB 36—40DABAC
III．41.gets 42.to have 43.Don’t be 44.to eat 45.carry /to carry 46.are playing 47.does, do 48.watching 49.is 50.does, take
IV. 51.Does, do 52.isn’t any/ is no 53.Are, working 54.How does 55.Don’t take 56.does, do 57.Who is 58.Would, or 59.What is 60.Why not
V. 61.can’t 62.buy 63.Which 64.me 65.What 66.Here 67.are 68.How 69.much 70.all
VI. 71—75 DBDAC 76—80 DCBBA
中考基础知识（JUNIOR BOOK II (UNIT 1-14)

一．知识网络
【重点内容概要】
1．形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的基本用法以及比较级和最高级的规则变化和不规则变化。
2．理解和运用一般讲来时be going to的用法。
3．提建议的表达方法及答语。
4．表示需要和询问对方和向对方提出建议。
5．一般过去时及其一般疑问句的回答。
6．反义疑问句。
7．介词in, on, at的用法。
8．There be结构的一般过去时态。
9．一般讲来时will的用法。
10．感叹句。
11．邀请和应答；打电话；谈论天气、季节；请求许可。
【句型、词组精讲】
1. May I have a piece of paper, please? 请问，能给我一张纸吗？
May I…? 是表示请求对方许可的句型，多用于较正式的场合。
这个句型的肯定回答：(1) Yes, please (2) Certainly. (3) Of course. (4) Sure. (5) That’s OK/all right. (6) Yes, you may /can. 等。
否定回答是：(1) No, you can t. (2) Certainly not. (3) Of course not.
也可婉转地回答：I’m sorry, but …或: I’m afraid not. 如：
—Ｍay I borrow your bike ,please ? 我可以借你的自行车吗？
—Certainly! Here you are. (Sorry .I’m using it. )当然可以！给你。（对不起，我正用着。）
2. Don’t you usually come to school by bike? 难道你通常不是骑自行车上学吗？
这是否定疑问句，常用来表示责怪、惊奇、建议等，可译成“难道不……吗？”回答时若事实是肯定的用Yes (不)，若事实是否定的则用No(是)，注意不要受汉语的干扰。如：
—Aren’t you a student? 难道你不是个学生吗？
—Yes, I am.. (No, I’m not.) 不，我是。（是的，我不是。）
3. And the air today is nice and clean. 今天的空气很清新。
Nice and 在英语中是个固定结构，意为“很”、“十分”，相当于very 或quite, 其后接形容词或副词，用于加强语气。如：
The child is nice and strong .这孩子很强壮。
4. few/a few/little/a little
few ,a few 用于代替或修饰可数名词；
little, a little 用于代替或修饰不可数名词。
a few 和a little 的意思是肯定的，表示“一些；有一点儿”；
few 和little 的意思是否定的，表示“很少、几乎没有”。
5. Why not? 为什么不呢？
“Why not+动词原形？”虽然形式上是否定的，但它所表达的含义是肯定的，常用来表示一种建议，语气比较委婉、客气。此句型可看作是“Why don’t you…?”的省略式。如：
Why not have a swim now? (=Why don’t you have a swim now?)为什么现在不游泳呢？
6. It’s time for class. 该上课了。
“It’s time for…” 和“It’s time to…” 这两个句型都表示“该……了”或“是……的时候了”。for 后接名词、代词或动词的ing形式, to 后接动词。如：
It’s time for (to have )lunch .该吃午饭了.
7. What about a quarter past two? 两点一刻怎么样？
What about……? (=How about……?)意为“(你认为) ……怎么样？“常用于征求意见、询问情况或提出建议。后接名词、代词或动名词。
8. Shall we go to the park? 我们去公园去吗？
Shall I (we) ……? 表示建议征求对方意见，意为“我(们) ……好吗？
肯定回答多用：(1)Good idea. (2) All right. (3) OK. (4) Yes, please. 等。
否定回答多用：(1)No, thanks. (2) No, please don’t. (3) No, I don’t think……等。如：
—Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？
—No, thanks. (All right.) 不用，谢谢。（好吧。）
9. Let’s make it a little earlier. 让我们早一点吧！
(1)Let’s……是提建议的一种句式，意思是“让我们……”，Let’s 后接动词原形。
肯定回答用Ok! 或All right !等；
否定回答则用No, let’s…….
(2)Make it 是习惯用语，it 在这里表示“规定时间”。如：
Let’s make it half past six. 让我们定在六点半吧。
10. in front of/in the front of
in front of 意为“在（物体之外的）前边”，而in the front of 意为“在（物体本身的）前部。“表示“在某人前面”要用in front of sb .
11. They must keep their hands behind their backs .The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.他们必须把手一直放在背后。班上的其它学生一直闭着眼睛。
“keep +宾语+宾补”意为“使…保持某种状态”。
其形式有：
(1) keep +宾补+形容词；
(2) keep +宾语+动词ing 形式；
(3) keep +宾语+介词短语；
(4) keep +宾语＋副词。如：He kept me waiting for an hour .他让我等了一个小时。
12. The eraser goes from one student to another—first one way, then another. 橡皮从一个学生手里传到另一个学生手里——先从这边传过去，然后再从那边传过来。
(1) from…to…从……到：……，通常与基数词或表示时间、地点的名词以及抽象名词连用。
They go to school from Monday to Friday. 他们从这星期一到星期五去上学。
(2) one…another…一个……另一个……，一个……又一个（总数是三个以上）
(3) first……then……先……后……
13. find/findout/look for
find通常指发现、找到有形的东西，也可指偶然发现某物或某种情况；
find out意为“找到”、“查出”，多指通过探索、观察而发现，通常带有“经过困难曲折的涵义”；
look for则指“寻找”的过程。
14. You’d better ask that policeman over there. 你最好问问那边的那个警察。
had better为习惯用语，相当于一个情态动词。had better意为“最好”，后接动词原形，指现在或将来，用于向对方提出建议或劝告。
其否定形式为had better not+动词原形。如：
You’d better not stay there too long. 你最好别在那里逗留太久。
15. We live in a place called Gum Tree. 我们住在一个叫桉树镇的地方。
a place called…=a place named…=a place with the name…名叫……的地方，called是过去分词，给前面的名词作定语。如：a boy called Tom一个名叫汤姆的男孩。
16. I hope he’s better tomorrow. 我希望他明天会好些。
hope是及物动词，意为“希望”，其后可接动词不定式或宾语从句。如：
He hope to go shopping with us. 他希望和我们一起去买东西。
表示“希望某人做某事”不可用hope sb. to do sth. 而要用hope +(that)从句。
如：我希望你来。
误：I hope you to come.
正：I hope (that) you will come.
17. Is watching TV too much good or bad for your health? 过多的看电视对你的身体有害还是有益呢？
(1) be good (bad) for表示“对……有好（害）处”；be good (bad) to表示“等……好（不好）”；be good at意为“擅长……”，“在……方面做得很好”，相当于do well in。
如：She’s very good to us. 她等我们很好。
Some are very good at boating. 有些人擅长划船。
(2) too much表示“过多”、“太多”，在句中可作宾、定、表或状语；而much too表示“太”、“过分”，修饰形容词或副词，作状语。如：
Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃得太多对你的身体有害。
This question us much too difficult. 这个问题太难了。
18. how long/how often
how long意为“多久”、“多长”，用于提问时间或距离的长短。如：
How long were you away last year? 去年你缺席多长时间？
How long is the Great Wall? 长城有多长？
how often意为“每隔多久，每隔多长时间”。回答表示程度的频度副词有sometimes, always, usually, never等或once a week, three times a month等。如：
How often do you go to see your mother? 你每隔多长时间去看你的母亲？
此外，how far意为“多远”（对距离提问）；
how old“多大”（对年龄提问）；
how many“多少”（对不可数名词数量提问）。
19. What’s wrong with sb/ sth.? 用于询问某人或某物“怎么了？”或“某物出了什么毛病？”。
如：What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表出了什么毛病？
20. But we need some more. 但我们还需要再准备些。
more表示“另外的、更多的、附加的”之意，可起代词或形容词作用。其前还可以再加some, a little, much, many, a few等修饰语。如：
Would you like a little more tea? 你要不要再喝点茶？
当more前有数词时，more和another可进行改写。如：
I wrote two more letters to her. 我又给她写了两封信。（I wrote another two letters to her.）
【语法精讲】　　　
一般过去时
一、一般过去时的形式
1．动词be的一般过去时态的形式有两种，即was, were。was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于第一、三人称复数和第二人称单、复数。You were we were they were
2．行为动词一般过去时态的形式：动词的过去式，没有人称和数的变化。
二、一般过去时的用法
1．表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，即“一次性的过去动作”。如：
They enjoyed themselves last Sunday. 他们上周日玩得很高兴。
I was busy yesterday. 昨天我很忙。
2．表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。如：
We often walked in the evening when we lived in the country last summer.
去年夏天我们住在农村，傍晚常出去散步。
三、一般过去时的时间状语
1．由副词yesterday或由yesterday开头构成的短语：yesterday morning/ afternoon等。如：Where did you go yesterday? 昨天你去哪儿了？
2．由“last+表时间的名词”构成的短语：last week, last year等。如：I received two letters from my home last month. 上个月我收到两封家信。
3．由“时间段+ago”构成的短语：a moment ago, an hour ago等。如：They left two hours ago. 他们两小时以前离开了。
4．由“介词+时间名词”构成的短语：in 1998, on Monday, on April 12等。如：Napoleon did in 1821. 拿破仑死于1821年。
5．其它词或词组：then, just now等。如： The scientists lived in China then. 当时这些科学家住在中国。　　　　　　　　　　　　　
将来时表示法
一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。表示“将来”的句式很多，常用的句式及用法归纳如下：
一、be going to+动词原形(专题与will的区别)
1．这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
2．这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。如：
Look at these black clouds——it is going to rain. 看这些乌云——要下雨了。
I’m afraid I’m going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒了。
注意：
1. 如果be going to后接的是形容词或副词（there）时，其后应加上be，然后再接形容词或副词。如：I’m going to be busy this Sunday. 这个星期天我很忙
2. there be句型也可用于这种句型中，但there不能和have连用。如：There is going to be an English film this evening. 今天晚上有一场英文电影。
二、shall/ will+动词原形。在书面语中，第一人称常用shall, 但在口语中，所有人称都可用will.
1．will/ shall均可表示单纯的将来。如：The radio says it will be cloudy tomorrow. 收音机报道明天多云。
2．表示预料中将要发生的动作或情况。如：You’ll feel better after having this medicine. 吃了这药，你就会感到好些的。
3．will表示人的主观意愿，它带有浓厚的感情色彩。如：Come earlier tomorrow, or I won’t let you in. 明天早点儿来，否则我不让你进来。
4．在问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时，常用will。如：Will you go to see a film with us? 你愿意和我们一起去看电影吗？
5．shall表示建议或征求对方的意见。如：Shall we go at eight? 我们八点去好吗？
6．表示不以人们的意志为转移的规律。如：He is fourteen this year, and he will be fifteen next year. 他今年十四岁，明年十五岁。
三、come, go, leave, fly, begin, arrive等表示位置转移的动词用现在时行时表示将来的动作。如：
Mr. Li says he is leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 李先生说他明天将去北京。
The sports meeting is beginning at three this afternoon. 运动会将于今天下午三点开始。
四、在条件、时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。如：
If it doesn’t rain, they will climb a hill tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，他们将去爬山。
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive home. 我一到家就给你写信。　　　　　　
五、come, go, start, leave等动词的一般现在时也可以表示将来，它是用来根据规定或时刻表示一定会发生的动作或状态。与现在进行时态一样，一般现在时主要用于往返动作。如：
The train leaves at two o’clock p.m. 火车下午两点钟开。　　　　　　　
The new term starts at the beginning of September. 新学期将于九月初开始。
注：表示往返和位置转移动词的一般现在时和现在进行时都可以表示按计划安排将要发生的事，但一般现在时表示“不可改变或不可随便更改的事件或计划”，所以常用于时刻表；而现在进行时表示将来“按计划安排的事可能会改变”。
六、用“情态动词+动词原形”也可表示将来。这种形式一般用于比较明显的表示将来的时间状语的句子中。如：You must get up early tomorrow. 你明天必须得早起。
七、用“has better+动词原形”也可以表示将来。如：You’d better go to see your sister next week. 下周你最好去看看你妹妹。
使用比较等级应注意的事项
1．注意错用比较等级的构成。
1）他比我走得慢。
误：He walks slowlier than I.
正：He walks more slowly than I.
有些双音节形容词（副词），可在词尾加-r(-er), -st(-est)构成比较级和最高级。如：happy, dirty, clever等。但以“ly”结尾的副词，除了early外多在其前加more, most构成比较级和最高级。
2）游泳是我最喜爱的运动。
误：Swimming is my most favourite.
正：Swimming is my favourite sport.
有些形容词，本身表示的程度就已达到“极限”，或者无法再比较，所以没有比较等级形式。再如：full, empty, whole, afraid, round, living, dead等。
2．注意比较对象前后的一致。
比较级中，比较的双方必须是同一类的人或事物，非同类的事物是不能进行比较的。如：
我的自行车比你的自行车便宜。
误：My bike is cheaper than you.
正：My bike is cheaper than yours
在比较级中，比较的双方虽属同类，但相比较的事物为了避免重复，than后面的比较对象常用that，one, those或ones代替前面出现的比较对象。如：
北京的冬天比上海冷。
误：In winter, the weather of Beijing is colder than it of Shanghai.
正：In winter, the weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.
3．注意比较范围中的“包括”与“不包括”。
在同一范围内比较时，必须把主体排除在被比较的对象之外。如：
吉姆比班里的其他任何学生都高。
误：Jim is taller than any students in his class.
正：Jim is taller than any other student in his class.
4．注意比较级、最高级前定冠词the的使用。　　　　
形容词比较级前一般不用定冠词，但句中若有“of the two”结构，表示两者“较……的一个”时，要加定冠词the。如：He is the taller of the two. 他是两人中个子较高的一位。
5．注意比较等级前修饰词的使用。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
比较级前不可用very, quite, too等词来修饰，但可以用表示比较程度的much, a little, a bit, even, still等副词来修饰。如：
This book is much thicker than that one. 这本书比那本书厚得多。
Yesterday was a little colder than today. 昨天比今天有点冷。
另外，名词短语也可修饰比较级，说明程度。如：I’m three years other than he. 我比他大三岁。
二．考试热点
1．一般将来时be going to的用法，通过对话询问对方的计划、打算，并提出各种建议，学会提建议的表达方法。
2．形容词的比较级和最高级以及它们之间的句型转换，能修饰比较级的词。
3．在交际运用中考查表计划、打算、询问及建议的用法。
4．一般过去时。
5．各种情况的翻译疑问句。
6．邀请、请求许可、打电话及写电话留言和谈论天气。
主要考查题型：选择填空，句型转换题，口语运用题，书面表达题。
三．重、难点突破
1．比较级用于两者间的比较；有比较连词’than则要用比较级。在运用比较级时应注意以下几方面：1)alittle，abit，much，even，still可以修饰比较级；以加强语气，而very不能修饰比较级。2)进行比较时，要注意比较的对象、比较的范围是否一致。
2．最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较，一般有in...或of..．，among...之类的词。形容词最高级前应带the，而副词最高级前的the可省略。
3．最高级和比较级常进行转换。最常见的转换句式是：最高级转为比较级，即“...than any other..."结构。
4．提建议的常用句式：
(1) 用“Shall we／I...?”句型。其意思是“…...好吗?”主要用于提出某种建议或征求对方意见，多用于第一人称。常用Good idea回答。
(2) 用"Let ’s+动词原形”句型。在表示“建议”时包括对方在内，意为‘‘咱们......吧!”有时还可以在句尾加上"Shall we?”通常用OK回答。
(3) 用“Why not+动词原形”句型。意为“为什么不......?"它常用All right回答。
(4) 用“had better+动词原形”句型。其意是“最好......”，表建议或劝告。
(5) 用“How／What about + doing／名词”句型。
5．一般过去时是非常重要的一个时态，在书面表达中，使用很广。一般过去时的运用要掌握其构成和常用时间状语。它的构成可分为两种情况：
1)主语+谓语be(was／were)+其他。其否定和疑问的构成分别为：主语+was not／were not+其他。Was／Were+主语+其他?
2)主语+行为动词／连系动词的过去式+其他。其否定和疑问的构成分别为：主语+did not(didn’t)+谓语动词的原形+其他，Did+主语+谓语动词的原形+其他?此处关键是谓语动词要用原形。
动词变过去式，有规则动词和不规则动词之分，需要区分牢记。
常见的过去时间状语有：yesterday，last+时间名词，时间段+ago等。
6．关于be going to与will。
这两者都表示将来，be going to常用来表示打算，计划、决定要做的事情或根据某些现象或征兆预测即将发生的事。在表示意图或即将发生某事时可与will互用，但下列情况常用will或shall而不用be going to。
1)表带意愿色彩的将采。
2)问对方是否愿意，或表示客气的邀请或命令。
3)表示建议或征求意见。
7．反意疑问句。反意疑问句是在陈述句后面加上一个简短的附加问句。其用法如下：
1)若前面的陈述句是肯定式，后面的附加问句用否定形式，反之，要用肯定式。简言之，前肯，后否：前否，后肯；前名(词)后代(相应代词)；前代后代，时态一致。若陈述部分为there be句型，其后部分要用there。
2)当反意疑问句的陈述部分含有few，little no, never，hardly等词时，附加部分要用肯定式。
3)对于反意疑问句的回答，要根据实际情况回答，若事实是肯定的，要用yes，事实是否定的，要用no，在译成汉语时要注意。如：
There is no water on the moon，is there?月亮上没有水，是吗?
No，there isn’t．是的，没有。(注：月亮上没有水是事实，故不能回答为Yes，there is．)
4)祈使句的反意疑问句除Let’s...，shall we?外，其余的附加问句均为will、you。
8. 感叹句, 感叹句根据感叹部分可分为两种类型：
1)How+形容词+主语+be!或How+副词+主语+动词!
2)What a／an+形容词+可数名词单数+主+谓!或What+ 形容词+复数名词(或不可数名词)+主+谓!
9．交际用语项目
1) Could I speak to...，please? 是打电话常用语，若接电话的是所找之人时，用This is．．．speaking或to．．speaking或Speaking。若接电话不是本人时，可以说Sorry，he／she is out。或Hold on a moment，please。／One moment，please。
2) Is that...? 或Is that...speaking?是在电话上询问对方是谁。
3) Would you like to...?是邀请别人。同意即以I d like to回答。若不能应允，则可以用I d like to，but．．．婉拒。
4)在表示对别人答谢时，常用如下的答谢语：
①That’s all right．②That’s OK．③It’s a pleasure．④With pleasure。⑤It’s my pleasure．⑥Not at all．⑦You re Welcome
四．典型例题
【例1】There is going to ______ a sports meeting in our school next week.
A. be B. have C. open D. hold
分析 此题考查学生句子中的词语搭配。“举行运动会”为hold a sports meeting, 但句中有“there”一词，决定要用there be句型，表示“某时有……”，虽然have也有“有”的含义，但它是“（某人/某物）有”故本题答案为A。
【例2】Of all the shoes in your shop, is this pair ______ one?
A. very good B. much better C. a cheaper D. the cheapest
分析 此题考查学生形容词比较等级的用法。因为句中有“Of all the shoes”这个表示最高级的范围的短语，所以答案应选D。
【例3】选出与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的词或短语。
1) — Shall we meet at eight? —Let s make it a quarter earlier,
A. ten minutes B. fifteen minutes
C. half an hour D. an hour
2) He’s going to London by air.
A. by plane B. by ship C. by car D. by train
分析 此题考查学生对英语词汇的理解。a quarter“一刻”就是十五分钟fifteen minutes。 by air就是乘飞机by plane, 所以两题答案为B和A。
【例4】______ I open the window? It s so warm here.
A. Must B. Will C. Shall D. Would
分析 此题考查学生对助动词、情态动词的理解。will, shall, would都有征求对方意见之意，语气都很委婉、客气，但它们接的人称代词不同。will, would常接第二人称you, shall接第一人称I和we。故此题答案选C。
【例5】He doesn’t know _____ English because he has studied it for only ______ weeks.
A. much, a few B. little, few C. few, a little D. a few, a little
分析 此题考查学生对little/ a little, few / a few的理解。a little/ little修饰不可数名词，a few/ few修饰可数名词。而a little, a few表示“有点，少数几个”，在句中有肯定含义；little/ few表示“少数”，“几乎没有”在句中有否定含义。此题中English是不可数名词，weeks是可数名词，所以答案为A。
【例6】改写句子。
We have a class meeting once a week.
_______ _______ do you have a class meeting?
分析 此题考查学生对疑问词的正确理解和运用。once a week“一周一次”，表示动作的频率次数，而how often正是针对动作的频率、次数提问的疑问词，故该两空格填How often。
【例7】Peter collected some old coins two years ago. (改为否定句)
Peter ______ collect ______ old coins two years ago.
分析 此题考查学生对一般过去时句型的转换。一般过去时的句子在改一般疑问句和否定句时要借助动词did，而且句中的some在否定句中要改为any，所以两空应填出didn’t, any。
【例8】Eating more vegetables will keep you ______ .
A. health B. fat C. weak D. healthy
分析 此题考查学生对语句的理解及keep一词的用法。“多吃青菜”不会使人“胖”或“体弱”，故B、C两答案不能填。而keep是“使……处于某种状态”。keep sth. +形容词。A答案health是名词，不能选，所以只有healthy (形容词、健康的)才行。
【例 9】We do eye exercises every day. (改为一般疑问句)
______ you ______ eye exercises every day?
分析 此题考查学生do作实义动词、助动词的用法。句中do eye exercises 中的do是实义动词“做”之意。将此句改为一般疑问句要借助助动词do，而实义动词do也不能少，所以两格应填Do, do。
【例 10】Bruce, Look at your dirty shoes. You d better ______ them right now.
A. washed B. washing C. wash D. to wash
分析 此题考查学生对You’d better习惯用语中的用法。You’d better意思是“你最好……”后面接动词原形。故此题答案选C。
【例11】(广州市，2003)Now the air in our hometown is than it was before。Something must be done．
A. much better B．more worse C．more better D。much worse
思路分析 此题考查形容词比较级的用法，由more不能修饰比较级可以排除B、C，由"Something must be done"(必须采取措施)知，情况不好，故选D。
解后反思 能修饰比较级的常见词有：much，a little，a bit，even，still，any等。
【例12】(南宁市，2003)Do you think an American film tomorrow?
A．is there B．there s going to be C．will there be D. there s going to have
思路分析 此题考查there be句型的用法及宾语从句的语序。故A、C可以排除。而there be句型的将来时结构应是there will be或there is(are) going to be...所以本题正确答案为B。
解后反思 在there be句型中不能出现have的各种形式。
【例13】(上海市，2003)— is it from our school to Lupu Bridge?
——About half an hour s bus ride。 Shall we go and visit it?
A. How long B．How often C How far D. How much
思路分析 本题考查疑问词的用法。how long指时间长短，如two days；how often问频率，如three times a day；how much问(不可数)多少；而how far问距离，而本题half an hour’s bus ride指的是距离，故选C。
【例14】(桂林市，2003)Could you tell me if there is a flight to the capital ——March，25th?
A. in B. on C. at D. of
思路分析 此题考查介词与时间搭配的用法。in不与具体日期连用，但它：可以与时间段、季节、年连用；at与时间点连用，of不与时间连用，而on与具体日期
连用，故选B
解后反思 on与时间的连用，有如下几种情况：
1)on月+日／on+日期
2)on+星期／on星期+morning／afternoon／evening
3)On a+修饰词+morning／afternoon／evening／day
4)on the morning／afternoon／evening of月、日。
【例15】(桂林市，2003) he at this school last term? ——Yes，I think so，
A. Did，study B。Does，study C. Was，study D. Did，studied
思路分析 此题考查一般过去时的一般疑问句的用法。由last term知B可以排除，而study是行为动词，其疑问句要借助助动词did且助动词后的谓语动词要用动词原形，故选A。
【例16】(昆明市，2003)He has never visited the Great Hall of the People， ?
A．hasn’t he B。has he C．does he D．doesn’t he
思路分析 此题考查反意疑问句，由前后时态要一致的原则，选项D、C可排除，又never意为“从不’’，故选B。
解后反思 弄清反意疑问句的特点是解题关键。

五．强化训练及答案（Book II Units 1-14）
I．词汇A）根据句意或汉语提示完成句子。
１._____is the second month of a year.
2. Her father work in a ______ . (医院)
3. Do you ______ his telephone number? (记得)
4. The twins sit in the _______ row.（前面的）.
5. There are sixty _______ in an hour.
B)用括号中所给词语的适当形式填空。
6. The students ran out of the classroom ______. (quick)
7. December is the _______ month of a year.(twelve)
8. Are you good at _______basketball? (play)
9. They all go to school on_____.(foot)
10. The farmers are busy _______ on the farm.(work)
C)根据划线部分的意思，选出与其意思相同或相近的选项。
11. She is the student called Mary.
A. with a name B. with the name C. has the name D. with name
12. This sweater looks nice. I want to take it.
A. sell B. borrow C. use D. buy
13. They’d like to stay here for a few days.
A. a little B. many C. some D. a lot of
14. What’s wrong with your TV set.
A. the matter B. trouble C. worst D. the bad thing
15. Long long ago, there lived a poor old man in the village.
A. had B. took C. stood D. was
II．单项选择
16. Does your sister enjoy______ the music?
A. listening B. to listen C. listening to D. to listen to
17. Reading _____ the sun is bad ____ eyes.
A. under, to B. under, for C. in, to D. in, for
18. Please give me_____.
A. two piece of red paper. B. two piece of red papers
C. two pieces of red paper D. two piece of red papers
19. There’s ___ tea in the cup, is there?
A. a few B. a little C. few D. little
20. Why not_____ outside the zoo?
A .meet B. to meet C. meeting D. met
21. Mr. Johnson _____ Tokyo yesterday morning.
A. get B. arrived C. reached D. reached in
22. Do you know the way _____ the post office?
A. of B. to C. for D. with
23. She ____ a new watch.
A. needs to buy B. needs buying C. need buying D. need to buy
24. —Don’t they come by bike? —_____.
A. Yes, they don’t B. No, they do C. Yes, they are. D. No, they don’t.
25.______ delicious food they are!
A. How a B. What a C. How D. What
26. Chongqing is bigger than ____ in China.
A. all the cities B. any cities C. any other city D. any city
27. Her brother is _____ than she.
A. more stronger B. much stronger C. much strong D. very stronger
28. She’s coming back ____ two day.
A. after B. in C. later D. behind
29. —When did you come to Linfen? — ______.
A. For two weeks. B. In two weeks.
C. Two weeks later. D. Two weeks ago.
30. ______ are you going to the zoo, by bike or by bus?
A. How B. Why C. What D. Which way
III．补全对话
选择正确的答案补全对话
A: Excuse me, sir.
B: Yes? ___31____
A: ___32___ me the way to the railway station?
B: Well, go down to the end of this street and then turn left. ___33___
A: Is it far from here?
B: I think so.
A: Can I take a bus?
B: Yes, ___34___
A: Oh, yes. Thanks a lot.
B: ___35___
31. A. What do you want to do? B. Let me help you.
C. What can I do for you? D. What can you do for me?
32. A. Can you call B. Can you say C. Do you help D. Can you tell
33. A. The railway station is new. B. The railway station is on you right.
C. The railway station is far. D. The railway station is beautiful.
34. A. there’s a bus stop over there.
B. there’s a policeman over there.
C. there’re many people over there.
D. there’s a railway station over there.
35. A. All right. B. Fine, thank you. C. That’s all. D. You’re welcome.
IV．句型转换，每空一词。
A）完成句子，使上下两句意思一致。
36. She went home on foot yesterday.
She _______ ______ yesterday.
37. I like the busy life.
I like to _______ ______.
38. What is your favourite sport?
________ _____ is your favourite?
39. She often helps me with English.
She often helps me _____ ____ English.
40. There was no rain last week.
It ______ _____ last week.
B）按要求进行句式转换。
41. She had some bread this morning. (一般疑问句)
Did she_____ _____ bread this morning?
42. He put the eggs in the basket. （对划线部分提问）
______ _____ he put the eggs?
43. Her sister is a careful girl. （改为感叹句）
______ ______ her sister is!
44. Is that a photo or a knife? （变为复数形式）
Are those ____ or ______?
45. He writes a letter to his parents every month. （改为现在进行时）
He ______ ______ a letter to his parents now.
V．完成下列句子，每空一词。
46. 我刚做完作业。
I ______ _______ my homework just now.
47. 做眼保健操对眼睛有益。
______ eye _____ is good for eyes.
48. 这个筐比那个筐重得多。
This basket is _______ _______ than that one.
49. 昨天晚上你没看电视吗？
_______ you _________TV last night?
50. 我想你吃得太多了。
I think you are eating_______ ______.
VI．完形填空。
通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从51-60各题后A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
Small cars may take the place of (代替)big cars in the future (将来).There is 51 for only two people in such a car. If everyone __52_ such a car, there will be less pollution（污染）_53__ the air. There will also be more space for 54 cars in cities, and the streets will be less crowded (拥挤).The little cars will cost_ 55_ less. Driving will be _56_, too, as those little cars can go only 65 kilometres an hour .If big cars are still used along with the small _57 , two kinds of roads will be _58 in the future. Some roads will be used _59 the big , fast cars, and _60 roads will be needed for the slower, smaller ones.
51. A. seat B. place C. a room D. space
52. A. pulls B. rides C. drives D. pushes
53. A. at B. in C. for D. on
54. A. park B. parking C. stop D. stopping
55. A. much B. many C. more D. lots of
56. A. dangerous B. safe C. safer D. worse
57. A. one B. ones C. seat D. seats
58. A. nees B. needs C. needing D. needed
59. A. for B. by C. in D.as
60. A. another B. others C. other D. the other
Ⅶ.阅读理解（10%）
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
Women’s fashions (时装)change more quickly than men’s .In the early 1990’s, all women wore their skirts down to the ankle (脚踝).Today, some skirts are even longer than before, but some are very short .Women’s shoes have also gone through all sorts of changes in the last ninety –five years .For example, boots (靴)for women were very common at the beginning of the century .Then for years, they were not thought fashionable.Today, they’re back again in all colours, lengths (长度)and materials (材料). In fact, today’s women can wear all kinds of clothes on almost any occasion (场合). While all of these changes were taking place in women’s fashions, men’s clothing remained (保持)almost the same as it was a few years ago. And, in fact, most men are still dressed in the kinds of they used to wear.
61. Today women like to wear _____skirts.
A. long B. short C. neither long nor short D. both long and short
62. Boots are thought _____now.
A. uncommon B. fashionable
C. fit for (适合) girls D. unfashionable
63. When today’s women attend (出席) the party, they wear_______.
A. any kinds of clothes they like B. long skirts and short boots
C. red long boots D. skirts down to the ankle
64. Men’s fashions _______.
A. change as women’s fashions do B. have also changed
C. are changing fast these years D. remain unchanged
65. The passage tried to tell us _____.
A. women’s shoes are back again in all colours, lengths, etc
B. today women are dressed in the kinds of clothes they used to wear
C. women’s fashions for clothes, shoes and so on always change
D. boots for women have been thought fashionable since 1900

强化训练答案：
I. 1. February 2. hospital 3. remember 4. front 5. minutes 6. quickly 7. twelfth 8. playing 9. foot 10. working 11—15 B D C A D
II. 16—20 C D C D A 21—25 C B A D D 26—30 C B B D A
III. 31—35 C D B AD
IV. 36. walked home 37. keep/ be busy 38. What sport 39. to learn 40. didn’t rain 41. have any 42. Where did 43. How careful 44. photos, knives 45. is writing
V. 46. finished doing 47. Doing, exercises 48. much heavier 49. Didn’t, watch 50. too much
VI. 51—55 D C B B A 56—60 C B D A D
VII. 61—65 D B A D C
中考基础知识（JUNIOR BOOK II UNIT 15-28）
一．知识网络
【重点内容概要】
1．应答与邀请
2．简单句的五种基本句型
3．情态动词can，may，must的用法
4．When，before，after等连词引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句
5．Have to的用法
6．系动词
7．不定式作宾语的用法
8．不定代词的用法
9．表示容量的词和食品名称连用，以说明食品的数量
10．交际项目：1）问路和指路2）禁止和警告3）看病
11．理解并运用并列句
12．形容词和副词的比较级，以及它们之间等级的转换
13．冠词的用法
14．过去进行时用法
15．表示祝贺、祝愿、劝告和建议的交际用语，以及表示“确信”的基本句型
常考题型：选择题、句型转换及用所给词的适当形式填空
【句型、词组精讲】
1. Could you ask him to call me, please? 请你让他给我回电话好吗？
ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事，ask sb. not to do sth.请某人不要做某事。不定式在句中作宾语补足语。适用于该句型的动词还有want, tell, like, would like, teach等。如：The teacher asked Sam not to be late. 老师叫萨姆不要迟到。Liu Ying told me to wait for her at home. 刘英让我在家里等她。Mr. Zhang often teaches his Japanese friends to cook Chinese food. 张先生常常教他的日本朋友做中国菜。
2. But there were not enough people to pick them. 但是他们没有足够多的人来摘苹果。
enough在此是形容词，意为“足够的”，它修饰名词时，通常放在名词之前，有时放在名词之后。
enough作副词修饰形容词和副词时，放在它们的后面。如：
The boy is old enough to go to school. 这个男孩到了上学的年龄了。
He didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. 他跑的不够快，没有赶上公共汽车。
3. They needed to climb up the trees with ladders. 他们需要梯子来爬上树。
need在本句中为实义动词，其后可接不定式或名词。如：
He needs to see a doctor. 他需要去看医生。
We need some more water. Could you get some for us? 我们还需要些水。你能为我们弄些吗？
climb up意为“爬上”，up在此为介词。如：
Don’t climb up the hill. 不要爬山。
with 是“用，借助”的含义。如：
We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听。
4. It’s best to wear cool clothes. 最好穿凉快的衣服。
It’s best to do sth. 意为“最好去做某事”。这里的it为形式主语，真正的主语为to do sth. 如：
It’s best to get there before 8 o’clock. 最好八点钟以前赶到。
5. The farmers are all busy getting ready for the next year. 农民们正忙着为下一年做准备。
be busy doing sth. “忙于做某事”。如：The farmers are busy picking apples. （=The farmers are busy with the apple harvest.）
get ready for“为……做准备”，类似的短语还有：get ready to do“准备做……”；get sth. ready“把某事准备好”； …be ready “……准备好了”。如：I m getting ready for the new lesson. 我正在为新课做准备。Get your books ready. 准备好你们的书。Supper is ready. 晚饭准备好了。
6. “I’m here!” said Jim. “And so is Polly!” “我在这！”吉姆说。“波利也来了！”
“so + be (have，助动词)+主语”结构为倒装语序，表示前句所述的情况也适合于另一个人或事。如：
He can speak English, so can I. 他会讲英语，我也会。
—I watched the TV programme last night. 昨天晚上我看了那个电视节目。
—So did I. 我也看了。
注意此结构中，前后两后的主语是两个人或物，后一句的时态必须和前一句保持一致，但人称和数则应与后句主语保持一致。
比较：so+主语+be动词（助动词、情态动词），此结构常常就前面提到的事实予以确认或赞同，意为“的确如此”、“是呀”等。如：
—It’s your turn. 轮到你了。
—So it is. 是的，轮到我了。
7. I’m going to get it back. 我准备把它取回来。
get …back…为“动词+副词”类短语。代词作宾语时要放在动词与副词中间。类似的短语还有：pick up, ring up, find out, turn on (off, up, down)等。如：
The radio is too noisy, please turn it down. 收音机太吵闹，请把它（声音）调低些。
If you don’t know the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dictionary. 如果你不知道这个单词的含义，请在辞典里查一下。
8. It takes sb. some time to do sth.
这是一个重要句型，意思是“某人花费一些时间做某事”，可根据需要用不同的时态。如：
It took me half an hour to go to school by bike yesterday. 有时这个句型可以和spend句型转换。如上面这一句也可以说：I spent half an hour (in) going to school by bike yesterday.
9. It is nice +V-ing.
这个句型也可以说成It is nice to do. 意思是“做……真好”。如：It was nice talking to you. （和你谈话真高兴。）It’s nice of you to ask me to your party. （谢谢你请我参加你的晚会）.
10. There’s something wrong with….
这个句型表示“……出了毛病了”。就等于Something is wrong with…. 句型。如将something换为nothing, 则表示“没出什么事儿”。如：There’s something wrong with my nose. There’s nothing wrong with her.
11. There he is!
这是个倒装句型，把所强调部分there提到了句首。如果主语是代词则用There (Here) + 代词+谓语；如果主语是名词，则用There (Here) +谓语+名词。如：Here comes Li Lei. （李雷来了）。There goes the bell. （铃声响了。）Here it is. （它在这儿。）
12. until 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
与till同义，既可用作介词又可用作连词。它常用于以下两种句型：
（1）用于肯定句时，意思是“直到……为止”，句子谓语一般用延续性动词（如stay, live, work, study等），表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止。如：
He listened to the radio until his father came back. 他听收音机，直到他父亲回来为止。
He will be here until Sunday. 他将在这儿一直呆到星期天。
（2）用于否定句时，意思是“在……以前（before）”，“直到……才”，句子谓语一般是短暂动词（如come, die, leave等），它所表示的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生。如：
I didn’t go to bed until eleven o’clock last night. 昨晚我直到十一点才睡觉。
The students will not begin the meeting until their teacher comes. 学生们等老师到了才开会。
until与till可换用，不过，口语中常用till，正式文体中常用until。
13. interest, interested, interesting.
这三个词都与“兴趣”有关。interest作动词时，要求“人”作宾语。如：This new invention will interest you. 这项新发明会引起你的兴趣。它作名词时，所构成的词组是place of interest（名胜）。interested是过去分词表示人的感觉，现在常用作形容词，构成的句式是“be (become) interested in”来表示主语“对……感兴趣”之意，要求主语是“人”。如：I am interested in English. interesting是现在分词，表示事物具有能引起人们的某种感觉的能力。其意思是“有趣味的”，常用作形容词，可作定语和表语。其主语通常是事或物。如：interesting games can always make children happy.（有趣味的游戏总能使孩子们快乐。）The story is interesting.
14. instead, instead of
instead是副词，含“代替；更换”之意，可理解为instead of的省略，避免不必要的重复，省略的部分是介词of及其宾语，常放在句末。如：Mr. Black is ill, so Miss Green is talking his class instead (of him). instead of是个复合介词，它后面可接名词、代词、V-ing形式等。如：I’ll go to bed instead of watching TV. 我将睡觉，而不看电视。
【口语回顾】
1. Could I speak to…，please?
电话术语，意为“我可以和……通话吗？找……接电话好吗？”句中Could 还可替换为Can或May。如：
—Hello, could (can/ may) I speak to Mr. Brown, please? 你好，请布朗先生接电话好吗？
—Yes, just a minute, please. 当然，请稍等一下。
2. I’m afraid.
委婉用语。用于礼貌地拒绝某人或对其发生或将要发生的不幸表示惋惜。意为“抱歉，对不起，恐怕”。如：
I can’t come to supper, I’m afraid. 恐怕我不能去吃晚饭了。
—Can you go with us now? 你现在能同我们一起去吗？
—I’m afraid not. 对不起，我不能。
—Are we late? 我们晚了吗？
—I’m afraid so. 恐怕是的。
3. It’s a pleasure.
用于回答感谢之类的话的客套用语。意为“能帮上你的忙我很高兴；不客气；不用谢。”它还可表达为It’s my pleasure/ My pleasure / A pleasure. 如：
—Thank you very much for passing the message on to him! 非常感谢你把口信传给了他！
—It’s a pleasure! 请别客气！
—Thanks for helping me yesterday! 多谢你昨天帮助我！
—My pleasure! Nice to see you again. 不用谢！很高兴又见到你！
4. Can I take a message for you?
询问对方是否愿意留下口信可用此句式。意为“我给你带个口信，好吗？”类似的表达还有：May I take a message for you? / Would you like to leave a message?
5. by the way.
常用作插入语。用于提出一个新的话题或提起一件已经忘记的事，意为“顺便说一下，顺便问一下，且说，另外”等。如：
—By the way, there was a telephone call for you. 对啦，有你一个电话。
6. What’s the weather like…？
此句式用于询问某地或某时天气如何，意为：“……的天气如何？”。还可表达为How is (the) weather…？如：
—What’s the weather like in Beijing now? 现在北京天气如何？
—It’s nice and cool. 很凉爽。
7. I think so.
有保留地同意或赞同别人的意见或看法时，可用此语。如：
—Can you mend the bike? 你能修理这辆自行车吗？
—Yes, I think so. 我想可以。
直截了当地表达不同意见，可用I don’t think so或I think not。如：
—Can you mend a clock?
—Sorry, I don’t think so.
8. Would you like to…？
发出邀请的常见句式，带有商量、询问、试探性的口气，意为“你愿意……吗？”应答时常用：Yes, I’d love (like) to. 是的，我很乐意。I’d love to, but ……我很愿意，不过……。如：
—Would you like to come for dinner tonight?
—Thank you, I’d love to.
—Would you like to come to the party tonight?
—I’d love to, but I’m too busy.
9. What can I do for you?
商店售货员、报务员等招呼顾客的礼貌用语，也用于表示主动关心和愿意帮助别人用语。不同场合可以有不同的译法。类似的表达还有：Can (May) I help you? / Is there anything I can do for you? 在向顾客打招呼时，后面还可以加“sir”或“madam”。对它的应答可以说：Yes, please/ Yes, I’d like to…/ Yes, I’m looking for…/ Yes, I want to…。如：
—What can I do for you?
—I want to buy a sweater for my son.
—Can I help you?
—I’d like a new skirt. Please show me the red one.
10. Help oneself (to…).
这是招待客人时常用的交际用语。意思是“请随便（吃……）”。如：Xiao Wang, help yourself to some bananas.（小王，请随便吃香蕉吧。）Children, help yourselves to some apples.（孩子们，请随便吃些苹果吧。）
11. 问路与指路 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
(1) 问路：
a. Where’s the (nearest)…，please?
b. Is there a…near there?
c. Which is the way to…, please?
d. How can I get to…?
e. Do you tell me the way to…?
f. Can you tell me the way to…?
g. Can you tell me how to get to…?
h. I want to go to…. Do you know the way?
i. I’m looking for…. Where is it, do you know?
(2) 指路：可根据具体情况，将下列有关句子组织起来。
a. It’s over there.
b. It’s behind (next to, in front of, near, outside) the…
c. Walk along the road (street).
d. Take the first (second等) turning on the left. (right).
e. It’s about…metres along on the right (left).
f. Walk on and turn right. (left).
g. Turn right (left) at the traffic lights. You’ll find the…on your right (left).
h. Go on until you reach the end of the road. You will see the…in front of you.
i. Go down this road until you reach the first traffic lights. Turn left at the end of the road you’ll see the…. You can’t miss it.
另外，在“问路”时，如对方不知道，问路人仍要向他表示谢意。如：
—Excuse me. Is there a post office near here?
—Sorry. I don’t know. You’d better ask a policeman.
—Thank you all the same.
【语法精讲】
否定疑问句
否定疑问句的结构一般为：助动词（或情态动词、连系动词）与not的缩写形式+主语+其它成分?也可写成：
助动词（或情态动词、连系动词）+主语+ not + 其它成分?这种问句表达的含义主要有以下几种。
一、表示惊讶或提出反问。译为：“难道不……吗？”说话人指望对方作出肯定回答，或深信自己所说的话，以致不需要对方作出答复。如：
Don t you believe me? (Do you not believe me?)你不相信我？
Don t you hear of it? (Do you not hear of it?)难道你没听说过它？
二、表示试探性的建议或有礼貌的邀请。如：
Don t you think it s too noisy? Please turn it down.你不觉得它太吵闹了吗？请把声音调低些。
Won t you have a cup of tea? 请喝杯茶如何？
三、表示提问人的怀疑。如：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Isn t he going? (Is he not going) 他不去了吗？
四、表示赞叹（相当于一个感叹句，朗读时一般用降调。）如：
Isn’t it a nice day? (Is it not a nice day?)这天气多么好啊！
Aren t the babies lovely? (Are the babies not lovely?)这些婴儿真可爱啊！
特殊形式的反意疑问句
一、当陈述部分为Ｉam…结构时，附加问句常用aren t. 如：
I am very busy , aren t I ?
二、当陈述句部分是there be 句型时，附加部分需用…there。如：
There isn t any bread on the plates, is there?
三、陈述句谓语动词为have时，有以下三种情况：
1.当have作“有”解时，用have或do的适当形式均可。
He has a daughter, hasn t/doesn t he?
2.当have 作“经历、遭受、得到、吃、喝”等解时，附加问句用do的适当形式。如：
They had noodles for lunch, didn t they?
3.当陈述句谓语动词含有 have to, has to, had to时，附加问句用do 的适当形式。如：
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don t we?
Alice has to finish her work now, doesn t she?
四、当陈述部分有：few/little/never/hardly/nothing等表示否定意义的词时，附加问句通常用肯定形式。如：
He hardly hurt himself in the accident, did he?
The Canadian girl knows little Russian, does she?
Kate is never later for class, is she?
注：如果陈述部分带有否定意义的前、后缀如：un-/in-/im-/dis-/-less等构成的派生词，仍把该句看作肯定句，附加问句用否定形式。如：
The girl is unhappy, isn t she?
五、当陈述部分的主语是anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, none, neither等词时，附加问句的主语一般用they, 有时也可用he。如：
Everyone knows the answers, don t they? /doesn t he?
六、当陈述句中主语是this, that, everything, anything, something, nothing等词时，附加问句的主语是it。如：
Something is wrong, isn t it?
Nothing can stop us now, can it?
七、当陈述部分含有had better时，附加问句的助动词用had；陈述部分含有would like时，附加问句的助动词用would。如：
You d better have a rest, hadn t you?
He d like to go, wouldn t he?
八、当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，附加问句部分要视must所表示的意义来定，有四种情况：
1．当must表示推测时，附加问句不用must，而是用must后面相呼应的助动词形式。如：
You must be very hungry, aren t you?
2．当must表示“应该“时，附加问句用mustn t。如：
We must work hard at Chinese, mustn t we?
3．当must表示“必须”时，附加问句用needn t。如：
You must see the doctor, needn t you?
4．当must表示“禁止”时，附加问句用must。如：
You mustn t do that again, must you?
九、祈使句的附加问句主要有以下四种情况：
１．以行为动词开头的祈使句，附加问句用will you 或won t you，有时也用would you, can you等。如
Give me a hand, will you?
2．否定的祈使句，附加问句一般用will you。如：
Don t play with the cat, will you？
3．以Let s开头的祈使句，附加问句用shall we。如：Let s have a meeting, shall we?
4．以Let us或Let me开头的祈使句，附加句用will you。如：
Let us help you, will you?
Let me do it for you, will you? (或may I?)
十、当陈述部分的主句是I think, I guess, I believe等结构时，附加问句的主谓语一般要与陈述部分宾语从句中的主谓语保持一致，并且要注意否定的转移。如：
I don t think he can finish the work, can he?　　　　　　　　　　　　　
I guess she taught herself Japanese, didn t she?
十一、陈述部分是省略形式的感叹句，附加问句的主语与感叹句的主语保持一致。如：
What fine weather, isn t it?
What a clever boy, isn t he?
How cool the water is, isn t it?
十二、陈述部分主语是不定式、动名词或从句时，附加问句部分的主语用it。如：
To learn English well is very important, isn t it?
Doing morning exercises is good for your health, isn t it?
感叹句
1．感叹句由what或how引导，句末常用感叹号，用来表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感。
2．What引导感叹句时，在句中作定语修饰句中的名词，名词前常有形容词修饰。其结构为：
（1）What +a(an) +形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语！
（2）What +形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+主语+谓语！如：
What a nice picture it is! 多么好的一幅画啊！
What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊！
What bad weather it is! 多么糟糕的天气啊！
3．How引导感叹句，在句中作状语修饰形容词、副词。其结构为：
（1）How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！
（2）How+形容词+ a(an)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！如：
How delicious they are! 它们多么好吃啊！
How well she is singing! 她唱得多么好啊！
How nice a day it is! 多么好的天气啊！
4．感叹句中主语和谓语总是放在句末，且为陈述句语序，即主语在前，谓语在后，放在前面的是强调的部分。在口语中，只要能将句意表达清楚明白，可将句中的主语、谓语省略，甚至How后面的强调部分也可省略。如：
What a happy baby (it is)! 多么快乐的婴儿啊！
How cold (it is)! 多冷的天气啊！ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
How (fast) time flies! 时间过得真快啊！
5．陈述句变感叹句时可按下列步骤进行：
（1）首先将陈述句在谓语后面断开。如：The tree is/ very tall. Lily is/ a good girl.
（2）在后一部分前加how或what。判断的依据是：如果后一部分的中心词是形容词或副词则加how，如果后一部分的中心词是名词要加what。然后将前后两部分位置进行调换，注意大小写及标点符号的调整。如：How tall the tree is! What a good girl Lily is!
注意：如果陈述句中的形容词或副词前有very, quite, so, too等程度副词修饰，变成感叹句后一定要去掉。
简单句 并列句 复合句分解
1. 简单句 由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。
I go to school at 7:00 every day.（一个主语和一个谓语)
Wang Nan and Wang Fan sing and dance.（二个主语和二个谓语）
在初中阶段，我们应该掌握简单句的五种基本结构：
（1）主语＋谓语（Ｓ＋Ｖ）
We study hard for the people.
在这种结构中，谓语动词是不及物动词（vi.），其后不跟宾语。
（2）主语＋谓语＋宾语（Ｓ＋Ｖ＋Ｏ）
She speaks English.
They play basketball after class.
（3）主语＋连系动词＋表语（Ｓ＋Ｖ＋Ｐ）
Wang Hongji is a good student.
连系动词除be外，还有look（看上去），get（逐渐变得），turn（变成），feel（感觉），become（变成）等等。
（4）主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语（Ｓ＋Ｖ＋In O+DO）
She bought me a pen yesterday.
He has taught us English for 3 years.
这种结构可转化为“主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋for (或to) +间接宾语”。如：She bought a pen for me yesterday.
（5）主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语（Ｓ＋Ｖ＋Ｏ＋OC）
We can keep it warm. They call me Lao Wang.
He asked me to help him with his English.
注意：在此结构中，宾语与宾语补足语之间的关系是逻辑上的“主谓”关系。
另外，有些简单句结构比较特殊，包含一个字 或一个成份。如：Good morning! Hello! Thanks! Happy New Year.等。
2．并列句 由并列连词（and, but, so, or等）把两个（或两个以上）简单句连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。
He helps me and I help him.
We bought granny a present, but she didn t like it.
This is our first lesson, so I don t know all your names.
3.复合句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子称复合句。所谓“从句”就是充当一个句子成份的“主谓结构”。这个“主谓结构”在主句中作什么成份，就叫什么从句。比如，这个“结构”在主句中做状语，我们就把它叫做状语从句。这个“结构”在主句中做宾语，我们就把它叫做宾语从句，等等。从句须有一个引导词来引导。如：
You must see the doctor if you re ill.
主句 　　从句
此句中含有if（如果）引导的从句，表示条件，因为它在主句中作状语，所以，我们就把它叫做“条件状语从句”。在初中阶段，我们应该掌握状语从句和宾语从句。下面对状语从句作一归纳总结。
（1）时间状语从句：由表示时间的连词引导：when (当……时)， while（当……时候，与……同时），before（在……之前），after（在……之后），until（直到……为止），since（自从……以来），as soon as（一……就……）等。如：
When she reached home, she had a short rest.
（2）条件状语从句：由连词if引导。如：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
If you eat old food, you may be ill.
需要说明的是，上述两种从句，如果主句是一般将来时（或含有将来的意思），那么，这两种从句中的谓语动词应用一般现在时。如：不能说If I will be free tomorrow, I will go to the cinema. 而应说 If I am free tomorrow, I will go to the cinema.
（3）原因状语从句：由because等词引导。如：
The children went to the farm, because the farmers needed some help.
注意：不能因为汉语中有“因为……，所以……”这样的关联词而译成英语“Because…,so…”,两者只用其中之一便可。如：不能说Because he is ill, so he can t come to school.而应说Because he is ill, he can t come to school.或He is ill, so he can t come to school.
（4）比较状语从句：由连词than, as…as…等引导。如：
Jim is older than I (am).
He runs as fast as Li Ping (does).
注意：由than, as…as…引导的状语从句中的谓语动词常常省略
（5）结果状语从句：由so…that…(如此……以致……)引导。如：
He became so angry that he couldn t speak.
另外，在so…that…引导的复合句中，如果that后的从句为否定句或含有否定意义，则常用“too…to…（太……而不能……）”改写为简单句。如上一句可改写为He became too angry to speak.
情态动词
特点
（1）本身有一定的词义。
（2）必须与后面动词原形一起构成谓语。
（3）无人称和数的变化。
（4）各种句式变化与含be动词句式变化相同。
1. can
（1）表示能力。如：
He can do it by himself.
Two eyes can see more than one.（谚语）
（2）表示允许。如：
Can I come in? You can go now.
在这种情况下，它与may意思接近，可换用，但问句中用may比用can语气委婉。
（3）与be able to在表示能力上意思接近，可换用，但be able to 有更多的时态，而can只有现在时和过去时。如：
No one can do it. (=No one is able to do it.)
Will you be able to come tonight? (不能说：Will you can come tonight?)
（4）其过去式could可用来比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。此时，could和can没时间上的差别。如：
Could (Can) you lend me your bike?
2. may
（1）请示许可。如：May I take this seat?
但在回答这种问句时，常避免用may这个词，而用其它方式。如：
肯定回答：Yes, please. Certainly.
否定回答：Please don t. No, you mustn t.
（2）谈论可能性。如：
He may know the answer.
She may not be there today.
3. must　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
（1）表示一种揣测（只有在肯定句中）。如：That must be Xiao Li.
（2）表示必要性。如：I must go now.
（3）与have to 很接近，但have to强调客观需要，must说明主观看法。比较：
I must tidy the room. (主观看法)
I have to tidy the room.（客观需要）
（4）在回答must的一般问句时，否定用needn t。如：
-Must we do it?
-Yes, you must. (No, you needn t)
4. have to 必须，不得不
这个情态动词与上述３个不同，它有第三人称单数形式has，并且各种句式的变化与含有行为动词的句式变化相同。如：They have to go there.
否定结构为：
They don t have to go there.
He has to look after his little brother.
一般问句为：Does he have to look after his little brother?
二．考试热点
1．通过大量的有关邀请、应允、打电话谈论天气、季节、喜好的对话，学会交际用语，此内容常见于中考的口语运用题。
2．掌握一般将来时will的用法，形容词与副词的用示及反意疑问句等，此内容常见于中考的书面表达题中。
3．要求掌握情态动词(can, may, must, need)、反身代词、不定代词的用法，其考点常出现在选择填空题中。
4．理解并掌握由when, before, after引导的时间状语从句；if引导的条件状语从句；and, but连接的并列句。其考点常出现在选择题或句型转换题中。
三．重难点突破
1．关于问路、指路和看病的常用句式是非常重要的交际用语，只要熟读，是容易掌握的。
2．情态动词事主动词，但它无人称代词和数的变化。在使用时，首先要依据语境和所表示的语气来区分。其次注意在疑问句中的否定回答。如：May I…？No，you mustn’t. Must I…？No，you needn’t.
3．when，after，before，if这四个词的用法如下：当它们连接时间（或条件）状语从句时，若主句为祈使句一般现在时或一般讲来时时，从句要用一般现在时表示讲来时。
4．until用法复杂，它分为两种情况使用：当它引导的复合句的主句谓语动词为终止性动词时，他要用否定形式，即not…until作“直到……才”解。它引导的从句时态要求与上述when的用法基本相同。
5．must与have to do用法区别：
must表示说话者的主观愿望，作“必须”解，它本身可以构成疑问句和否定句。而have to指客观要求，作“不得不”解。它有时态变化，不能直接构成疑问和否定。
6．stop doing表示“停止做…，而stop to do则表示“停下来(去)做(另外一件事)。”
7．neither...nor，either…or，both…and
neither．．．nor “既不……也不” ，连接主语时，谓语动词要与离谓语最近的主语保持人称和数的一致，同时它要修饰对等成分，它的反义词是both．．．and both．．．and "既……又” 连接主语时，谓语动词要用复数，必须修饰对等成分。either．．．or "或者......或者” ，“要么……要么”，连接主语时，谓语的数
由离它最近的主语决定，它也要修饰对等成分。另注意both用法，由以下例句可知其位置关系
The two students are both from Japan．
The two students both come from Japan．
Both the students are Japanese．
Both of them are Japanese．
8．关于不定代词的用法。
1)some或与some构成的合成词一般只用在肯定的陈述句中，但若表示询问，征求意见时，可以用于疑问句中；any或与any构成的合成词一般只翔于否定句或疑问句。
2)当形容词修饰不定代词时，应将形容词放在所修饰的不定代词之后。
9．关于so + be(情态动词或助动词)+主语。
这是so引导的倒装句，这种句子是指前句所述情况也适合另一个(或另一些)人或物，以免重复。在使用这一结构时，要注意谓语动词的时态要与上一句保持一致。这种结构译为“……也是这样。”而so+主语+谓语结构，意为“……确实如此。”用时要注意区分。
10．几种比较等级的转换
1) At… than B ---- B + not so (as)…as A ---- B+…less…than A
如：This book is more difficult than that one．
---- That book is not so difficult as this one．
---- That book is less difficult than this one．
2)主语+最高级+范围
---- 主语+比较级than any other + 范围
如：．Jim is the shortest boy in my class．
Jim is shorter than any other boy in my class．
3) prefer A to B ---- like A better than B
11．see sb．do／doing看见某人做／在做某事。接do表示动作的全过程，接doing表示动作在进行中。类似用法的词还有watch，hear。
12．find it + adj + to do结构，表示感觉做某事怎么样。
13．or当“否则”，“不然”用祈使句+ or + 陈述句(用will的将来时)
此句式可以改为：
If引导否定条件句，陈述句。
另请注意这种结构：
祈使句+and(then)+陈述句。(用will的将来时) if引导的肯定条件句，陈述句。
14．反身代词
1)反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves。
2)反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。
如：I enjoyed myself at the party．另一种是作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气。如: I can do it myself．
3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有：enjoy oneself，help oneself to，learn by oneself，teach oneself，(all)by oneself，leave...by oneself，lose oneself in等。在使用反身代词时，应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较：“Help yourselves to some fish，Tom and Mike．”I can’t leave the girl by herself。
四. 典型例题
【例1】The young man drives ______ than he did three months ago.
A. much carefully B. much more careful
C. mach careful D. much more carefully
分析 此题从两个方面考查学生：一是多音节词的比较级；二是形容词与副词如何使用。句中有than提醒学生该用比较级，而句中drives是动词，修饰动词应该用副词。故B、C两答案不行。而多音节词的比较级在词前加上more，再要加上much是修饰程度，“小心得多了”，此题答案应为D。
【例2】1) China is one of ______in the world.
A. the oldest country B. the oldest countries
C. much older country D .much older countries
2) — How great Dalian Radio and TV centre looks!
—Yes. That s one of the greatest _________ in Dalian.
A. building B. build C. buildings D. builds
分析 one of表示“……的一个”是整体的一部分。整体部分要用复数形式，1）题中A、C两答案不行。句中的“in the world”是表示最高级的范围，故D答案也不行，所以B答案才对。2）题中A、B不行：D答案的builds不是名词的复数形式，故答案为C。
【例3】Tom often has lunch at school, ______ ?
A. doesn t Tom B. doesn t he C. hasn’t he D. hasn’t Tom
分析 此题考查反意疑问句的构成。反意疑问句构成：一、前为肯定陈述句，后为否定简略问句；二、前为否定陈述句，后为肯定简略问句。此题前为肯定，所以后者要用否定形式并且问句中的主语应改为人称代词（he），所以A、D不行。has lunch“吃中饭”中的has不是助动词，故要借助动词does，所以正确答案为B。这里要提醒的是如果反意疑问句陈述部分有no, nobody, never, few, little, hardly等含有否定意思的词，后面的反问部分就要用肯定形式。
【例4】They arrived in Guangzhou _______ the morning of May 25.
A. at B. in C. on D. during
分析 此题考查的是介词表示时间的用法。英语中“在早上、下午、晚上”的表示为in the morning/ afternoon/ evening。但如果morning, afternoon, evening前或后有修饰语的话，则表示某一特定（某天的）上午、下午、晚上，要用介词on，故此题答案为C。
【例5】 There is_______ with my bike. I hurt myself.
A. anything wrong B. something wrong
C. wrong anything D. wrong something
分析 此题考查形容词修饰不定代词后置的问题。英语中something, anything, nothing如有形容词修饰，则放于不定代词之后。该句是肯定句，所以A、B、C中有anything不行，那么B、D中只有B才是对的。
【例6】 Even the top students in our class can t work out this problem, so it _____ be very difficult.
A. may B. must C. can D. need
分析 此题考查学生对情态动词的理解。情态动词后都接动词原形，而且无人称和数的变化，但各个情态动词有它自己的含义。can表示能力“能、会”之意；may表示允许、猜测“可以，可能”之意；must表示“一定，必须”；need表示“需要”。此句中的上句表示连最拔尖的学生也算不出这道题，那一定是题目非常难。所以从句子的理解答案应为B。
【例7】句型转换
The box was so heavy that she couldn t carry it. (改为简单句)
The box was ______ heavy ______ her ______ carry.
分析 此题考查学生对句型及表达方法多样化的掌握。so…that(如此……以致)，可以和too…to（太……而不能）互相转换，所以此三空应填too，for，to。
【例8】The little girl ______ go back home ______ she finished cleaning the classroom.
A. doesn t, until B. doesn t, and C. didn t, until D. didn t, while
分析 此题考查学生对句子的理解。小女孩是扫完了地才回家的。应用not…until(直到……才)句型。答案从A和C中去选择，因为句中的finished是过去时，所以其前面的否定形式也要用过去时，那么此题答案应为C。
【例9】It was late. She washed her face ______ went to bed.
A. or B. so C. and D. but
分析 此题陈述的是“她”前后两个动作，并不表示选择、因果、转折关系，故答案为C。
【例 10】时态填空题
“Stop ______ (write), and listen to me, please,” said Mr. Brown.
分析 stop to do sth与stop doing sth表示的意思是不同的。前者是“停下来去做另一件事”，而后者是“停止正在做的事”。此题Mr. Brown要求听他说，所以应停止写字，那么这里应填writing一词。
【例11】同义句转换
She was very angry. She could say nothing. She was ______ angry to say ______.
分析 此题“她太生气而什么也说不出”，表示结果可以用too…to来替换。由于too…to本身含有否定含义，而nothing=not anything。所以此两格应填too, anything.
【例12】 We won’t go to the Great wall if it _______ tomorrow.
A. rains B. rain C. will rain D. raining
分析 此题考查if引导的条件状语从句的动词时态。if引导的条件状语从句，如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，本题从句的主语是it，为第三人称单数形式，其动词要加s，故答案为A。
【例13】 (北京市石景山区，2002)His bag fell off bike．He stopped it up．
A．pick D．picks C．picked D. to pick
分析 此题是考查stop的用法。stop to do表示“停下来去做另一件事”，而stop doing则表示“停止正在做的事”o由题意知是停下来去捡，所以选D。
解后反思 在解决一词多种用法时，应先弄懂各自含义，然后再考虑语境。
【例14】 (贵阳市，2002)We won’t go to Huaxi Park if it next Sunday．
A. will rain B，rain C. rainy D. rains
分析 此题考查证引导的条件状语从句主从句时态关系。if引导时间或条件状语从句若主句为祈使句，或一般现在时，从句用一般现在时，所以A不符合，而B与it不符，故D为正确答案。
【例15】(福州市，2003) 一Do you live by yourself，Mr. Wang?
Yes．I have two sons．But of them lives with me．They are now studying in America．
A. neither B．both C. none D．either
分析 此题考查这四个词的用法。both用于“两者都”，作主语时谓语用复数，它要修饰复数名词; neither是both的反义词，它指“两者都不”，它修饰单数名词，作主语谓语用单数。both of+复数名词(成代词)，作主语谓语用复数；neither of+复数名词(或代词)，作主语谓语用单数. none指“(三者或三者以上)一个都不”可用于人或物，它作主语时谓语可用单数或复数，它的反义词是all，all指“三者或三者以上都”，它作主语时谓语用复数。
either指“两者之一”，修饰单数名词，作主语谓语用单数，本题由two sons和but及lives知答案为A。
解后反思 弄清所表达的数量范围并结合语境是正确选择的根本。
【例16】(广州市，2003)Your sister works very hard，and
A. so you are B. so you do C．so are you D．so do you
分析 由题意知，本题考查so+谓+主语这一结构，该结构谓语的时态应与前句一致，数却由后主语决定，所以选Do
【例17】(呼和浩特市，2002) I hear you’re got a set of Australia stamps．
I have a look?
一Yes，Certainly．
A. Do B．May C．Shall D．Should
分析 此题考查如何正确使用这四个词。A项在此是构成一般现在时的疑问助动词，无实义。C项用于第一人称疑问句中表“征求”或“询问”，D是C项的过去式，由题意可知此处是表“请求”，B项正合题意。
解后反思 由例句可以看出掌握情态动词的含义和用法并结合语境去分析才能做出正确选择。
【例18】(南通市，2002)June’s brother didn’t work so as the others didin’ this class．
A．harder B．hard C．hardest D．hardly
分析 此题考查so．．．as的用法。Not so…as表“不和……一样”，它要带形容词或副词的原级，故A、C不对，而hardly为“几乎不”，所以选B。
解后反思 as(so)．．．as究竟是形容词原级还是副词原级与谓语动词有关。当谓语为行为动词时，则用副词原级；当谓语为连系动词时，则用形容词原级。另外so…as只能用于否定句。
【例19】 (泉州市，2002)The boy is to take care of him self．
A．enough old B．enough young
C. old enough D．young enough
分析 此题考查enough的用法。enough修饰形容词或副词时，应放在所修饰词之后，故A、B可排除。题意为他已到能自理的年龄了。故选C。
【例20】 (北京市海淀区，2003)The English novel is quite easy for you．There’ re—words in it．
A. a little B．little C．a few D. few
分析 此题考查这四个词的用法。由题意easy for you知表肯定意义的a few，a little可排除，又由words是可数名词，应选D。
解后反思 a few修饰可数名词，表肯定。few修饰可数名词，表否定。
a little修饰不可数名词，表肯定。little修饰不可数名词，表否定。
【例21】(河南省，2002) 一I won’t go to the party tomorrow．
you told me you should．What’s happening?
A．But B．So C．And D．Or
分析 此题考查连词的用法。but是转折连词表转折，so表因果关系，and是顺承或并列关系，无实义，or表选择关系，由原题句意可知是转折关系。此题选A
解后反思 解答考查连词的题应考虑句子之间关系并要和题意相结合。

五. 强化训练及答案
I．词汇
A) 词语替换
1. The students enjoyed themselves very much at the party.
A. had a very good time B. talked a lot
C. asked many questions D. laughed very much
2. It’s a pleasure to help you to do your homework.
A. sorry B. OK. C. bad thing D. a happy thing
3. Give me a call when you need me.
A. Give me a message B. Wake me up
C. Ring me up D. Call my name
4. The child fell asleep in the end.
A. got to sleep B. went to bed C. was in bed D. stayed in bed
5. We go home on foot every day.
A. run home B. stay home C. walk home D. leave home
B）词汇转换：用所给单词的适当形式填空。
6. When you cross the road, you must look around _______ (care).
7. Mr. Wang gave us a _____ (swim) lesson yesterday.
8. If you want to be________ (health), you have to take more exercise.
9. Children, help _____ (you) to some fish.
10. Eating too many sweets is bad for your ________ (tooth).
11. It’s _____ (cloud) today, isn’t it?
12. Look! How happily the children ______ (play) in the park!
13. You look ________ (worry). What’s wrong?
II．单项选择
1. She felt _____ about her party, didn’t she?
A. worry B. worried C. worries D. worrying
2. I know the weather isn’t ______ , but I must go out ______ some shopping.
A. bad, to do B. fine, to do C. bad, do D. fine, and doing
3. Is the ________with your watch?
A. anything wrong B. something wrong
B. wrong something D. wrong anything
4. ______ beautiful the skirt is!
A. How B. What a C. How a D. What
5. The weather here is very different _____ Australia ______ this time of year.
A. form, in B. of, in C. with, on D. from, at
6. The ______ girl sings the song very ______.
A. beautiful, beautiful B. beautiful, beautifully
C. beautifully, beautiful D. beautifully, beautifully
7. Thanks for ______ me _______ beautiful presents.
A. give, so much B. giving, so much
C. giving, so many D. give, so many
8. There aren’t enough candles. We need_____ more.
A. a little B. much C. most D. a few
9. Lin Tao went to work on the farm last week, and______.
A. his sister did so B. so did his sister
C. so his sister did D. did his sister so
10. She likes singing, ______she doesn t like dancing.
A. and B. or C. for D. but
11. Aunt Huang was ill in _______ hospital yesterday.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
12. The teacher s wards ______ her face ______ red.
A. made, turn B. make, to turn
C. made, turned D. made, turns
13. The rain ______for nearly five hours.
A. fall B. keeps C. lasts D. blows
14. Mary often eats _____ food, so she is _____ fat now.
A. too much, much too B. too many, many too
C. much too, too much D. many too, too many
15. It’s little hot in the room. Will you please keep the windows _____?
A. open B. to open C. opening D. opened
16. She didn t come to school yesterday, did she?
______ , thought she was not feeling very well.
A. No, She didn t B. Yes, She didn t
B. No, She did D. Yes, She did
17. Miss Li is one of______ in our school.
A. a popular teacher B. more popular teacher
C. most popular teacher D .the most popular teachers
18. Our hometown is getting ______.
A. beautiful and beautiful B. more beautiful and more beautiful
C. more and more beautiful D. beautifuler and beautifuler
19. Li Lei is _______ a visit to France. He’s better ______ a bus to the People’s Park.
A. on, catch B. on, to catch C. in, not to catch D. in, not catch
20. Our English teacher told us ______ questions in Chinese.
A. answer B. not answer C. not to answer D. didn’t answer
21. They didn t start the work ______their teacher came back.
A. until B. while C. as soon as D. if
22. —Thank you for having us. We had a very good time today.
—______.Bye!
A. No, thank you B. I’m afraid not
C. You shouldn t say that D. It was my pleasure
23. The doctor ______the baby carefully.
A. looked over B. heard from
C. worried about D. looked like
24. —Must we finish our homework now, Mrs. Read?
—Oh no, you______.
A. mustn t B. can t C, won t D. needn t
25. —I m sorry I______ my exercise book at home.
—Don t forget______ it to school tomorrow, please.
A. forgot, to take B. left, to bring C. forgot, bring D. left, to take
26. Please go out to climb the hill if it ______tomorrow.
A. rains B. raining C. won t rain D. doesn t rain
III．句型转换
1. Mrs. Brown has to sit down and rest every five minutes.（对划线部分提问）
_______ ________ does Mrs. Brown have to sit down and rest?
2. Nothing is too difficult, _______ ______? （完成反意疑问句）
3. After he finishes his homework, he’ll leave the classroom.（改为同义句）
He ______ leave the classroom _____ he finishes his homework.
4. I had some apples and oranges. (改为否定句)
I ______ have any apples ______ oranges.
5. They had a good time last Sunday. （改为同义句）
They _______ ______ last Sunday.
6. They work hard. (改为感叹句)
_______ ______ they work!
7. He doesn’t want to go out because it’s raining heavily.（就划线部分提问）
_______ ______ he want to go out?
8. It will be snowy the day after tomorrow. （就划线部分提问）
____ _____ the weather ______ like the day after tomorrow?
9. The boys will go swimming tomorrow.（改为一般疑问句）
______ the boys _____ ______ tomorrow?
10. This picture is beautiful. That one is more beautiful. （合并为一句）
That picture is _____ ______ ______ this one.
IV．根据汉语意思完成英语句子。
1．安担心她的晚会是因为食物没有准备好。
Ann _______ ______ _______ her party because the food isn’t ______.
2．天这么热，为什么不脱掉你的外套呢？
It’s very hot today. ______ _____ you ______ ______ your coat?
3．说着这些话，他朝着我做鬼脸。
______ these words, he made ______ at me.
4．足球、篮球和排球，你最喜欢哪一个？
_______ ballgame ______ you ______ ______, football, basketball or volleyball?
5．你到北京之后给李叔叔去个电话。
Please ______ Uncle Li _____ _____ after you ______ Beijing.
6．他看到他的妻子多么高兴啊！
_______ _______ he is to see his wife!
7．这道数学题太难，我做不出来。
This maths problem is _______ hard for me _______ work out.
8．你为什么不改打排球？
_______ don’t you play volleyball_______?
V．补全对话。
Bill and Kate want to send a postcard to their friend, Peter. They are in the post office to buy a stamp (邮票) and post the card.
Man: Can I help you?
Bill: We ____1__ a stamp, please.
Man: Is it for a ___2___ or for a postcard?
Kate: It’s for a postcard.
Man: Are you sending the card to someone here in England or in another __3___?
Bill: We’re sending it to a ___4__ in England.
Man: Then you need a three-penny stamp. Here you are, one three-penny stamp.
Bill: Thank you.
Kate: Stick（粘贴）the stamp on the ___5____, Bill. Then we can ___6__ it.
Bill: OK. ___7___ the letter box?
Kate: Over there.
Bill: I ___8____ Peter will send us a postcard.
Kate: ____9____ ____10___I.
Ⅵ．完形填空
Most adults (成年人) once studied at school, had classes and did their homework every day. The same 1 is going on at school now. 2 it seems that doing weekend (周末) homework is 3 problem for the modern students..
All the students should agree that weekend homework should be abolished (取消). It’s 4 for them studying at school five days a week. They have a lot of interests. With homework to do on Saturday and Sunday, when can they find 5 to help around the house, go and see a football or basketball game or a good film, join in family recreations(娱乐) ,or just have 6 at home? Because of these other activities(活动), the homework can t be finished until 7 . So their weekend homework is usually done in such a hurry that on Monday teachers are 8 and often threaten (威胁) to fail whole class of students because they know nothing about the 9 . If there were no weekend homework for the students to do, they would be happy to go to school on Monday 10 having a good rest and to learn what the teachers teach.
1. A. thing B. school C. class D. homework
2. A. Also B. But C. Still D. Though
3. A. no B. another C. one D. other
4. A. not enough B. enough C. no good D. no use
5. A. friends B .time C. places D. money
6. A. a rest B. an .exam C. a lesson D. picnic
7. A. Monday afternoon B. Saturday afternoon
C. Friday night D. Sunday night
8. A. pleased B. sorry C. unhappy D. not worried
9. A. lesson B. games C. interests D. activities
l0. A. until B. when C. before D. after
Ⅶ．阅读理解
A
It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining. There was no cloud, and the weather was warm. Trees just turned green, flowers came out. Young people were walking after breakfast, children were playing on the grass happily. Mr. Brown saw an old man standing alone under the tree with a big umbrella (伞) in his hand.
Mr. Brown went up and asked him, “Do you think we are going to have rain today?” “No,” said the old man. “I don t think so.” “Then are you carrying the umbrella because the sun is too hot?” “No, the sun is not very hot in this season.”
Mr. Brown looked at the big umbrella again, just then the old man said, “I m old and my legs aren t very strong for walking far away. I must have a walking stick. But young people will think I m too old to do anything. When I carry an umbrella in such fine weather, they will laugh at me and say I m stupid (愚蠢), but I don t mind.” Mr. Brown said, “Oh, I see. You re never too old. It s important for us young people to understand the old people. Now let s have a walk together, will you?” The old man said, “Thank you, let s go!”
l. This story happened ______.
A. on a summer morning B. on a spring morning
C. on a summer afternoon D. on a spring afternoon
2. Mr. Brown is______.
A. neither old nor young B. more than twenty
C. older than the old man D. as old as the old man
3. —In which country did this story happen?
　 —_____.
A. In England B. In India C. I have no idea D. In Australia
4. From the story we know some old people ________
A. are afraid of saying they re old B .should have walking-sticks
C. don t like young people D. are very happy every day
5. After you read this story, you can know _______
A. when the people become older
B .what you give the old people to eat
C. where you can find the old people
D. what you should do for the old people
B
“Cool” is a word with many meanings .Its old meaning is used to express a temperature that is a little bit cold. As the world has changed, the word has had many different meanings.
Cool can be used to express feelings of interest in almost anything.
When you see a famous car in the street, maybe you will say, “it s cool.” You may think, “he s so cool,” when you see your favourite footballer.
We all maximize (扩大)the meaning of “cool”. You can use it instead of many words such as “new” or “surprising”. Here s an interesting story we can use to show the way the word is used. A teacher asked her students to write about the waterfall (瀑布) they had visited. On one student s paper was just the one sentence, “It s so cool.” Maybe he thought it was the best way to show what he saw and felt.
But the story also shows a scarcity (缺乏) of words. Without “cool”, some people have no words to show the same meaning. So it is quite important to keep some credibility(可信性). Can yon think of many other words that make your life as colourful as the word “cool”? I can. And think they are also very cool.
6. We know that the word “cool” has had_____.
A. only one meaning B. no meanings
C. many different meanings D. the same meaning
7. In the passage, the word “express” means “______”.
A. see B. show C. know D. feel
8. If you are ______something, you may say, “it s cool.”
A. interested in B. angry about
C. worried about D. unhappy with
9. The writer takes an example to show he is ______ the way the word is used,
A. pleased with B. strange to
C. worried about D. unhappy with
10. In the passage, the writer suggests(暗示)that the word “cool”______.
A. can be used instead of many words
B. usually means something interesting
C. can make your life colourful
D. may not be as cool as, it seems
Ⅷ．书面表达
英国男孩Jim Green来信想在北京征询笔友，你决定做他的笔友。现在你用英语写一封回信，介绍自己的情况。要求单词数大约５０个左右。回信应包括下面表格中的内容。
Name: Li Dong
School name: No .18 Middle School

Sex: schoolboy
Favourite subjects: maths, history, English

Aye: 15
Sports: basketball, swimming

Number of people in your family: 3
Interests: pop music

Ⅸ．短文改错
Yesterday Timmy helped his father in the 1 __
garden. Timmy is youngest in the Blake 2
family. Timmy and his father dug two hole. 3
They planted two trees. “Our garden looks 4
very beautifully,” Timmy said. 5
“It’s filled of weeds（草），”his father said. 6
“It’s the nice garden in the street,” Timmy said. 7
“The nicest ones?” his father asked. 8
“Yes,” Timmy answered. “Nobody grass 9
is longer than our.” 10
参考答案：
Ⅰ. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. carefully 7. swimming 8. healthier 9. yourselves 10. teeth 11. cloudy 12. are playing 13. worried
Ⅱ. 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. C 21. A 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. D
Ⅲ. 1. How often 2. is it 3. won’t, until/ before 4. didn’t, or 5. enjoyed themselves 6. How hard 7. Why doesn’t 8. What will, be 9. Will, go swimming 10. more beautiful than
Ⅳ. 1. is worried about, ready 2. Why don’t 3. With, faces 4. Which, do, like best 5. give, a call, reach talk off 6. How happy 7. too, to 8. Why, instead
Ⅴ. 1. want 2. letter 3. country 4. friend 5. card 6. post 7. Where’s 8. hope 9. So 10. do
Ⅵ. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D
Ⅶ. 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D
Ⅷ. 略
Ⅸ. 1. √ 2. the youngest 3. holes 4.√ 5. beautiful 6. filled→full 7. nicest 8. ones→one 9. Nobody→Nobody’s 10. our→ours
此文章共有2页 1 2
中考基础知识（JUNIOR BOOK III UNIT 1-14）
加入日期：2004-4-5 点击次数： 11

一．知识网络
【重要内容概要】
1．现在完成时的用法。
2．since与for的用法的区别。
3．yet，already，never，before的用法。
4．持续性动词，非持续性动词与完成时。
5．现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。
6．have been to，have gone to，have been in的用法。
7．宾语从句的三种形式。
8．不定式的各种用法。
9．如何打电话和根据电话记录写对话。
10．被动语态的构成居各种形式用法。
11．计量的表达方法和常见图标。
【知识精讲】
口语运用
1. Did you have a good summer holiday? 暑假过得愉快吗？
have a good…表示“……过得愉快”。如：Did you have a good time? 类似这种表达还有enjoy oneself等。如果祝某人过得愉快，可用Have a good…或Enjoy oneself等。
2. Well done! 祝好运！
该句主要用于对某人在参加“比赛、竞争”中取得好成绩后的称赞。
3. What does the word “newspaper” mean, please? 请问 “newspaper”是什么意思呢？
英语中表示“……是……意思”时的句型还有：What does it mean by……？What’s the meaning of…？
4. What have you done with the library book? 你把图书馆的书怎么了？
What…do with…？表示把某物（某人）怎么处理、安排时的用语。
5. I’m not sure. 我不敢肯定/我不知道。
这个句子主要是用来回答对方询问某种情况时的答语，表示对某事或目前内容不清楚时的用语。相当于I don’t know.
6. I’m sorry to trouble you. 对不起，我打扰（麻烦）你一下。
该句主要用来要打扰别人或已打扰了别人时的用语，如：
I’m sorry to trouble you. Can I use your pen, please?
（要打扰别人，相当于已打扰别人。） 　　　　　　　　
7. With pleasure很乐意。
该句是用来回答别人的感谢时的用语，意为“乐意效劳”。类似这种表达还有：It’s my pleasure/ My pleasure等。
8. What would you like me to do? 你想让我做什么？
该句是征求对方意见时的用语。would like在此相当于want的意思。类似的这种表达还有would love等。
词语辨析
1. class/ lesson
两者都可以作“（一节）课”讲，但意义不同：
1）class指同一个班的学生聚集在一起上的“课”或“一节课”，但并不指上课的内容。如：
Try to speak English both in and out of class. 课内课外都要多讲英语。
We have four classes today. 我们今天上四节课。
2) lesson 指教科书中按某一特定内容所分成的单位，或在某一单位时间内所授的“课程内容”。如：
He works hard at his lessons. 他学习功课很努力。
We study Chinese, English, maths and other lessons. 我们学习汉语、英语、数学和其它课程。
3) “在课堂”应为“in class”；“在……课上”应为“in…lesson”。如：
Miss Li asks her students not to talk in class. 李老师要求她的学生在课堂上不能讲话。
The students speak English in English lesson. 在英语课上学生们说英语。
4) “去上课”应说“go to class”，不能说“go to lesson”。
5) “做功课”应说“do one’s lessons”不能说“do one’s class”。
2. drop/fall 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
drop/fall虽然同义，但用法有区别：
1) drop 既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词；动作既可以是无意的，也可以是有意的。作及物动词时主语一般是人，宾语常是物。作不及物动词时，主语是人或某些抽象名词（如：温度、风、价钱等），如：
He dropped his shoes on the floor. 他把鞋扔在地上。
She was tired and dropped herself into the chair. 她非常累，重重地往椅子上一坐。
(不说……fell into the chair)
The glass dropped out of his hand. 杯子从他手里掉下来。
2) fall一般用作不及物动词，主语是人也可以是物。如：
The leaves fall from the tree. 树叶从树上落下。
She fell off the tree. 她从树上跌下来。
3. before / ago
1) 这两个词均表示“以前”，在句子中都用作副词。但ago以现在为基准，即指“现在以前”，因此常与一般过去时连用，常置于表示某一段时间状语之后。如：two days ago (两天前)。
before指以过去某一时间为基准，指“在那时以前”（即过去的过去）。因此常置于表示过去某一段时间的状语之后，谓语动词常用过去完成时。试比较：
He left two years ago. 他是两年前离开的。
She said he had left two years before. 她说他是两年前离开的。
2) before也可指“以前”，不与具体时间连用，此时可用现在完成时或一般过去时。如：
I never met her before. 我以前从未见过她。
I have met her before. 我以前曾遇见过她。
4. save/ help　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
两者都表示“救”，但使用场合不同。
1) save一般用来“救某人，或某物”，其后往往跟被救的对象。如：
The old man saved me. 那位老人救了我。
Edison saved his mother. 爱迪生救了他母亲的命。
2) help一般用于某人处于危难时发出的“呼救” 信号。如：
When I was walking near the river, I heard somebody crying “Help! Help!”. 我在河边散步，突然听到有人喊“救命呀，救命呀！”
with的用法
with在不同词组中的不同含义，with作为介词与不同的词搭配表达不同的含义。现就本阶段中的几个重点词组中with的含义举例讲解如下：
1. Here are some flowers for you, with our best wishes. 这些花是献给你的，并致以我们最良好的祝愿。
with在此表示“随着，伴随”。如：
With a smile, the man from downstairs said, “I’m sorry to trouble you, comrade.” 从楼下来的那人面带微笑地说：“同志，给你添麻烦了，真是对不起。”
2. He began to catch up with the others. 他开始赶上其它人。
with表示“相接、相对”。如：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hurry up, you’d better keep up with us. 快点，你最好跟上我们。
3. He was rather angry with the man upstairs. 他对楼上的那个人很生气。
with在此表示关系，意思是“对……，向……”。如：
I agree with what you said. 我同意你说的话。
4. But please don’t play with my chalk. 但是请不要拿我的粉笔玩耍。
with表示使用的材料、工具、手段等，意思是“用”。如：
What will you buy with the money? 你将用这些钱买什么？
5. If you are a cleaner, you may say I was helping Granny Ma with her housework.
with在此表示“在某方面”。如：
Can you help me with my English? 你能帮我学习英语吗？
【语法精讲】
过去进行时
在初一时学习过现在进行时，其结构为主语+ is (am, are)+ 动词的ing+其它。而过去进行时则是把现在进行时中的is和am改为was，把are改为were即可。复习过去进行时应注意以下几点：
1．表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，常与过去具体的时间连用，像at five o’clock that morning, at that time等。如：
John was reading a newspaper at seven o’clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上七点钟约翰在看报纸。
I was cooking at that time. 那时我在做饭。
2．当一过去的动作发生时，另一个过去的动作正在进行。如：
Mother was watching TV when father got home. 父亲到家时，母亲在看电视。（母亲正在看电视，这时父亲回到家。）
3．两个过去的动作同时进行，以表示对比。如：
My sister was doing her lessons while my brother was playing games outside. 妹妹在做功课，而弟弟却在外边玩游戏。
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
A．从形式结构上区别
一般过去时的形式结构为：
1．主语+动词的过去式+其它。如：
He was a teacher. 他当过教师。
Mr. Brown gave us talk yesterday. 布朗先生昨天给我们做个报告。
The old man told an interesting story. 那位老人讲了一个很有趣的故事。
2．现在完成时的形式结构为：
主语+have(has)+动词过去分词+其它。如：
We have learned two thousand English words. 我们已经学过了两千个英语单词。
She has gone to Beijing. 她已经去北京了。
B．从状语上区别
1．一般过去时常用的副词状语有：then, just now等，以及时间状语有：yesterday, last week, two years ago等。如：
They went to the park yesterday. 昨天他们去公园了。
Last year I saw that film. 我去看过那部影片。
2．现在完成时常与yet, already, just等以及由for +时间名词和since＋时间名词连用。如：
He has already finished his homework. 他已经完成了家庭作业。
Have you seen that TV play yet? 你看过那个电视剧吗？
We have studied English for three years. 我们已经学了三年英语了。
C．从否定、疑问结构上区别
1．一般过去时的否定式、疑问式多是借助动词did来体现（be的疑问式除外）。如：
Tom said a word.
否定式：Tom didn’t say a word.
疑问句：Ｄid Tom say a word?
反意疑问式：Tom said a word, didn’t he?
2． 现在完成时的否定式、疑问式多是借动词have (has)来体现的。如：
You have looked up that word.
否定式：You haven t looked up that word.
疑问式：Have you looked up that word?
反意疑问式：You have looked up that word, haven t you?
双宾语和复合宾语
英语中有双宾语和复合宾语之分，现将它们分述如下：
A．双宾语
所谓双宾语，也就是说句子中有两个宾语，英语中把这两个宾语分别称为“直接宾语”和“间接宾语”。直接宾语一般指物（间或也可指人）；间接宾语多用来指人（间或也可以指物）。如：
1．Please give me that book.
间接宾语 直接宾语 （双宾语）
2．The old man bought the boy two apples.
间接宾语 直接宾语 （双宾语）
由以上两个句子可以看出，双宾语中，间接宾语放在直接宾语之前。但有时直接宾语也可能放在间接宾语之前，这时需要在间接宾语前加to或for之类的介词。如：
3．Please give that book to me.
直接宾语 间接宾语 （双宾语）
4．The old man bought two apples for the boy.
直接宾语 间接宾语 （双宾语）
带有双宾语的结构有：tell sb. sth. / teach sb. sth. / return sb. sth.等。
B．复合宾语
所谓复合宾语，也就是说宾语的意思不完整，还需要一个成份来补充完整它，这个补充的成份，我们称之为宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。（宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，即把它们扩展成一个句子的话，宾语可以转化成主语，宾语补足语可转化成谓语。）如：
1．He told me to go there.
宾语 宾语补足语 （复合宾语 可扩展成I went there）
2. I saw the girl dancing over there.
宾语 宾语补足语 （复合宾语）
（可扩展成The girl was dancing.）
带有复合宾语的结构有：
1) 宾语＋动词不定式。如：
He told me to come home early.
We asked the teacher to tell the story again.
2）宾语＋动词的ing形式。如：
Don’t keep me waiting outside.
I saw her singing just now.
3）宾语＋形容词。如：
They leave the door open.
4）宾语＋副词。如：
We let him in.
I heard her out.
5）宾语＋动词的ed形式。如：
They kept their eyes closed.
二．考试热点
1．形容词和副词比较级、最高级的构成和用法；
2．as…as和not as(so)…as的同级比较；
3．过去进行时的用法。
4．现在完成时的两种用法。其考点常放在现在完成时的时间短语上或现在完成时第二个用法的谓语动词上。题型常见的是选择填空和句型转换题。
5．掌握宾语从句的三种形式以及动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语、状语的用法，其考题形式常为选择填空题或句型转换题。
6．“打电话”的情景交际，重在让学生学好如何打电话的交际用语并能转为一种能力，即作好电话记录。其考题形式常见于听力题中或书面写作题中。
7．主要考查题型：选择填空，动词适当形式填空，句型转换，听力或书面表达。
三．重、难点突破
1．since与for
since可接时间点，或从句，从句用一般过去时；for接时段，这两词都是回答how long的。如：since 1990，since two years ago；for two days。
2．already，yet，never，before，just都可以用于完成时，但用法不尽相同。already用于肯定句的陈述句中间，yet用于否定句或疑问句末。never是“从来没有”之意，just是“刚刚，刚才”之意，都用于句中，before当副词用，与表一段时间的词连用用于完成时，即时间段+before，如two years before；但注意与之同义的ago，是这样用的：时间段+ago，用于一般过去时。
3．现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。一句话，现在完成时与现在有联系；而一般过去时，发生在过去但与现在没有联系，且各自的时间状语明显不用。
4．在英语中，持续性动词和非持续性动词都可以用于完成时，当时非持续性动词却不能与since或for等可持续的时间状语连用。常见非持续性动词改为持续性动词的方法有：
come—be here; go—be there; become—be; begin/start—be on; borrow—keep; buy—have; die—be dead; leave—be away (from); join—be+in+组织/be+成员名称。
5．have been to，have gone to，have been in三个谓语动词含义不同。have been to表示“曾经去过某地”（但人已回）；have gone to表示“已去某地”（人未回），它们都不能与since和for连用。Have been in表示“已在某地呆……”。它可以与for或since连用。
6．宾语从句。在复习宾语从句时，应从三方面去考虑：
1）宾语从句的时态。在宾语从句中，若主句谓语动词是一般现在时，从句可以依语境使用各种时态；若主句谓语动词为一般过去时，从句用过去相应时态。但是若从句表示客观真理时，仍用一般现在时，不作变动。如：
2）宾语从句的引导词分三种情况：当从句为陈述句时，引导词为that，此时that没有实际意义可以省略；但从句为特殊疑问句时，引导词为该句的疑问词；当从句为一般疑问句时，引导词为if或whether
3）宾语从句的语序应是陈述句的语序。
在涉及宾语从句的问题时，我们应从上述三个方面去考虑。
7．不定式用法比较繁琐，需要归纳识记并作大量的口头训练。
8．打电话的交际用语，需要大量识记练习。
9．被动语态分为三种：
1）一般现在时的被动语态
其构成为be（is，am，are）+及物动词的过去分词
2）一般过去时的被动语态
其构成为be（was，were）+及物动词的过去分词
3）情态动词的被动语态
其构成为can/may/must+be+及物动词的过去分词
这三种被动语态易错的地方式在过去分词上和情态动词上易遗漏be。
10．如何判断使用被动语态
当强调主语是谓语动词动作的承受者时，用该句时态的被动语态。当强调主语是谓语动词动作的执行者时，用主动语态。
11．英语中的计量表达法：数+量词+形容词。
12．关于被动句句型变换
含被动语态的句子的否定式是在be或情态动词和过去分词之间加上not，而其疑问句的变法是将be或情态动词提到主语前面。注意：主动句变为被动句时，时态不变，不能改变原句的疑问和否定形式。
四．典型例题
[例1]
Her cousin can draw ______an artist.
A. as well as B. not so well as C. as better as D. as good as
分析 此题考查学生同级比较和形容词与副词的用法。英语中as…as, not so (as)…as中间应用原级。同时此句修饰动词draw应用副词，所以C、D两答案不行。B答案虽然是副词的同级比较，但它的否定词not应放在can之后，所以只有A答案是正确的。
[例2]
There was a traffic accident. Kate saw it ______ on her way home and then told the policeman all about it.
A. happened B. happen C. happening D .was happening
分析 此题考查学生词语的习惯用法。see sb. doing sth. （看见某人正在做某事）；see sb do sth. （看见某人做了某事）。see sth. happen（看见某事发生），所以这里应用动词原形happen。答案为B。
[例 3]
(1) English people use Mr., Mrs. or Miss with their ______ names.
A. last B. middle C. given D. first
(2) John Henry Brow can t be called______.
A. Mr. John B. Mr. Brown C. Henry D. Henry Brown
分析 此题考查学生对英国人名的了解。英语中的人名常称为first name, middle name, last name 合称为full name, 而first name, middle name 又称为 given name, last name 又称为family name。Mr., Mrs., Miss只能与family name连用，故此两题答案都为A。
[例4] 句型转换（改同义句）
1) A: If you don’t work hard, you won’t catch up with us.
B: _____ _______, _______ you won’t catch up with us.
2) A: Jim and I were born in the same year.
B. Jim _____ as old ______ I.
分析 此题考查学生对句子的理解。1）小题的A句是一个条件复合句，可以改为“祈使句+and / or+一般将来时陈述句”这种句型，答案为Work hard, or。2）小题意为“出生在同一年”也就是“一样大”，所以应填is和as。值得注意的是“出生”用过去时，而“一样大”要用现在时。
[例5]
We were getting ready to go out ___ it began to rain.
A. where B. when C. since D. if
分析 此题考查学生对复合句中的引导词的理解。where为疑问副词，表示“在哪儿”；since“自从……”；if“假如，如果”；而when表示“什么时候”，也相当于at that time（就在那时）。所以从整个句子理解来看，应该填B答案。
[例6]
Miss Smith with her parents ______ China since ______.
A. have been in, two years ago B. has gone to, three years
C. have been to, two years D. has been in, three years ago
分析 此题从三个方面考查学生。一是现在完成时的时间短语；二是现在完成时的谓语动词的含义；三是句子的主语单、复数决定助动词用have还是has。此题应用排除法选择出正确答案。因为主语Miss Smith是单数，所以应从B、D中去选。再看时间短语是“since+时间点”，所以three years (时间段)不行。故此题答案为D。值得注意的是have been to, have gone to, have been in 而三个谓语动词的含义是不同的。have been to 表示“曾去过某地”(但人已回)；have gone to表示“已去某地”(人未回)；have been in表示“已在某地呆”(多少时间)。
[例7]
“______ you ______ your homework yet?”
“Yes. I ______ it a moment ago.”
A. Did…do, finished B. Have… done, have finished
C. Have...done, finished B. Will...do, finish
分析 此题考查学生对现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。一般过去时强调的是过去的动作，后面接过去时间，而现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在造成的影响，所以此题答案为C。
[例8] 改写句子，使其意思不变。
They will get to London in four days.
They will _______ _______ London in four days.
分析 此题考查学生对同义词的理解。英语中“到达”可以用get to, arrive in/ at, reach表示，所以此题应填arrive in。
[例9]
—How long have you ______there?
—About four years.
A. come B. gone C. left D. worked
分析 此题考查学生对现在完成时中谓语动词的延续性与非延续的理解和运用。这句问的是“多长时间”决定其谓语动词该用延续性动词，而come，go, leave 都是非延续性动词，所以D才是对的。
[例10]
Our teacher asked me to _________ the new words in a dictionary.
A. look for B. look up C. look at D. look into
分析 此题考查学生对词语的理解。look for 是“寻找”，与此题句意无关；look up有“查找、向上看”之意，look at “看一看”look into “朝…里看”，与句意无关，故答案为B。
[例11]
I asked him______.
A. which one did he like best B. which one he liked best
C. which one he likes best D. which one does he like best
分析 此题考查学生宾语从句的语序和时态呼应两个方面的知识。首先宾语从句应用陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+……”，那么，答案只能从B、C两个中选择。其次，再看时态。当主句为过去时asked时，其宾语从句的时态应呼应，所以此题答案为B。
[例12]
Our geography（地理）teacher told us the earth ______ around the sun.
A. goes B. go C. went D. going
分析 此题考查学生宾语从句时态呼应的例外。一般地宾语从句的时态常受主句限制，但如果陈述的是客观真理或一种自然现象时，则时态不受主句限制。此题答案为A。
[例13] 改为复合句。
“Do you wash your clothes yourself?” Tom asked the girl next to him.
Tom asked the girl next to him ______ ______ ______ her clothes herself.
分析 此题考查学生引导词的选用、人称代词的改变、时态呼应和陈述语序四个方面。首先Tom的问话是一个一般疑问句，就用whether/ if词作引导(表示“是否”)，Tom问的对象是女孩，所以句中的you应改为she，而且由于主句asked是过去时，wash应加上ed，所以这三个空格应填whether/ if, she, washed。
[例14]同义句转换。
Have you received a letter from Jim yet?
Have you ______ ______ Jim yet?
分析 此题考查学生对词汇的理解。“收到……来信”可以用receive a letter from, get a letter from, hear from 表示，那么此题两空应用hear from。但同义句转换也要注意动词形式，原句是现在完成时，那改后的就应是heard from。
[例15] 正误例析
1．明天王明要去参观一个工厂。
误：Wang Ming will go for a visit a factory tomorrow.
正：Wang Ming will visit a factory tomorrow.
正：Wang Ming will go for a visit to a factory tomorrow.
析：visit这一单词既可作动词，也可作名词，作动词时后面直接跟参观的对象，作名词时，其后要跟带to的介词短语作其宾语。
2．我的其中两支钢笔是红色的。
误：Both of my pens are red.
正：Two of my pens are red.
析：both of+名词（或代词）只表示两个人或物。Two of+名词（或代词）则表示two只属于of结构后名词或代词中的一部分。
3．工人们戴着眼镜。
误：The workers wear glasses on their eyes.
正：The workers wear glasses over their eyes.
析：介词on一般表示在某物的上面，而且多指紧贴在某物的上面。over一般也表示在某物的上面，但强调离某物还有一定距离。
4．他的汉语有点差。
误：He does a little weak in Chinese.
正：He is a little weak in Chinese.
析：这个句子之所以出错，主要是因为受了do well in这一结构影响造成的。要知do well in结构中的well是一个副词，用来修饰do，而weak是形容词，不可修饰do，故应将do改为be，从而形成be weak这一系表结构。
5．他的座位在凌峰的旁边。
误：His seat was beside Ling Feng.
正：His seat was beside Ling Feng’s.
析：该句讲的是两个人的座位。即座位与座位之间的位置关系，并非是座位与人的位置关系。

五．强化训练及答案
I．词汇
A）根据句意补全单词，首字母已给出。
1. December 25th is C_______ Day.
2. The doctor gave her some m______ and told her how to take it.
3. The glass fell on the floor and b_____ open.
4. The train a _____ on time last night.
5. When we got to the c_______, the film had been on for five minutes.
Ｂ）词形转换：用所给词的适当形式填空。
6. Over 300 _____ have been lost in the sea since 1996. (life)
7. Who was _____ in the high jump? (two)
8. I met two ______. They came from England. (foreign)
9. Li Lei and Tom stand at the ______ line. They are both ready to run. (start)
10. The exercise is very ______. (help)
C）词语理解：选出与句中划线部分意思相同的选项。
11. If you jump the queue, other people will not be pleased.
A. kind B .happy C. friendly D. well
12. Take your time, we have enough time to do it.
A. No hurry B. Be quick C. Hurry up D. Hurry off
13. She missed a lot of lessons, so she didn t pass her maths exam.
A. fell behind B. lost C. failed in D. didn’t catch up with
14. Hands up, please!
A. Put you hand up B. Put your hands up
C. Give me your hands D. Keep your hands clean
15. Our teacher told us not to make any noise.
A. to stop talking B. to stop to talk
C. to start to talk D. to start talking
II．单项选择
1. I think teachers are the most hard-working people. Do you _____ me?
A. go on wilt B. catch up with C. agree with D. think of
2. We ll have a ______ holiday after the exam.
A. two month B. two-month C. two month’s D. two-months
3. Hurry up, _____ you won t catch the early bus.
A. but B. and C. or D. so
4. I would like _______ English. I find ______ more difficult than any other subject.
A. give up, it B. to drop, it C. to give up, that D. drop, it
5. Don t go out _____ your mother comes back.
A. when B. as soon as C. until D. after
6. This factory has been ______for two years.
A. open B. to open C. opening D. opened
7. The teacher found him ______boy.
A. a not clever B. was a clever C. a clever D. is a clever
8. I saw him ______ basketball with Jack an hour ago.
A. plays B. to play C. played D. play
9. You’d better ______ upstairs and tell the children ______make so much noise.
A. go, not to B. go, don’t C. to go, not to D. to go, don t
10. My parents ______ fine. What about your family?
A. both are B. all are C. are all D. are both
11. —Is the man still alive?
—I m sorry he s ______ and he ______ one week ago.
A. dead, died B. dying, dead C. dying, died D. died, dead
12. He decided to make a _____ study of the problem.
A. far B. farther C. further D. farthest
13. Lots of visitors come to DaLian because she s ______city.
A. very a beautiful B. quite a beautiful
C. so a beautiful D. a quite beautiful
14. All of us found ______ difficult to work out the maths problem.
A. it B. that C. which. D. what
15. You can _____ the book, but you must _____ to the library in two weeks.
A. lend, give it back B. get, return it back
C. keep, give back it D. borrow, return it
16. He was walking in the street ______ the accident_______.
A. when, happened B. while, was happened
C. before, was happening D. after, has been happened
17. The teacher asked Sam ______ late.
A. not be B. was not C. not to be D. to not be
18. I don’t think Bill has finished his maths homework, ______?
A. don’t I B. do I C. has he D. hasn’t he
19. Bruce ______ his pen on the ground while he was running.
A. lost B. felt C. dropped D. picked
20. I can t understand ______.
A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does mean
C. what mean Christmas does D. what Christmas means
21. Three years ______ quite a long time, I think.
A. be B. is C. was D. were
22. He ______ the spaceship and knows a lot about it.
A. is interested B. is interesting
C. is interesting about D. is interested in
23. Mrs. Wang went shopping, ______.
A. took a basket in her hand B. with a basket in her hand
C. with a basket under her hand D. took a basket with her hand
24. One evening Mrs. Green was having a walk______ she saw a man in black coming toward her.
A. while B. when C. since D. until
25. Please tell Comrade Liu about the message when he _____ this afternoon.
A. comes B. came C. will come D. has come
III．改错
1. That’s quite important to learn our English well.
A B C D
2. I was doing my lessons while mother came back.
A B C D
3. Our teachers like us ask questions like this.
A B C D
4. What did Jim tell his friend not to forget doing in his letter?
A B C D
5. My pen is broken. Could you lend me yours to write?
A B C D
IV．句型转换
1. Peter draws well. Henry draws well, too. （改写句子，保持原意）
Henry draws _______ well ______ Peter.
2. When I get there, I’ll go to see him at once.
I ll go to see him ______ ______ ______ I get there.
3. Jack joined the League five months ago.
Jack has ______ a League member ______ five months.
4. He came into the classroom, and there was a big smile on his face. （改为同义句
_______ _______ big ______ on his face, he came into the classroom.
5. I spent ten yuan on the dictionary. （改为同义句）
A. I _____ ten yuan _____ ______ the dictionary.
B. I _____ ten yuan ______ the dictionary.
C. The dictionary _____ me ten yuan.
6. The girl has already come back home. （改为一般疑问句）
_______ the girl come back home _______?
7. She was badly hurt. （对划线部分提问）
_______ ______ to her?
8. We re friendly to each other.
We ______ ______ well with each other.
9. Toms father saw that he was sitting on some eggs.
Tom s father saw ______ ______ on some eggs.
10. The little girl lost her way.
The little girl didn’t know where _______ ________.
V．完成句子。
1.你最好在这儿再呆十分钟。
You’d better ______ here ______ _______ ten minutes.
2.她从身边走过，没有跟我打招呼。
She walked ______ and didn’t _______ ______ ______ me.
3. —你已经找到你的钢笔了吗？—对，你刚才在课桌里找到的。
—______ you _____ your pen_____?
—Yes, I _____ it in my desk just now.
4.有位妇女经过看到了他在哭。
A woman saw ______ _____ when she passed by.
5.他刚要入睡就有人敲门。
He was just ______ _______ when there was a knock at the door.
6.老师告诉我们别掉队。
The teacher told us not to _______ _______.
VI．完形填空。
The library is a collection of books, and the person who looks after it is called a librarian. A library 1______ quite small or large, like the library of the British Museum in London. It has about 7, 000, 000 books. Libraries, 2______ big and small ones, are there for us to use.
You may be 3_____ to have a class library. If 4_______, your teacher will tell you how to use it. Your school may have its 5_____ library. Again your teacher will tell you how to use it. Be 6_____ what you do. A person who does not read books is losing 7_____.
Now more and more towns have public libraries. These are large collections of books that anyone living in the town may 8______, 9______ he joins the library. Sometimes you may have to 10_____ a small sum(金额)of money to john. Sometimes it is free.
1. A. maybe B. may be C. can be D. must be
2. A. all B. whether C. both D. when
3. A. enough luck B. luck enough C. enough lucky D. lucky enough
4. A. that B. so C. this D. then
5. A. own B. self C. itself D. yourself
6. A. glad B. happy C. afraid D. sure
7. A. a lot of B. lots of C. a lot D. a lots of
8. A. lend B. borrow C. keep D. get
9.A. when B. while C. if D. whether
10. A. cost B. pay C. pay for D. spend
Ⅶ．阅读理解
The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modern traffic and modem communication means(通讯设备) . Life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems. One of the biggest is pollution (污染). To pollute means to make things dirty. Pollution comes in many ways. We see it, smell it, drink it and even hear it.
Man has been polluting the earth. The more people, the more pollution. Many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so many people. When the land was used up or the river was dirty in a place, men moved to another place. But this is no longer true. Man is now slowly polluting the whole world.
Air pollution is still the most serious. It’s bad to all living things in the world, but it is not only one kind of pollution. Water pollution kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water. Noise pollution makes us become angry more easily.
Many countries are making rules (法规)to fight pollution. They stop the people from burning coal (煤) in houses and factories in the city, and from blowing dirty smoke into the air.
The pollution of is now the most dangerous problem of air pollution. It is caused（引起）by heavy traffic. It is sure that if there are fewer people driving, there will be less air pollution.
The earth is our home. We must take care of it. That means keeping the land, water and air clean. And we must keep careful of the rise in population at the same time.
1. Our world is becoming much smaller ______.
A. because the earth is being polluted day and night
B. thanks to science developing
C. because of the rise in population
D. because the earth is blown away by the wind every year
2. Thousands of years ago, life was ______ it is today.
A. much easier than B. as easy as
C. as hard as D. much harder than
3. Pollution comes in many ways. We can even hear it. Here “it” means______.
A. water pollution B. air pollution
C. noise polluting D. rubbish (垃圾)
4. Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because______.
A. it’s bad to all living things in the world
B. it makes much noise
C. it has made our rivers and lakes dirty
D. it makes us become angry more easily
5. Which of the following is not true?
A. Many countries are making rules to fight pollution.
B. The pollution of the earth grows as fast as the world’s population does.
C. From now on, maybe people try to go to work by bus or bike instead of car or motorbike. It is helpful to fight against the problem of .
D. The problem of pollution is not so serious because there are not so many people.
Ⅷ．口语应用
从方框中选出恰当的句子完成对话，使意思完整。
-Can I help you, madam?
- 1
-Certainly. When would you like to fly?
-On the 8th of next month.
-The 8th? Let me see. Hmm, I m sorry. 2 What about the 7th?
-The 7th of March? No, I can t leave before the 8th. What about the 9th?
-Let me see. 3
-What s the flight number?
-Flight number? It s CA 907.
-CA 907. 4
-Yes, that s half past four in the afternoon. How many seats, please?
- 5
-OK. I’ll get them for you right away.
A. Certainly. You can help me.
B. Yes, we have a flight on the 9th.
C. Yes, please. I d like two tickets to London.
D. You have to wait for about an hour.
E. It leaves Beijing at 16:30, doesn t it?
F. We don t have any flights to London on that day.
G. I d like two seats, please.

参考答案：
Ⅰ. 1. Christmas 2. medicine 3. broke 4. arrived 5. cinema 6. lives 7. second 8. foreigners 9. starting 10. helpful
11.B 12. A 13.C 14.B 15.A
Ⅱ. 1. C 2. B 3.C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.D 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. C 20.D 21.B 22. D 23. B 24. B 25. A
Ⅲ. 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D ㎜5. D
Ⅳ. 1. as…as 2. as soon as 3. been, for 4. With a, smile 5. spent, in buying; paid, for; cost 6. Has, yet
7. What happened 8. get on 9. him sit 10. she was/ to go
Ⅴ. 1. stay, for another 2. past, say, hello, to 3. Have, found, yet, found 4. him crying 5. falling asleep 6. get lost/ fall behind
Ⅵ. 1-5 B C D B A 6-10 D C B C B
Ⅶ. 1. B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.D
Ⅷ. 1. C 2.F 3.B 4.E 5.G
中考基础知识（JUNIOR BOOK III UNIT 15-18）
加入日期：2004-4-5 点击次数： 30

一．知识网络
【重点内容概要】
1．过去完成时
2．购物用语及书信格式
3．能运用so…that和so that引导的状语从句
4．动词不定式作主语
5．定语从句
【句型、词组精讲】
seem
seem意为“似乎”、“好象”，为不及物动词，常用于以下几种结构：
1．后面可接不定式的一般式（seem to do sth.），不定式的进行式（seem to be doing sth.）和不定式的完成式（seem to have done sth.）。如：
She seems to be right. 看来她好像是对的。
Jack seems to be doing his homework. 杰克好像正在做家庭作业。
2．可接从句，构成句型“It seems/ seemed that…”意为“看起来好像……”。如：
It seems that he is right. 看来他好像是对的。
It seems that he has read the book. 看来他好像已读过这本书。
3．后接形容词作表语。如：
The teacher seems angry. 老师看起来很生气。
This book seems quite interesting. 这本书看起来很有趣。
4．后接名词、动词ing形式或介词短语。如：
She seems a clever girl. 她看上去是个聪明的女孩。
It seems raining. 天好像要下雨。
He seems at home. 他好像在家里。
5．还可用于there be 句型中，表示“似乎有……”。如：
There seems to be nobody in the classroom. 教室里似乎没有人。
“是否”if & whether
1．if 和whether 在其引导的宾语从句中作“是否”解时，一般情况下，两者可通用。但if常用于口语中，whether比较正式。
2．if 和whether在下列情况下不能通用。
（1）作介词宾语时用whether，而不用if。如：
I’m interested in whether he’ll go out.
（2）whether引导的宾语从句可移到主句之前，if则不能。如：
Whether this is true or not, I’m not sure.
（3）与动词不定式连用时，只能用whether。如：
She can’t decide whether to go to Japan.
（4）宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式时，只能用if。如：
I want to know if he won’t come here tomorrow.
表示“也”种种
初中英语教材中出现了六个意思相当于汉语“也”的单词，用法比较广泛，现分述如下：
1. too
用在肯定句中，放在句末，前面可用逗号与句子隔开，也可不用；也可放在句子中间，前后都加逗号。如：
（1）Nice to meet you, too. 见到你我也很高兴。
（2）You, too, may have a try. 你也可以试一试。
2. either
用在否定句中，常放在句末，前面常用逗号与句子隔开。如：
He can’t sing. I can’t sing, either. 他不会唱歌，我也不会。
3. also
放在句子中间，不用逗号隔开。如：
She also likes English. 她也喜欢英语。
4. so
用在肯定句中，常用句式为：so+助动词、系动词或情态动词+主语，表示前面说的情况也适用于后者。如：
（1）A：Tom likes dancing. 汤姆喜欢跳舞。B：So do I. 我也喜欢。
（2）Li Lei went to the park yesterday and so did I. 李雷昨天去公园了，我也去了。
（3）I am a teacher and so is she. 我是位教师，她也是。
5. neither
用在否定句中，常用句式为neither+助动词、情态动词或系动词+主语，表示前面说的情况也适用于后者。如：
（1）My brother doesn’t like playing football and neither do I. 我弟弟不喜欢踢足球，我也不喜欢。
（2）A: Han Meimei can’t draw. 韩梅梅不会画画。 B: Neither can I. 我也不会。
（3）She isn’t right and neither am I. 她不对，我也不对。
6. nor
用法如同neither。区别为neither用于两者之间；nor用于两者或两者以上。如：
（1）Wei Fang has no story-books. Neither (Nor) do I. 魏芳没有故事书。我也没有。
（2）Wei Fang has no story-books. Nor do I. Nor do you. 魏芳没有故事书。我也没有。你也没有。
7. 以上有些句式可以相互转换。如：
（1）He can’t sing. I can’t sing, either.
He can’t sing. Neither/ Nor can I.
（2）My sister likes singing and so do I.
My sister likes singing and I like it, too.
（3）She also goes to work by bike.
She goes to work by bike, too.
【语法精讲】
被动语态
主动语态变被动语态必须注意下面几个问题。
谓语动词的人称和数应和主动结构的宾语保持一致。如：
They built the tall building last month. →The tall building was built last month.
与原句时态应保持一致。如：
They will speak English. →English will be spoken.
动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可省略。（如没握最好不要省。）如：
We speak English in our school. → English is spoken (by us) in our school.
主动结构中作宾补的不定式可以省去to，但变为被动语态时必须加上to .如：
He made me finish the work at once. → I was made to finish the work at once.
被动句中by短语和with等短语用法不同：强调动作的执行者要用by；表示状态或主动者所用的工具或手段要用with。如：
The work was done by him.
The mountain was covered with snow.
当主动语态含有双宾语时可将任何一个宾语变为被动语态的主语，另一个不变，但当直接宾语作主语时，要在间接宾语前加上介词to或for。如：
My sister gave me a pen yesterday. → A pen was given to me by my sister yesterday. / I was given a pen (by my sister) yesterday.
“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”句型变为被动语态时，只能将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，而宾补不变。如：
I heard her sing a song in the next room. → She was heard to sing a song in the next room.
I saw him getting on a bus. → He was seen getting on a bus. 　　　
当主动语态的动词是短语动词时，变为被动语态时不能将动词后的介词或副词丢掉。如：
He sent for the doctor at once. → The doctor was sent for at once.
当主动语态的谓语或宾语部分含有不定式时，变为被动句时要将不定式变为被动结构。如：
He is going to do his homework. → His homework is going to be done.
下面几种情况主动语态不能改为被动语态。（1）当宾语是myself等反身代词时；（2）当谓语是表示状态的动词如：have, own, hold等时；（3）当宾语是动词的ing形式时；（4）当宾语是相互代词时；（5）当宾语是表示数量，重量、大小或程度等时。
动词不定式
1．动词不定式作定语时，不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间一般有三种关系：
（1）动宾关系：即动词不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：
She has a lot of work to do. 句中不定式to do与work构成动宾关系。说明：当作定语的不定式为不及物动词时或不定式虽是及物动词，但不能与中心词构成合理搭配时，不定式后要加适当的介词。如：
We have nothing to worry about.
They are looking for a house to eat in.
（2）主谓关系：中心词与不定式所表示的动作之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，即中心词是不定式动作的发出者。如：
She is always the first to come to school. 句中的the first 是come to school的逻辑主语，即这个动作的发出者。
（3）同位关系：作定语的不定式是对中心词内容的解释和说明。如：This is the best way to work out the problem. 句中的way的内容是to work out the problem.
2．“疑问词+不定式”结构，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：
He didn’t know how to do it.
The question is when to start.
说明：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
(1) 当句子谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等时，其后的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词+不定式”结构，但主句与从句的主语必须一致。如：
I don’t know what I shall do next. →I don’t know what to do next.
(2) 当句子的谓语动词是tell，ask, show, teach等，其后带双宾语，且从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转换成“疑问句+不定式”结构。如：Please tell me where I can find her. →Please tell me where to find her.
过去完成时
1．过去完成时的构成：由“助动词+had+过去分词”构成。如：
The film had begun before I got to the cinema.
2．过去完成时的用法：
1）完成法：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它是一个相对的时态，只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间常用以下几种方式表达：
(1) by，before等构成的短语表示。如：
We had learned 20 English songs by the end of last year.
They had gone home before five o’clock.
(2) 用when, before等引导的从句表示。如：
I had waited for half an hour when the bus came.
He had gone home before I got to his office.
(3) 通过上下文表示。如：
Tom said that the had seen the girl before.
2）持续法：表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。往往与for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用，这种用法如同现在完时，谓语动词只能用be、live、study、work等表示延续性的动词或表示状态的动词。如：
She said she had worked here since 1968.
I had taught English for twelve years before I came to this school.
说明：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
（1）在带有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：
He called on me soon after he had returned. (=He called on me soon after the returned.) 他回来不久便来拜访我。
（2）对于一连串的过去动作，其发生的先后顺序，有时可以由动词的词汇意义来表示，无需再用过去完成时。如：
She looked around but saw nothing. 她环顾四周，但什么也没看到。
He came in and said hello to everyone. 他进来向每一个人问好。
宾语从句反馈
一、从句是陈述句
1．引导词：用that连接（口语中that常省略）
2．时态：（1）主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据实际情况用各种时态。
（2）主句是过去时态时，从句多用过去的某种时态与之相呼应。（若从句是属于客观真理的，则用一般现在时态）。如：
He said that he missed us very much.
The teacher said light travels much faster than sound.
二、从句是一般疑问句
1．引导词：用if (whether)连接。
2．语序：由疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，即：
（1）主语在先，谓语在后。
（2）有助动词do, does, did等则要去掉。
3．标点：主句是肯定句的，句末用句号；主句是问句的，则句末用问号。如：
He asked if Mr. Brown was a doctor.
Do you know if Mr. Brown is a doctor?
三、从句是特殊疑问句
1．引导词：用原疑问词连接。
2．语序：用陈述句语序。
（1）原疑问词是主语的，则不用变。
（2）其余的要把谓语放在主语之后。如：
Can you tell me who will give us a talk?
I don’t know when classes will begin.
3．主语是问句，句末要用问号。
四、三种情况的共同点和不同点　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A．共同点：
（1）主句是过去时态时，从句都用过去的时态。
（2）语序都用陈述语序。
（3）若是客观真理时，时态都不变。
B．不同点：
（1）引导词不同(1) that (2) if (whether) (3)原疑问词。
（2）句末标点符号不同，主句是陈述句的，句末用句号；主句是疑问句的，句末用问号。
（3）主句是现在时态时，则根据句意用相应的时态。
二．考试热点
1．被动语态的三种时态：一般现在时的被动语态，一般过去时的被动语态和含情态动词的被动语态。作为考点常见于选择填空题、句型转换题和动词时态填空题中。另一考点为计量的表达方法。
2．通过购物、看病、书信等对话、文章，使学生能进行日常交际了英文书信的格式和书写，从而考查学生听、说、读、写的能力。此考点常见于完成对题和书面表达题中。
3．理解so…that和though引导的状语从句及动词不定式和疑问词连用、动词定式作定语的用法。常见题型为句型转换题。
三．重、难点突破
1．过去完成时的用法和构成，教材有叙述，在使用这个时态时要注意它与过去时有关系，即所说的“过去的过去”，以下介词短语常用于过去完成时。by+过去时间，by the end of+过去时间，by the time+从句（过去时）等。另外要注意，在过去完成时中，短暂动作动词不能与for+时段，since+时点连用。
2．so…that意为“如此……以致……”，that后常借结果状语从句。So…that中间是带形容词还是副词，由谓语动词来决定。so …that从句可以变为too… (for sb.) to do或…enough (for sb. to do)的简单句。
3．关于so与such
这两个词都表示“这么”、“这样”、“如此”之意，但两者用法不同。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词短语，其用法：such（a/an）adj. +n. (注意：若名词前有many、much、few、little等词时只能用so) so是副词，常置于所修饰的形容词、副词之前，其用法：so+adj.+a/an+n.。so还有代词用法。
4．英文书信格式
一份正规的信应主要包括四个部分：
1）右上角是写信人的地址和写信日期。地址应从小写到大，地址下面要写日期。
2）对收信人的称呼。一般称呼前都要用Dear。
3）内容。这是信件的主体。
4）签名。签名前应写Yours这类的字样。
5）关于购物用语。
四．典型例题
[例1] 动词填空
He ______ (tell) to return his book to the library yesterday morning.
分析 此题根据句意“他”应归还书籍，不是自己告知，而是“被人告知”，所以这里应填被动语态形式。由于句尾yesterday morning表明过去时态，故应填was told.
[例2] ________ of the students are girls in our class.
A. Two three B. Two threes C. Two thirds D. Second three
分析 此题考查学生对英语分数的表达。英语的分数，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，先读分子，后读分母。当分子大于1时，分母就加s，变为复数，故此题答案为C。
[例3] He likes the book but it _______ too much.
A. pays B. costs C. takes D. spends
分析 此题考查学生对同义词的理解。spend, pay, take, cost都有“花费”之意，但它们有区别。take表示“花费时间”，主语是动词不定式。It takes sb. some time to do sth. pay“付款”常与for搭配；spend“花费时间/钱”，常与on搭配，其形式为spend…on, spend…(in) doing sth.。pay和spend的主语应为“某人”。但cost一词“值……钱”主语应为“某物/某事”。故答案为B。
[例4] 将两句并合为一复合句。
The words on the notice board are very small.
I can't see them clearly.
The words on the notice board are ______ small ______I can't see them clearly.
分析 此题考查学生对语言的运用所掌握的能力。此题用so…that两词可以把两句合并起来，使它成为一个结果状语从句。即“通知墙报上的字是如此小以致我看不清楚。”另外，此题还可以一个简单句：The words on the notice board are too mall for me to see clearly.
[例5] 同义句转换。
You can do your homework today or you can do it tomorrow.
______ today or tomorrow ______ OK for you to do your homework.
分析 此题关键之处是要理解原句之意。同时选用正确的连接词。此题中已有“or”提醒学生应用either…or。“either…or”有“要么……要么”、“或者……或者”之意。后一空格是考查学生either…or其谓语动词“数”的问题，由于tomorrow是单数故后格填is。
[例6] 填空
—_______the population of Germany?
—About eighty-one million.
分析 问“人口多少”常用What’s the population…?来表达。所以此题应用固定结构，即填What’s。
[例7] 词语替换。
Your shoes are worn out. You should buy a new pair instead.
A. too big B. too small C. too old D. too cheap
分析 此题考查学生对词语的理解。be worn out是“被穿破”之意，即“旧了”。而不存在“太大，太不，太便宜”的问题，所以答案为C。
[例8] 正误例析
1）那群女孩继续向前移动。
误：The group of girls all moved.
正：The group of girls all moved on.
分析 英语中有些表示位移的动词，如pass, go, move, walk等与on连用，往往含有动作的继续之意。如：pass on 继续传递，go on继续进行，move on继续向前移动，walk on 继续走动等。
2）你能告诉我去博物馆的路吗？
误：Can you tell me the way go to the museum?
正：Can you tell me the way to the museum?
分析the way to…这一结构中to…是介词短语，作定语，修饰the way。英语中类似这种表达还有：the answer to the question问题的答案，the key to the door门上的钥匙等。另外有关问路的句型还有：Can you tell me how to get to the …？Can you tell me how I can get to the…? Can you show me the way…？How can I get to…？等。

五．强化训练及答案
I．词汇
A）根据句意及词首字母写出所缺单词。
1. Kate’s parents put presents in each o______ stockings.
2. The PLA was f____ on August 1, 1927.
3. We got up early in the morning before the sun r_________.
4. I’m sorry to tell you that you f______ the history exam again.
5. She r_____ a letter from her father yesterday.
B）根据句意，用所给单词的正确形式填空。
6. A lot of ______ (foreign) visited our school last Sunday.
7. With the _______ of science, our life is getting better and better. (develop)
8. Do you know the ______ (fly) number leaving for Beijing?
9. She can’t go any farther with her______ legs. (break)
10. They didn’t know who ______ (invent) the fridge.
C）词语理解：根据所给句子划线部分的意思，从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
11. The football match has been on for an hour.
A. has begun for an hour B. began at one’o clock
C. began an hour ago D. began for an hour
12. My father joined the Party when he was twenty.
A. is a Party member B. is in the Party member
C. became a Party member D. wanted to be a Party member
13. She stopped crying and listened to the music.
A. stopped to cry B. didn’t cry any more
C. couldn’t cry much more D. began crying
14. If you want to work out this difficult problem, you must use your head.
A. ask for help B. think of C. think hard D. find way
15. Have you received any letters from your parents these days?
A. heard from B. listened C. talked D. reported
II．选择填空
1. The heavy snow ______ arriving in time.
A. let the train not B. made the train not to
C. stopped the train of D. stopped the train from
2. My parents ______ about 1, 000 yuan for my school education（教育）each year.
A. spend B. take C. cost D. pay
3. The medicine ______ cool, clean and dry.
A. must keep B. must be kept C. must be carried D. must be in
4. In _______ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.
A. few years B. a few years’ C. a few year D. a few year’s
5. My grandfather could ______ read ______ write because he was too poor to go to school in the old days.
A. either. . .or B. neither. . .nor C. both. . .and D. not only. . .but also
6. There's hardly ______ milk in the bottle, ______ there?
A. no, isn't B. some, is C. little, isn't D. any, is
7. The students should learn ______ from books ______ from life.
A. so, as B. both, and C. either, or D, neither, nor
8. The population is growing faster in _____ developed countries than in ______ developed countries.
A. more, little B .less, more C. more, less D. little, more
9. China is famous ______ her Great Wall.
A. as B. for C. to D. of
10. — How long have you _____ the football team of the school?
—About two years.
A. been on B. been at C. joined D. played
11. We’ll have ______ holiday. What are you going to do?
A. two days B. two-days’ C. a two-day D. a two –days
12. The small boy didn’t know what time_______ with presents.
A. his father filled his stockings B. did his father fill his stockings
C. was his father filling his stockings D. his father has filled his stockings
13. On New Year’s Day all the children _______ and enjoy themselves.
A. dress in B. dress themselves up C. dress themselves D. dress beautiful clothes
14. I have written _______ down on this list.
A. it of all B. in the all C. all it D. it all
15. The man ______ in 1992, he _____ for ten years.
A. died, was dead B. died, has been dead
C. was dead, has dies D. was dead, has been died
16. — What a good student you are! —_______.
A. Thank you. B. That’s right.
C. I should do more D. Don’t say that
17. I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. If it _______, we’ll go to the park.
A. rain B. won’t C. doesn’t rain D. will rain
18. —Could you tell me______?
—Yes. They _______ to the library.
A. where are the twins, have been B. where the twins are, have gone
C. where were the twins, have been D. where the twins were, have gone
19. Do you know _______?
A. how using a computer B. how to use a computer
C. how used a computer D. how a computer to use
20. The boys is ______ to cook for himself.
A. younger enough B. old enough
C. enough young D. enough old
Ⅲ．句型转换。
1. Did you use computers to make the foreign language easy to learn?
_______ computers _______ to help you learn the foreign language_______?
2. The poor truck went past, and there was heavy smoke behind it.
The poor truck went past ______ heavy smoke behind it.
3. His brother is a teacher. His sister is a teacher.
______ his brother ______ his sister ______ ______.
4. It’s a long time since we met last.
We ______ ______ each other for a long time since we met last.
5. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?
Could you tell us ______ Mr. Brown ______ living in China.
6. They have lived in Shiyan for more than ten years. (对划线部分提问)
_________ ________ have they lived in Shiyan?
7. They’ve visited the Summer Palace already. （改为否定句）
They _______ visited the Summer Palace_________.
8. Could you tell me how I can answer the question in English?（改为简单句）
Could you tell me _______ ______ answer the question in English?
IV．补全对话。
根据对话情景填入所缺单词，使对话完整、通顺。
A: Hello, may I _1_____ to John, please.
B: _2______ on for a moment, please. I’m sorry he isn’t here 3______ now. Who’s that 4_____, please?
A: _5______ is Mary. I’m his classmate.
B: Hello, Mary. Can I 6_____ a message?
A: Yes, please ask him to give me a _7_____ this afternoon, OK?
B: Yes, is your number 3394564?
A: Yes.
B: OK. I’ll _8____ the message on his desk.
A: Thank you for your kind _9______.
B: You’re 10_____ . See you.
V．完成句子。
1.这张桌子是由木头做的。
The table is _________ ________ wood.
2.人们常看见他画画。
He is often _______ to _______ pictures.
3.你听见我的话了吗？
Did you hear _______ ______ said?
4.长城有两千多年的历史了。
The Great Wall has ________ ________ _________ more than two______ years.
5.那个年轻人离开家乡已经有两年半了。
The young man ________ _______ _______ ________ his hometown for two and a half years.
6.汤姆到中国以来已经给他父母写了好几封信。
Tom ______ ______ several letters to his parents _______ he ______ to China.
7.老师告诉我们不要在课堂上大吵大闹。
The teacher told us _______ _______ make a lot of noise in class.
8.没有你的帮助，她不能按时完成这项工作。
She couldn’t finish the work on time ________ your ______.
VI．完形填空
Once a man named Henry found a box of old papers(文件) in a room. He 1 most of them, for he didn't like old things very much. 2 one of these papers was an old letter. It was written by a famous writer（作者）.
“When this letter was written,” said Henry, “ 3 knew about the writer. But now everyone knows him. Some people like to 4 and keep letters like this. I will get a lot of money for this letter if I sell it to the right man.”
There were a lot of dirty marks (斑迹) all over the letter. He thought, “It doesn't look 5 . No one wants to buy a letter if it's dirty. So he cleaned the letter 6 . At last it looked new and he was very pleased. He took the letter to a 7 in New York, He knew that old papers of this kind were bought and sold there.”
The man in the shop looked at the letter for a long time. Then he said, “I’ll 8 you ten dollars.”
“Only ten dollars?” said Henry. “But people pay a hundred 9 a letter like this. I've cleaned it and made it look nice.”
“I can see that,” said the man. “That's the 10 . People who buy old papers like them to be dirty.”
1. A. took B. burnt C. wrote D. kept
2. A. And B. Because C. But D. If
3. A. Noone B .Anyone C. All D. Everyone
4. A. read B. see C. buy D. sell
5. A. dirty B. true C. worried D. nice
6. A. carefully B. kindly C. heavily D .suddenly
7. A. market B .shop C .library D. bookshop
8. A. spend B. lend C. send D. give
9. A. on B. in C. for D. with
10. A. difficulty B. problem C. question D. answer
阅读理解
A
When Mencius （孟子）was a small boy, his father died. So Mencius and his mother were quite poor. One day Mencius returned home from school and found his mother making some cloth（布）. It was very beautiful and expensive.
“How much of your book have you read today?” Mencius’ mother asked him. Mencius threw down his book. “I haven’t read any of it,” he replied, “I played with some friends of mine in the fields.”
When his mother heard this, she picked up a pair of scissors（剪刀）and cut the cloth.
“Why have you cut your cloth?” Mencius asked. “It was so beautiful and now you’ve wasted（浪费）it.” “You have wasted your time,” his mother said. “Now I have wasted mine. Look at the terrible thing we have done.”
Mencius learnt a lot from this lesson. After that, he always studied hard.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
1. When did this story happen? ___________
A. Not long before liberation（解放）B. More than 2000 years ago
C. About 400 years ago D. In the 18th century
2. Mencius and his mother were quite poor because _________.
A. they had to spend a lot of money on beautiful and expensive cloth
B. Mencius was young and he couldn’t work
C. his father died when Mencius was a child
D. Mencius’ schooling cost them much money
3. What was Mencius doing while his mother was cutting the cloth?
A. He was reading his book. B. He was playing in the fields.
C. He was trying to help her. D. He was watching strangely (奇怪地.)
4. When the mother knew Mencius had played in the fields, she was_________.
A. pleased B. surprised C. sad D. happy
5. The mother cut the cloth because ________.
A. she thought making cloth was wasting time
B. she wanted to make more beautiful cloth
C. she wanted to teach her son a lesson
D. she wanted her son to do his lessons at once
B
Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone. It is nice to have a friend to talk, laugh, and do things with. Surely, there are times when we need to be alone. We don't always want people around. But we would feel lonely if we never had a friend.
No two people are just the same. Sometimes friends don't get along well. That doesn't mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will make up and go on being friends.
Sometimes friends move away. Then we feel very sad. We miss them very much. But we can call them and write to them. It could be that we would even see them again. And we can make new friends. It is surprising to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them.
Families sometimes name their children after a close friend. Many places are named after men and women who have been friendly to people in a town. Some libraries are named this way.
So are some schools. We think of these people when we go to these places.
There’s more good news for people who have friends. They live longer than people who don't. Why? It could be that they are happier. Being happy helps you stay well. Or it could be just knowing that someone cares. If someone cares about you, you take better care of yourself.
6 .The first paragraph (段) tells us ______.
A. none need friends
B. we always need friends around us
C. making friends is the need in people’s life
D. we need to be alone
7. Which of the following is what the writer doesn't say in the passage?
A. People are not happy when their friends leave them.
B. people will never see their friends after their friends move away.
C. People can know their friends in different ways.
D. People like their friends very much if they get to know them.
8. Which of the following is most probably the place people name after friendly people?
A. city. B. A room. C. A town. D. A library.
9. People who have friends live longer than people who don't because ______.
A. they feel happier and are healthy
B. they get a lot of help from their friends
C. they take better care of themselves
D. both A and C
10. The main idea of this passage is ______.
A. that people are all friends B. that people need friends
C. how to get to know friends D. how to name a place
综合训练答案：
Ⅰ. 1.other’s 2.founded 3.rose 4.failed 5.received 6.foreigners 7.development 8.flight 9.broken 10. (had) invented 11.C 12. C 13.B 14. C 15.A
Ⅱ. 1.D 2.D 3. B 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.B 8.B 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. B
Ⅲ. 1.Were used, easily 2.with 3.Both, and, are teachers 4.haven’t seen 5.if/ whether, enjoys 6.How long 7.haven’t, yet 8.how to
Ⅳ. 1.speak 2.Hold 3.right 4.speaking/ calling 5.This 6.take 7.call/ ring 8.leave 9.help 10.welcome
Ⅴ. 1.made of 2.seen, draw 3.what I 4.a history of, thousand 5.has been away from 6.has written, since, came 7.not to 8.without, help
Ⅵ. 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D 6A 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.B
Ⅶ. 1—5 B C D C C 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.B